Experimental study and numerical analysis on bearing behaviors of super-long rock-socketed bored pile groups

A centrifuge modeling test and a three-dimensional finite element analysis（FEA）of super-long rock-socketed bored pile groups of the Tianxingzhou Bridge are proposed.Based on the similarity theory,different prototypical materials are simulated using different indicators in the centrifuge model.The silver sand,the shaft and the pile cap are simulated according to the natural density,the compressive stiffness and the bending stiffness,respectively.The finite element method（FEM）is implemented and analyzed in ANSYS,in which the stress field during the undisturbed soil stage,the boring stage,the concrete-casting stage and the curing stage are discussed in detail.Comparisons in terms of load-settlement,shaft axial force distribution and lateral friction between the numerical results and the test data are carried out to investigate the bearing behaviors of super-long rock-socketed bored pile groups under loading and unloading conditions.Results show that there is a good agreement between the centrifuge modeling tests and the FEM.In addition,the load distribution at the pile top is complicated,which is related to the stiffness of the cap,the corresponding assumptions and the analysis method.The shaft axial force first increases slightly with depth then decreases sharply,and the rate of decrease in rock is greater than that in sand and soil.

Excavation influence of triangular-distribution tunnels for wind pavilion group of a metro station

For the Guanshui Road Station tunnel project of Guiyang Metro Line 2,the wind pavilion group was moved out of the main tunnel to reduce the number of openings in the main tunnel,and the wind pavilion group was excavated in a triangular configuration at the entrance of the main tunnel.Based on the finite element software ABAQUS,a three-dimensional model is established to study the influence of different triangular-distribution tunnels excavation schemes on the surface settlement and tunnel stability.The objective of this study is to reveal the change rules of surface settlement,deformation and force in the support structures and the surrounding rock and identify the best excavation scheme for this tunnel configuration.Results show that to control the surface settlement and the deformation of the support structures,the optimal excavation sequence involves excavating the upper fresh air exhaust tunnel before the lower running tunnel.To control the stress of the support structures,the optimal excavation involves excavating the lower running tunnel before the upper fresh air exhaust tunnel.In this project,the most reasonable excavation sequence of the tunnel is from top to bottom.The most reasonable thickness of tunnel penetration is 5 m.

Feasibility of replacing the 3-coach with a 1.5-coach grouping trainmodel in wind tunnel experiment at different yaw angles

The effects of different yaw angles on the aerodynamic performance of city electric multiple units(EMUs)were investigated in a wind tunnel using a 1:16.8 scaled model.Pressure scanning valve and six-component box-type aerodynamic balance were used to test the pressure distribution and aerodynamic force of the head car respectively from the 1.5-and 3-coach grouping city EMU models.Meanwhile,the effects of the yaw angles on the pressure distribution of the streamlined head as well as the aerodynamic forces of the train were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the pressure coefficient was the smallest at the maximum slope of the main shape-line.The side force coefficient and pressure coefficient along the head car cross-section were most affected by crosswind when the yaw angle was 55°,and replacing a 3-coach grouping with a 1.5-coach grouping had obvious advantages for wind tunnel testing when the yaw angle was within 24.2°.In addition,the relative errors of lift coefficient C_(L),roll moment coefficient C_(Mx),side force coefficient C_(S),and drag coefficient C_(D) between the 1.5-and 3-coach cases were below 5.95%,which all met the requirements of the experimental accuracy.

