A method for calculating strand tension in the anchor span of a suspension bridge considering the rotation of a splay saddle

This paper reports a method for strand tension in anchor spans considering rotation.A kind of co-moved coordinate system,a saddle local coordinate system,was set up.This system implemented the rotation of the splay saddle through the rotation of the coordinate system,and all calculations proceeded in this coordinate system.Considering the rotation of the anchoring surface by the rotation of the local coordinate system of the anchoring surface,the anchorage point coordinates of strands were transformed to the local sadle coordinate system.There was a two-layer iteration adopted in the calculation.In the inner iteration,the cable force at the end of the vertical bend was taken as the variable,and the ordinate of the anchorage point was taken as the target value.In the outer iteration,the vertical tangential angle at the end of the vertical bend was taken as the variable,and the ordinate of the anchorage point was taken as the target value.The method carried out the rotation of the splay saddle and anchor surface and was simple,convenient and without approximation.The effect of rotation was considered precisely;it showed stability during the process of two-layer iteration,powerful adaptation and higher efficiency and had been successfully applied in the construction control of the Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge,the world's first kilometer-level combined highway and railway suspension bridge.

Three-dimensional nonlinear flutter analysis of long-span suspension bridges during erection

In this work, the aerodynamic stability of the Yichang Suspension Bridge over Yangtze River during erection was determined by three dimensional nonlinear flutter analysis, in which the nonlinearities of structural dynamic characteristics and aeroelastic forces caused by large deformation are fully considered. An interesting result obtained was that the bridge was more stable when the stiffening girders were erected in a non symmetrical manner as opposed to the traditional symmetrical erection schedule. It was also found that the severe decrease in the aerodynamic stability was due to the nonlinear effects. Therefore, the nonlinear factors should be considered accurately in aerodynamic stability analysis of long span suspension bridges during erection.

Structural health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet analysis

During the service life of civil engineering structures such as long-span bridges, local damage at key positions may continually accumulate, and may finally result in their sudden failure. One core issue of global vibration-based health monitoring methods is to seek some damage indices that are sensitive to structural damage, This paper proposes an online structural health monitoring method for long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet transform （WPT）. The WPT- based method is based on the energy variations of structural ambient vibration responses decomposed using wavelet packet analysis. The main feature of this method is that the proposed wavelet packet energy spectrum （WPES） has the ability to detect structural damage from ambient vibration tests of a long-span suspension bridge. As an example application, the WPES-based health monitoring system is used on the Runyang Suspension Bridge under daily environmental conditions. The analysis reveals that changes in environmental temperature have a long-term influence on the WPES, while the effect of traffic loadings on the measured WPES of the bridge presents instantaneous changes because of the nonstationary properties of the loadings. The condition indication indices VD reflect the influences of environmental temperature on the dynamic properties of the Runyang Suspension Bridge. The field tests demonstrate that the proposed WPES-based condition indication index VD is a good candidate index for health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges under ambient excitations.

Non-stationary Buffeting Response Analysis of Long Span Suspension Bridge Under Strong Wind Loading

The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for non-stationary strong wind fields is first presented. Non-stationary wind forces induced by strong winds on bridge deck and tower are then given a brief introduction. Finally,Non-stationary buffeting response of Pulite Bridge in China,a long span suspension bridge,is computed by using ANSYS software under four working conditions with different combination of time-varying mean wind and time-varying variance. The case study further confirms that it is necessity of considering non-stationary buffeting response for long span suspension bridge under strong wind loading,rather than only stationary buffeting response.

The mechanical response of multi-tower continuous-span suspension bridge deck pavement based on whole bridge analysis

The effect of multiple span suspension structure on the mechanical response of bridge deck pavement was studied, and finite element analysis (FEM) of stress and strain of pavement according to the bridge floor system features of super-long and high flexibility was made. Meanwhile, the FEM results were compared with those of the single span suspension structure. Three-stage analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is developed to analyze the mechanical response including whole bridge analysis, partial beams section analysis and orthotropic plate analysis. The most unfavorable load position was determined by the numerical solutions acquired from each stage to study the main mechanical index of multiple span suspension structure. The FEM results showed that the mechanical response numerical solutions by using the three-stage AHP are greater than those by simplified boundary condition, and the force condition of multiple span suspension structure is worse than that of the single span suspension structure.

