A Study on Description Methods of Sediment Transport Modulus in Small Watersheds

[Objective]This study aimed to clear the advantages,disadvantages and applicability of various analysis methods to assess sediment transport modulus in small watersheds using the multi-year observation data. [Method]Four methods,including the statistical eigenvalues,depolarized arithmetic mean,frequency of erosion intensity and box-whisker plots were applied into calculation of sediment transport modulus in four small watersheds,and then the results of the methods were compared to to filter a method with the widest applicability and scientific validity. [Result] The statistical arithmetic mean and median could hardly represent the concentration and general level of multi-year sediment transport modulus. Although the depolarized arithmetic mean had the tendency of reflecting the general level of data,it lost the extreme value and its information for making decision. The frequency of erosion intensity grade reflected the distribution of data in intensity classification. Box-whisker plot could show the concentration,dispersion and the number of abnormal data. [Conclusion] Multiple methods can be combined to comprehensively and objectively characterize the multi-year sand transport modulus due to their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally,box-whisker plot has good objectivity and applicability in displaying the multi-year data of small watershed.

Coupled Model of Two-phase Debris Flow,Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows, which evolves simultaneously across terrains, largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper, we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth, the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition （Iverson and Ouyang, 2015） is presented. In this formula, the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe’s Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.

Numerical Simulation of Bed Load and Suspended Load Sediment Transport Using Well-Balanced Numerical Schemes

Sediment transport can be modelled using hydrodynamic models based on shallow water equations coupled with the sediment concentration conservation equation and the bed con-servation equation.The complete system of equations is made up of the energy balance law and the Exner equations.The numerical solution for this complete system is done in a seg-regated manner.First,the hyperbolic part of the system of balance laws is solved using a finite volume scheme.Three ways to compute the numerical flux have been considered,the Q-scheme of van Leer,the HLLCS approximate Riemann solver,and the last one takes into account the presence of non-conservative products in the model.The discretisation of the source terms is carried out according to the numerical flux chosen.In the second stage,the bed conservation equation is solved by using the approximation computed for the system of balance laws.The numerical schemes have been validated making comparisons between the obtained numerical results and the experimental data for some physical experiments.The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data.

Distinguishing the main components of submarine groundwater and estimating the corresponding fluxes based on radium tracing method—taking the Maowei Sea for example

Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)is an important part in the land-sea interactions,which mainly contains three components:submarine fresh groundwater discharge(SFGD),tidal flat recirculated saline groundwater discharge(tidal flat RSGD)and subtidal recirculated saline groundwater discharge(subtidal RSGD).In order to make a more accurate assessment of the impact of SGD on coastal ecological environment,it is necessary to distinguish the main components of SGD.In this study,the Maowei Sea,located in the northern part of the Beibu Gulf,was selected as the study area.Based on the radium(Ra)tracing method,we present a new analytical method for distinguishing the three main components of SGD in this area combined with field data.The average daily flow along the coastline of the Maowei Sea of tidal flat RSGD was slightly higher than that of SFGD,and both two were on the magnitude of 1×10^(5)m^(3)/d.The average daily flow for the subtidal RSGD of the entire subtidal zone of the Maowei Sea reached to the magnitude of 1×10^(6)-1×10^(7)m^(3)/d.The long-term variation trend of terrestrial SGD is a valuable information for the study of the influence of terrigenous material on the coastal ecological environment.Based on the results of four sampling periods,it is found that the fluxes of SFGD and tidal flat RSGD in the Maowei Sea had good linear correlation with the net precipitation.As an example,January 2015 to August 2022 were selected as the study periods,and the variation trends of SFGD and tidal flat RSGD were calculated by linear function with net precipitation as the independent variable.The results showed that the flux of tidal flat RSGD was slightly higher than that of SFGD,and the difference between the two is larger in flood season while smaller in dry season.In general,in the coastal range of China,the total SGD flux in the Maowei Sea area is at a high level,and the SFGD flux is at a medium level.