Predictive analysis of stress regime and possible squeezing deformation for super-long water conveyance tunnels in Pakistan

The prediction of the stress field of deep-buried tunnels is a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. In this study, the authors put forward a systematic solution for this problem. Databases from the World Stress Map and the Crustal Stress of China, and previous research findings can offer prediction of stress orientations in an engineering area. At the same time, the Andersonian theory can be used to analyze the possible stress orientation of a region. With limited in-situ stress measurements, the Hock-Brown Criterion can be used to estimate the strength of rock mass in an area of interest by utilizing the geotechnical investigation data, and the modified Sheorey＇s model can subsequently be employed to predict the areas＇ stress profile, without stress data, by taking the existing in-situ stress measurements as input parameters. In this paper, a case study was used to demonstrate the application of this systematic solution. The planned Kohala hydropower plant is located on the western edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three hydro-fracturing stress measurement campaigns indicated that the stress state of the area is SH - Sh 〉 Sv or SH 〉Sv 〉 Sh. The measured orientation of Sn is NEE （N70.3°-89°E）, and the regional orientation of SH from WSM is NE, which implies that the stress orientation of shallow crust may be affected by landforms. The modified Sheorey model was utilized to predict the stress profile along the water sewage tunnel for the plant. Prediction results show that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stres- ses of the points with the greatest burial depth were up to 56.70 and 40.14 MPa, respectively, and the stresses of areas with a burial depth of greater than 500 m were higher. Based on the predicted stress data, large deformations of the rock mass surrounding water conveyance tunnels were analyzed. Results showed that the large deformations will occur when the burial depth exceeds 300 m. When the burial depth is beyond 800 m, serious squeezing deformations will occur in the surrounding rock masses, thus requiring more attention in the design and construction. Based on the application efficiency in this case study, this prediction method proposed in this paper functions accurately.

Deformation of the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel: an analysis of causal mechanisms using geomorphological surveys and D-InSAR monitoring

On 18 January 2016,the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel in Ledu,Qinghai Province,China,underwent serious deformation and structural damage.A crack formed at the top of the tunnel and the concrete on the crown peeled off.As a result,the tunnel could not be operated for three months.In order to determine the types and spatial distribution of the landslides in the region and the surface deformation characteristics associated with the tunnel deformation,we used field geological and geomorphological surveys,unmanned aerial vehicle image interpretation and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(D-In SAR) surface deformation monitoring.Nine ancient and old landslides were identified and analysed in the study area.Surface deformation monitoring and investigation of buildings in several villages on the slope front showed that the tunnel deformation was not related to deep-seated gravitational slope deformation.However,surface deformation monitoring revealed an active NEE–SWW fault in the area intersecting the tunnel at the location of the tunnel rupture.This constitutes a plausible mechanism for the deformation of the tunnel.Our study highlights the need for detailed engineering geomorphological investigations to better predict the occurrence of tunnel deformation events in the future.

A novel image-based approach for interactive characterization of rock fracture spacing in a tunnel face

This paper presents a novel integrated method for interactive characterization of fracture spacing in rock tunnel sections.The main procedure includes four steps:(1)Automatic extraction of fracture traces,(2)digitization of trace maps,(3)disconnection and grouping of traces,and(4)interactive measurement of fracture set spacing,total spacing,and surface rock quality designation(S-RQD)value.To evaluate the performance of the proposed method,sample images were obtained by employing a photogrammetrybased scheme in tunnel faces.Experiments were then conducted to determine the optimal parameter values(i.e.distance threshold,angle threshold,and number of fracture trace grouping)for characterizing rock fracture spacing.By applying the identified optimal parameters involved in the model,the proposed method could lead to excellent qualitative results to a new tunnel face.To perform a quantitative analysis,three methods(i.e.field,straightening,and the proposed method)were employed in the same study and comparisons were made.The proposed method agrees well with the field measurement in terms of the maximum and average values of measured spacing distribution.Overall,the proposed method has reasonably good accuracy and interactive advantage for estimating the ultimate fracture spacing and S-RQD.It can be a possible extension of existing methods for fracture spacing characterization for two-dimensional(2D)rock tunnel faces.