Cable flexural rigidity influence on suspension bridges static properties

In order to figure out the cable flexural rigidity influence on suspension bridges,a contrast model experiment is made:a chain cable model with no flexural rigidity and a wire cable model with some flexural rigidity.And then,four finite element models of a same long-span suspension bridge with different cable element are set up to be analyzed.Both experimental and numerical simulation results show that,with the increase of the span and the decrease of sag-span ratio,the influence of the cable flexural rigidity is significant.The difference of nodes displacement reaches more than 10 cm in construction analysis,which will bring some trouble to the construction.And the difference of the maximum section edge normal stress may reach 15%,which may have an adverse impact onto the bridge.Therefore,considering the cable flexural rigidity is necessary on some analysis of suspension bridges.

Effect of vehicle weight on natural frequencies of bridges measured from traffic-induced vibration

Recently,ambient vibration test(AVT)is widely used tu estimate dynamic characteristics of large civil struc- tures.Dynamic characteristics ean be affected by various envirnnmental factors such as humidity,intensity of wind,and temperature.Besides these environmental conditions,tire mass of vehicles may change the measured valnes when traffic-in- duced vibration is used as a source of AVT tor bridges.The effect of vehicle mass on dynamic characteristics is investigated through traffic-induced vibration tests on three bridges;(1)three-span suspension bridge(128m+404m+128m),(2) five-span continuous steel box girder bridge(59m+3@ 95m+59m),(3)simply supported plate girder bridge(46m). Acceleration histories of each measurement location under normal traffic are recorded for 30 minutes at field.These recor- ded histories are divided into individual vibrations and are combined into two groups aceording to the level of vibration;one by heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses and the other by light vehicles such as passenger cars.Separate processing of the two groups of signals shows that,for the middle and long-span bridges,the difference can be hardly detected,but,for the short span bridges whose mass is relatively small,the measured natural frequencies can change up to 5.4%.

超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁结构体系研究

新建甬舟铁路西堠门公铁两用大桥连接金塘岛和册子岛,桥位处海域宽2.7 km,最大水深93 m,地形复杂,桥梁设计难度大。为研究超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁合理结构体系,结合地形地质条件,选取主跨1500 m悬索桥、斜拉桥及斜拉悬索协作体系3种桥型方案,对上部结构设计进行详细介绍,并从静力性能、动力性能、经济性能等方面对不同结构体系进行对比分析。研究表明:(1)与斜拉体系相比,协作体系桥可减小30%~50%的主梁内力和60%的桥塔内力,一定程度上解决了加劲梁承受巨大轴压力造成屈曲问题,并有效减小了桥塔规模;(2)与悬索桥相比,协作体系可减小50%的主缆内力,主缆钢丝和锚碇的工程量相应减小,施工难度得以降低,同时协作体系扭转频率更高,降低了结构在较低风速下发生涡激振动的可能性;(3)斜拉悬索协作体系能够充分发挥斜拉结构和悬索结构的组合优势,实现超大跨度的同时具有较大的纵向刚度和竖向刚度,满足铁路行车对结构刚度的要求;(4)对于主跨1500 m级超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁,斜拉悬索协作体系经济性更好。

复合空间索对大跨度铁路悬索桥横向刚度影响的研究

为提升大跨度铁路悬索桥的横向刚度,提出一种由主、副斜拉索组成的复合空间索结构。然后,基于材料有效利用率和静力分析,对复合空间索的直径、主斜拉索在加劲梁和地表的锚点位置、副斜拉索的数量等参数进行了优化。最后,采用风-车-桥耦合振动分析法,基于行车性能得到了桥梁横向挠跨比限值,分析了主、副斜拉索对横向挠跨比限值提升率的影响。结果表明:基于材料有效利用率,主斜拉索与加劲梁的锚点位置宜设在1/4主跨附近,且主斜拉索的地表锚点、加劲梁锚点与桥塔的垂直距离相等时最优,每组复合空间索中副斜拉索设置1根即可;在复合空间索的最优布置形式下,桥梁横向挠跨比可降低14.18%,横向挠跨比限值可提升16.79%。