Dynamic responses and failure mechanisms of the existing tunnel under transient excavation unloading of an adjacent tunnel

Engineering disasters(e.g.rock slabbing and rockburst)of the tunnel groups induced by the transient excavation of an adjacent tunnel threaten the stability of the existing tunnel,especially for those excavated by using the drill and blast tunneling(D&B).However,the dynamic response and failure mechanism of surrounding rocks of the existing tunnel caused by adjacent transient excavation are not clear due to the difficulty in conducting field tests and laboratory experiments.Therefore,a novel transient unloading experimental system for deep tunnel excavation was proposed in this study.The real stress path and the unloading rate can be reproduced by using this proposed system.The experiments were conducted for observing the dynamic response of the existing tunnel induced by adjacent transient excavation under different lateral pressure coefficients l(?0.4,0.6,0.8,1,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8)with a polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)specimen.The propagation of the impact wave and unloading surface wave was detected through the digital image correlation(DIC)analysis.The reflection of the unloading surface wave on the incident side of the existing tunnel(tunnel-E)was observed and analyzed.Moreover,the dynamic characteristics of the stress redistribution,the particle displacement and vibration velocity of surrounding rocks of tunnel-E were analyzed and summarized.In addition,the Mohr-Coulomb(MeC)failure criterion with tension cut-off was adopted to evaluate the stability of the existing tunnel under adjacent transient excavation.The results indicate that the incident side of the existing tunnel under the dynamic disturbance of transient excavation of an adjacent tunnel was more prone to fail,followed by the shadow side and the top/bottom side.

秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群关键技术创新与实践

针对秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群在建设和运营过程中面临的工程建设难度大,运营管理复杂、安全风险高以及运营能耗高等诸多技术难题,围绕安全智慧运营、安全快速施工、单层衬砌支护、自然能源利用等方向,系统总结了秦岭山区特殊地质地形条件下32 km隧道群建设与运营过程中系列创新技术成果。主要结论:1)通过超长隧道群安全智慧运营技术创新与应用,破解山区超长连续公路隧道群运营安全保障难题;2)通过公路隧道安全快速施工技术创新与应用,突破超长大断面公路隧道机械化安全快速施工瓶颈;3)通过公路隧道单层衬砌支护技术创新与应用,构建硬质岩公路隧道单层衬砌支护体系;4)通过公路隧道利用自然能源技术推广应用,探索超长公路隧道绿色低碳运行。

Case Study on Synchronous Construction Technology for Secondary Lining of Large-diameter Single track Shiel Shield-bored ored Tunnel

The synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of large-diameter shield faces challenges such as the design of the lining jumbo,the high requirements on the performance for the lining jumbo,the organization of the construction activities in the small and confined area,the horizontal transportation for shield boring and high safety management requirements.A super-long invert lining construction jumbo,as well as the matching California switch,is developed,which provides solution for the confliction between the invert lining construction and the horizontal transportation.The procedure and method for the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining are developed by referring to the synchronous construction of the secondary lining during the boring of the TBMs in hard rocks.Due to the adoption of the synchronous operation of the shield boring and the secondary lining,the construction period is shortened and the construction cost is reduced.The paper can provide reference for the synchronous construction of the secondary lining in similar projects in the future.

基于非连续介质力学的多刀盘矩形顶管掘进性能分析

为探明多刀盘矩形顶管的掘进性能,基于非连续介质力学,运用离散元数值建模的手段,建立全尺寸的多刀盘矩形顶管掘进三维离散元模型。模型中考虑刀盘群切削、螺旋输送机排土等多种动态过程,分析刀盘组转动速度对顶管机掘进性能的影响。通过对比分析现场实测与数值计算的刀盘扭矩值,验证了数值模型的有效性与可靠性。研究结果表明,在刀盘群的旋转切削作用下,刀盘附近渣土颗粒的流动性优于土仓内渣土颗粒的流动性,除了靠近刀盘中心区域的渣土颗粒外,其他位置渣土颗粒流动性较好。后置刀盘组的切削作用有利于渣土从土仓向螺旋输送机流动,因此后置刀盘应尽可能靠近螺旋机入口位置布置。刀盘组中两侧刀盘承受的土压力略高于中心的刀盘,且作用在中心鱼尾刀具和辐条周围区域上的压力相对较高。在砂质粉土地层中,考虑到经济与环保效益,刀盘组转速建议控制在2 rpm左右。研究成果可为类似矩形顶管掘进工程的刀盘布置与掘进参数设置提供合理的参考与借鉴。

基于时间自动机的动力调度岗位培训仿真机理建模

针对大型风洞群中压空气系统存在调度机理复杂、岗位人员素质要求高、系统实操培训代价大等问题,实施基于时间自动机的动力调度岗位培训仿真机理建模。通过混杂系统理论提出适合大型风洞群中压空气调度的扩展时间自动机模型,基于先来先服务策略构建资源申请、机组工作等队列,建立调度器、就地执行器等核心机理模型,并采用UPPAAL工具对模型进行验证。结果表明:该模型的建立不仅为岗位人员掌握设备结构原理、积累实操经验提供有效手段,而且为建立风洞试验调度仿真系统、合理有效实施风洞动力调度岗位培训打下了基础。

银西高铁黄土含水层隧道群井降水模拟研究

研究目的:银西高铁上阁村隧道穿越董志塬黄土含水层施工中出现的渗涌水,受地下水渗流影响,引起了洞身黄土含水率增加、围岩自稳性变差等问题。为解决上阁村富水黄土隧道施工难题,论文首先分析了上阁村隧道黄土含水层分布特征,其次介绍了地表降水施工辅助措施及其效果,最后应用MIDAS/GTS建立隧道工程群井降水模型,实现了不同流量以及渗透系数工况下的隧道开挖渗流模拟计算。研究结论:(1)上阁村隧道长大段落通过软塑黄土含水层,通过地表降水梳干隧道洞身范围内地下水,提高了隧道洞身黄土围岩稳定性,确保了隧道施工的安全和进度;(2)不同单井流量(80 m^(3)/d、90 m^(3)/d、100 m^(3)/d)的群井数值模拟结果表明,地下水位降深在短时间内达到了设计要求,验证了降水设计参数及效果;(3)本研究可为黄土等低渗透岩体富水隧道工程施工处置及设计提供依据。

砾砂地层盾构切削大直径群桩的刀具研究

刀盘刀具是盾构机实现切削功能并保证其顺利推进的主要部件,合适的刀具选型与设计在保证盾构机成功切削大直径钢筋混凝土群桩的过程中至关重要。依托沈阳地铁4号线盾构切桩工程,结合盾构穿越砾砂地层的工程特点以及切削大直径钢筋混凝土群桩的工程需求,对刀盘刀具进行选型,采用LS-DYNA软件模拟不同刃宽、刃角及前角的贝壳刀切削钢筋的效果。将分析结果应用于该工程,通过对比切桩前后既有隧道沉降变化规律论证刀具选型设计的合理性,并根据切桩后的贝壳刀磨损规律及盾构机排出钢筋情况,评估刀盘刀具切削效果,从而优化刀盘的刀具布置。研究结果表明:盾构刀盘采用面板+辐条复合式直角刀盘,切桩刀具采用前角-45°零后角、5 mm刃宽、90°刃角的双面刃贝壳刀,可提升盾构切桩效果;盾构切桩过程中既有隧道的变形波动控制在1.1 mm内,切桩完成后既有隧道的最大沉降仅为1.96 mm,未对既有隧道造成明显影响;刀盘布置贝壳刀时,应增加高度为210 mm的贝壳刀数量,尤其需要避免单个辐条上仅有1把高度为210 mm贝壳刀的情况,可有效提高刀盘刀具切削钢筋的能力并降低崩刃风险。刀具选型设计结果成功应用于沈阳地铁4号线切桩工程,可为今后类似工程提供参考。