四主缆大跨悬索桥抗震性能分析及减震措施优化

以燕矶长江大桥为工程背景,首先,采用动力非线性时程法分析了燕矶长江大桥抗震性能,并研究了设置电涡流-摩擦组合型阻尼器和黏滞阻尼器对大跨悬索桥抗震性能的影响;然后,对附加电涡流-摩擦组合型阻尼器摩擦力、阻尼系数和阻尼指数开展了参数敏感性分析;最后,从耗能角度分析地震作用下电涡流-摩擦组合型阻尼器减震特点.结果表明:在E2地震作用下,桥塔关键截面抗弯能力均大于弯矩需求;在“纵向+竖向”地震作用下梁端纵向位移较大.设置塔梁处纵桥向阻尼器后,可有效降低主桥梁端纵向位移;增大摩擦力、阻尼系数与降低阻尼指数均可提升梁端纵向地震响应的控制效果,但参数变化对桥塔控制截面的地震响应影响较小.阻尼系数较大时,电涡流阻尼主导了电涡流-摩擦组合型阻尼器耗能,相较于黏滞阻尼器,电涡流-摩擦组合型阻尼器对梁端纵向位移控制效果更好.

悬索桥基频影响因素的参数化分析与实用计算

桥梁设计师常常采用简化(实用)公式估算桥梁基频,用以在大跨桥梁设计的前期阶段估算其动力性能。但是随着桥梁建设的发展,部分公式的精度已无法满足要求;在实际使用时各公式易用性也存在较大差异。本文在分析各基频估算公式误差来源的基础上,选择关键变量、采用参数化有限元模型分析各控制因素的影响效应,据此选择改进策略,同时在分析各参数相互关系的基础上进行变量精简,提升估算公式的易用性。经实测和计算基频值的验证,改进实用计算公式在提高了易用性和适用性的同时,有效控制了基频估算结果的整体误差极值,提升了基频估算公式的工程应用价值。

Parameter effects on the dynamic characteristics of a super-long-span triple-tower suspension bridge

A 3D finite element model for the Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge,the first triple-tower long-span suspension bridge in China,is established based on the nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS,and the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are analyzed using the LANCZOS eigenvalue solution method. The study focuses on the effects of the vertical,lateral and torsional stiffness of the steel box girder,the rigid central buckle and the elastic restraints connecting the towers and the steel box girder on the dynamic characteristics of the triple-tower suspension bridge. Our results show that,in general,the dynamic characteristics of the triple-tower suspension bridge are similar to those of two-tower suspension bridges. The vertical,lateral and torsional stiffness of the steel box girder have different effects on the dynamic characteristics of triple-tower suspension bridges. The elastic re-straints have a more significant effect on the dynamic characteristics than the central buckle,and decreasing the stiffness of the elastic restraints results in the appearance of a longitudinal floating vibration mode of the bridge. Also,rigid central buckles have a greater influence on the dynamic characteristics of triple-tower suspension bridges than on those of two-tower suspension bridges. The results obtained could serve as a valuable numerical reference for analyzing and designing super-long-span triple-tower suspension bridges.