地铁盾构下穿高层建筑基础的扰动变形影响与实测研究

[目的]城市轨道交通建设中遇到越来越多的盾构穿越或近接高层建筑施工的案例,而盾构法因其特殊的施工工艺不可避免对地层产生扰动,严重时可能会影响既有建筑的结构安全,因此需要对盾构穿越过程中隧道及高层建筑的受力特性进行深入研究。[方法]依托济南地铁R2号线生产路站—历黄路站区间隧道工程,采用三维有限元数值方法对双线盾构隧道非同步斜交下穿高层建筑群桩及筏板承台基础的施工过程进行了模拟,并结合现场监测数据分析了地层位移规律、建筑物沉降的变形特征,以及施工时盾构掘进参数的控制效果。[结果及结论]双线盾构隧道先后下穿建筑群桩时,先行隧道开挖引起的地面沉降量较大,后开挖隧道对地层产生的扰动相对较小;盾构通过建筑物正下方时的沉降量最大,随着盾构的远离,其沉降逐渐减少并趋于稳定。由于高层建筑属框架结构,故在临近隧道一侧建筑体区域地层发生了沉降,而在远离隧道的建筑体区域地层呈上浮趋势,但二者的差异沉降量仍在可控范围内。

沿海地区索结构体育馆风洞试验与群风效应研究

针对两类屋面型式(上凸型和下凹型)、四种屋盖结构(单层马鞍形索网、轮辐式双层索网、索穹顶、弦支穹顶),设计制作了缩尺比分别为1∶250、1∶200两个试验模型,在B类地貌下开展了60组模型风洞试验,探究了全风向角下两类屋盖结构的风压峰值分布规律,分析了不同风向角、邻近建筑对目标建筑物风压特性的影响规律。结果表明:全风向角下来流方向无邻近建筑影响时,两类屋盖迎风面区域的负风压峰值最大,分别较上凸型和下凹型屋盖中间区域的负风压峰值高约3.0、1.5倍;屋盖中间区域风压峰值分布均匀,以承载负风压为主,仅下凹型屋盖中部出现正风压;风向角对屋盖风压分布的影响主要体现邻近建筑物的干扰上,其对屋盖平均和脉动风压系数的影响以来流方向无邻近建筑时最大、来流方向有邻近建筑时次之、尾流方向有邻近建筑物时最小;屋盖迎风面测点风压概率分布具有明显的非高斯特征,存在极大负压值,而屋盖中间和尾流区域的测点风压具有典型的正态分布特征。

大坡道长大隧道及隧道群环境下高速列车车内外压力波特性的实车试验研究

高速列车通过25‰单面坡隧道时,形成压力波和大气压两者耦合下的车内外压力变化特征,因此,有必要研究在隧道大气压持续变化下的高速列车通过大坡道隧道时的气动载荷和车内压力舒适性问题。采用实车试验的方法,获取动车组通过西成高铁西安北—汉中线路的列车车内外压力测试数据。研究结果表明:1)列车下坡通过25‰特长隧道时车外压力波动受隧道压力波与大气压的共同作用,整体呈上升的变化趋势;2)单面坡上坡和单面坡下坡隧道的长度由1541.2 m增大至8399.2 m时,列车车内外最大压力峰值越靠近隧道出口,单面坡隧道长度越长,列车车内外压力峰值越大;3)随着大坡道隧道长度的增大,列车头车和尾车的整车气密效率在不断减小,列车车内Δp/1 s、Δp/3 s、Δp/10 s和Δp/60 s在不断增大,相应的车内压力舒适性环境更恶劣,当列车通过长大坡道隧道群时,车内压力舒适性环境和列车车体的气密性能更差;4)与压力保护阀逻辑控制相比,压力保护阀全程关闭时列车车内压力和不同时间间隔下的最大压力变化量要更小,车内压力舒适性环境更优。