碎裂岩夹层中大跨度悬索桥隧道锚稳定性分析

隧道锚作为悬索桥的重要受力构件,其稳定性是保证悬索桥安全运行的关键。为探究某大跨度铁路悬索桥隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的受荷响应规律,建立精细化数值模型,对隧道锚的稳定性进行综合评估,论证隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的适用性和安全性。研究表明:碎裂岩夹层对隧道锚的变形影响显著,隧道锚后锚面及围岩的位移分布曲线呈左高右低的“驼峰状”,锚塞体界面摩阻力在碎裂岩夹层区域产生突变。锚-岩联合体的破坏从碎裂岩夹层中锚塞体拱顶区域开始,逐步向拱腰和拱底扩展,直至锚-岩界面塑性区贯通,其破坏模式为锚-岩接触带的剪切破坏。隧道锚的综合承载力以钢束受拉破坏为控制条件,综合极限承载力为2.3倍设计主缆力。隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的稳定性和适应性良好。

土耳其1915恰纳卡莱大桥无索区钢箱梁安装关键技术

土耳其1915恰纳卡莱大桥为主跨2023 m的双塔三跨钢箱梁悬索桥。钢箱梁总长3563 m,边跨及桥塔处无索区钢箱梁均为非标准节段,长度为9.8~43.6 m,吊装重量为344~1330 t,涉及多种吊装方式及节段安装工艺,施工难度大。该桥边跨S33节段定位精度要求高、顶推难度大,利用特殊设计牛腿,顺利实现节段顶推及边跨合龙;边跨焊接线形精度要求高、工序转换复杂,S32和S31节段布设临时吊索系统,确保焊接线形可控;塔区工作平台上的S01、T00和M01单个节段利用特殊设计三向可调支架及导向架施工,确保浮吊吊装安全可靠及定位精度可控;S02和M02节段吊装时与已吊装节段在空间上相互干扰,通过布设牵引荡移系统,顺利实现塔区S02和M02节段缆载吊机大角度吊装及节段荡移;采用吊索调节装置、边跨反拉系统及4台缆载吊机同步抬吊等措施,塔区S01、T00和M01组拼焊接的大节段顺利合龙。

断层永久位移预测及断层悬索桥地震响应研究

断层错动诱导的地表破裂永久位移对跨断层桥梁结构会造成严重破坏,准确预测断层错位的永久位移对跨断层桥梁结构抗震性能评估具有重要意义。首先结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN)提出具有较高精度的断层错位量预测模型,然后通过低频成分叠加高频成分方法人工合成断层面两侧地震动(简称跨断层地震动),最后以某主跨为538 m的跨断层大跨钢桁架悬索桥为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立考虑桩−土相互作用(m法)的全桥计算模型,探究断层位置和跨越角度对悬索桥地震响应的影响。结果表明:基于BPNN提出的方法能精确预测断层位错永久位移,对比已有的回归公式具有更高的精度,为人工合成跨断层地震动的准确性提供了保障;断层相对位置会显著影响桥梁结构的地震响应,与近断层地震动作用相比,在跨断层地震动作用下,悬索桥的塔底剪力、弯矩、相对位移以及扭矩响应增加了22.79%、154.1%、139.36%和265.48%;断层跨越角度对悬索桥动力响应影响明显,其响应均以跨越角度θ=90°呈规律对称分布,塔顶纵向位移、塔底纵向弯矩、塔底纵向剪力以及塔底扭矩最大值均出现在θ=90°,分别为0.81 m、282.45 MN∙m、3.96 MN和6.14 MN∙m。研究成果可为跨断层悬索桥抗震分析提供一套简便、可靠的人工地震动合成方法,也揭示了跨越角度和断层位置对跨断层悬索桥地震响应的影响。

跨走滑断层大跨度桁架悬索桥地震响应分析

跨越断层的长大跨度桥梁难免会受到断层错动作用,为探究跨走滑断层地震动参数对大跨度悬索桥地震响应的影响,以某主跨为538 m的钢桁架悬索桥为例,利用ABAQUS建立考虑桩-土相互作用(“m”法)的全桥有限元模型。通过叠加人工低频地震成分和实际高频地震成分,合成了跨走滑断层地震动,采用非一致激励位移时程法,重点分析永久位移、脉冲周期和跨断层角度对大跨度悬索桥的动力响应影响。结果表明:随着永久位移增大,桥塔动力响应呈不同幅度的增长,特别是横桥向位移、剪力,以及顺桥向弯矩增幅比较明显,分别增大97%、88%和95%,且剪力的增大加剧了桥塔发生剪切破坏的风险;随着脉冲周期减小,桥塔沿顺桥向和横桥向的动力响应增幅差距较大,当脉冲周期小于4 s时,桥塔横桥向位移、剪力,以及顺桥向弯矩相较于另一方向增幅更为明显,其增幅分别为492.5%、170%和189.2%;跨断层角度对桥塔的动力响应影响较大,且沿顺桥向和横桥向的响应变化趋势相反,跨断层角度为90°时,桥塔横桥向位移、剪力取得最大值,而弯矩取得最小值,且桥塔动力响应均在合理范围内,为最佳跨越角度。

三塔四跨悬索桥施工阶段颤振性能研究

为了解双主跨悬索桥加劲梁吊装期间颤振稳定性,以跨度为(230+800+800+348)m三塔四跨悬索桥为背景,分析该桥加劲梁吊装期间的颤振性能。建立该桥不同吊装阶段三维有限元模型,分析竖弯、扭转模态特性,采用理想平板颤振临界风速理论公式计算桥梁不同吊装阶段及各模态组合下的颤振临界风速,以确定最不利吊装阶段及模态组合;基于此,设计节段模型风洞试验测试原断面及上桥面中央增设竖向稳定板断面桥梁颤振临界风速。结果表明:三塔四跨悬索桥施工阶段的模态特性复杂,颤振分析时模态组合需考虑两主跨间的振动关系;该桥吊装率为8.5%和19.8%时,颤振临界状态由以北侧主跨振动为主的扭弯模态组合确定,吊装率≥29.3%时,颤振临界状态由以南侧主跨振动为主的扭弯模态组合确定,最不利吊装率为40.8%;该桥加劲梁原断面的颤振性能较差,在上桥面中央增设竖向稳定板可以有效提升桥梁的颤振临界风速。

张靖皋长江大桥南航道桥主墩围堰施工关键技术

张靖皋长江大桥南航道桥主跨采用2300 m整体钢箱梁悬索桥,是世界最大跨径悬索桥。南塔采用世界首创超高钢箱-钢管约束混凝土组合索塔,基础承台采用八边形结构,结合桥位水文地质及设计要求,承台外围设锁扣钢管桩围堰作为施工围护结构,后期兼作大桥永久冲刷防护和船撞消能设施。施工过程中,采用履带吊+振动锤/冲击锤配合特制导向架隔孔施打的施工工艺,有效解决了超长锁扣钢管桩的施沉及合龙精度的难题;利用对撑加工成桁架整体安装、基底开挖及护筒围堰壁清理、分仓浇筑水下封底混凝土、导管底口铺设钢板等工艺,极大地降低了现场施工难度,保证了超大基坑水下封底混凝土的浇筑质量,为今后同类型深基坑施工提供了有益的借鉴。

汕湛高速公路西江特大桥猫道施工关键技术

随着桥梁修建技术的发展,悬索桥的跨径不断增大。猫道作为大跨径悬索桥施工必备的临时结构,为主缆架设、索夹和吊索安装、钢箱梁吊装、主缆防护等提供施工操作平台、材料及工具运输通道,从始至终贯穿整个悬索桥上部构造安装施工过程。以西江特大桥猫道作为研究对象,对其结构设计、施工过程及关键技术展开详细介绍,并对实际施工过程中出现的问题提出优化措施。

基于三维激光扫描的大跨悬索桥形态识别

为实现某大跨悬索桥的空间参数识别,利用三维激光扫描技术对该桥梁进行点云数据获取。利用点云模型的可测量性,提取到了桥梁关键构件的空间参数信息。结果表明,所测得的桥梁构件尺寸参数具有可靠性,但部分参数受到桥梁振动的影响出现了相对较大的误差。同时,通过基于点云得到的主梁、主缆线形以及设计线形的对比,可判断该大跨悬索桥处于安全的工作状态。相对于传统检测技术,三维激光扫描技术可以实现精确高效的大跨悬索桥空间参数识别。未来需解决的关键问题是如何考虑大跨悬索桥的振动对测量结果的影响。