基于群组决策的寒区隧道冻害风险评价研究

研究目的:为客观有效评估隧道冻害程度,基于群组决策和三角模糊数法构建寒区隧道冻害风险评价模型。首先,采用更有利于专家表达的三角模糊数建立判断矩阵,利用相容度指标确定专家判断水平,从而赋予相应权重;其次,综合考虑引起寒区隧道冻害的温度、水文、围岩条件和工程措施等因素,形成二级评价指标,通过三角模糊数群组决策模型确定各指标权重;再次,将二级评价指标分为10个定量指标和6个定性指标,定量指标按梯形分布建立隶属度函数,定性指标由专家按百分制打分,再按梯形分布函数确定各等级隶属度;最后,通过模糊综合评价方法计算确定隧道冻害等级,并提供相应的预防措施。研究结论:(1)选取温度、水文、围岩条件和工程措施4个一级指标、16个二级指标,设置4个冻害等级,构建了基于三角模糊数的群组决策寒区隧道冻害风险综合评价体系;(2)本文提出的冻害风险评价模型应用于杀虎口隧道,风险等级评价结果与隧道实际冻害一致,验证了模型的合理性;(3)本文模型更加客观全面,可为隧道冻害风险提供安全预警和防控建议。

高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制

针对长大水工隧洞群施工期火灾疏散救援难和挡烟垂壁作用机制不清晰的挑战,采用数值模拟方法对大型棋盘状隧洞群通风网络火灾烟气蔓延特征及控烟机制开展系统研究,包括烟气扩散路径及能见度分布,设置挡烟垂壁对烟气扩散速度、能见度及温度的影响及控烟效果。结果表明:火灾后烟气首先沿单一隧洞轴线双向传播,扩散至施工支洞时部分支路产生烟气逆转、逆退现象,500 s计算时长内烟气几乎充满整个通风网络,烟气层与下层空气的分层界面不稳定,网络交汇处烟气层高度明显降低。设置挡烟垂壁对烟气沿隧洞轴向传播具有促进作用,效果随传播距离增长而减弱;对烟气沿施工支洞轴线传播具有累积阻滞作用;挡烟垂壁对烟气温度的影响随扩散距离增加不断减弱;挡烟垂壁前方形成储烟池,增强烟气逆流程度,后方为烟气减速增压区,烟气层升高。

Sensitivity analyses of random cave groups on karst tunnel stability based on water–rock interaction using a novel contact dynamic method

This paper concentrates on the sensitivity and dynamic simulation of randomly distributed karst cave groups on tunnel stability and connectivity extended ratio based on water–rock interaction using a novel contact dynamic method(CDM).The concept of karst cave group connectivity extended ratio during tunneling and water inrush is proposed.The effects of cave shape and spatial distribution on Qiyueshan tunnel are investigated.Tunnel deformation and damage index,and connectivity extended ratio with uniform random karst cave groups are evaluated.The results demonstrate that the connectivity extended ratio is verified as a crucial judgment in predicting the safe distance and assessing the stability of the tunnel with the karst cave group.CDM model captures the fracture propagation and contact behavior of rock mass,surface flow,as well as the bidirectional water–rock interaction during the water inrush of Qiyueshan tunnel with multiple caves.A larger cave radius and smaller minimum distance between the cave and tunnel increase the deformation and damage index of the surrounding rock.When the cave radius and cave area ratio increase,the failure pattern shifts from overall to local failure.These findings potentially have broad applications in various surface and subsurface scenarios involving water–rock interactions.

3洞小净距隧道群近距离下穿既有地铁施工技术研究

针对小净距隧道距暗挖工程近距离下穿既有地铁线路、建筑物等重要构造物,依托广东省深圳市皇岗口岸3洞小净距隧道群下穿既有地铁DK35+170—DK35+420项目,介绍上下台阶法施工、双侧壁导坑法施工和格栅钢架焊接形成对拉锚杆施工技术。通过改进施工方法降低对既有构造物扰动,对既有隧道和新建隧道结构变形和地层损失率规律分析,形成了3洞小净距隧道群下穿既有地铁技术施工体系,并为相似隧道下穿工程提供工程经验和技术指导。