Numerical modeling of sediment transport based on unsteady and steady flows by incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce a simple two-part multi-phase model for the sediment transport problems based on the incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics（ISPH） method. The proposed model simulates the movement of sediment particles in two parts. The sediment particles are classified into three categories, including the motionless particles, moving particles behave like a rigid body, and moving particles with a pseudo fluid behavior. The criterion for the classification of sediment particles is the Bingham rheological model. Verification of the present model is performed by simulation of the dam break waves on movable beds with different conditions and the bed scouring under steady flow condition. Comparison of the present model results, the experimental data and available numerical results show that it has good ability to simulate flow pattern and sediment transport.

Integrating 1D and 2D hydrodynamic,sediment transport model for dam-break flow using finite volume method

The purpose of this study is to set up a dynamically linked 1D and 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport models for dam break flow.The 1D-2D coupling model solves the generalized shallow water equations,the non-equilibrium sediment transport and bed change equations in a coupled fashion using an explicit finite volume method.It considers interactions among transient flow,strong sediment transport and rapid bed change by including bed change and variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations.An unstructured Quadtree rectangular grid with local refinement is used in the 2D model.The intercell flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with shock captured capability for computing the dry-to-wet interface for all models.The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this coupling model which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms.The developed model has been tested against experimental and real-life case of dam-break flow over fix bed and movable bed.The results are compared with analytical solution and measured data with good agreement.The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling model is capable of calculating the flow,erosion and deposition for dam break flows in complicated natural domains.

黄河下游断面法与沙量法冲淤计算成果比较及输沙率资料修正

由于黄河下游各站实测输沙率资料普遍存在漏测现象及部分测次单断沙关系代表性差等原因,造成断面法与沙量平衡法计算冲淤量在一些河段存在着定量甚至定性上的差别,以花园口以上和高村至艾山两河段表现最为突出。研究表明,黄河下游断面法冲淤量不存在累积性误差,它可以真实反映不同阶段泥沙在河道纵横向的沉积量及其随时间的变化过程;而沙量平衡法计算冲淤时在一些河段则存在明显的失真现象。野外观测的输沙率资料是研究洪水期泥沙调整与水沙间关系、深化河床演变基本规律的基础,为此有必要对输沙率资料进行修正。输沙率修正的主要是在爱因斯坦全沙计算结果分析的基础上,建立输沙率修正系数与实测含沙量间的关系,修正后的输沙率资料基本能反映黄河下游各河段的实际冲淤情况。

渭河下游河流输沙需水量计算

基于对河流输沙运动特性的分析,认为最小河流输沙需水量是当河流输沙基本上处于冲淤平衡状态时输送单位重量的泥沙所需要的水的体积,通过河段进口即上游断面水流挟沙力(Su*)与含沙量(Su)比较,分Su≤Su*和Su>Su*两种情况,分别建立了最小河段输沙需水量的计算方法。并应用该方法对渭河下游输沙需水量做了计算。计算的空间尺度为渭河下游的咸阳、临潼、华县三个断面,时间尺度为四个代表年的年内月均需水量,分p=25%(1963年)、p=50%(1990年)、p=75%(1982年)、p=90%(1979年)。计算结果分析表明:渭河各断面汛期月均输沙需水量大于非汛期月均输沙需水量。相较而言,在不同代表年的汛期和非汛期,从咸阳断面至华县断面输沙需水量在增加。在丰水年(p=25%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为63.67亿m3、97.95亿m3和103.25亿m3;在平水年(p=50%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为49.71亿m3、83.27亿m3和85.08亿m3;在枯水年(p=75%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为30.17亿m3、55.14亿m3和65.32亿m3;在特枯水年(p=90%),渭河下游咸阳、临潼、华县等3个断面年输沙需水量分别为23.96亿m3、37.91亿m3和38.92亿m3。由丰水年到枯水年,渭河下游各断面年输沙需水量变小。

长江中下游江湖关系演变趋势数值模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,概述了在大型复杂防洪系统洪水行为数值模拟基础上,成功地将长江中下游洪水演进数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统防洪规划方案评估需求的长江中下游江湖水沙演变的数学模型。为适应防洪规划方案论证涉及江湖水沙相互制衡相互关联客观情况,建立了面向江湖水沙关系及其演变的数学模型。针对长江中下游江湖水沙运动特点,在水沙数值模拟的范围内侧重对下荆江河道冲刷、荆江三口分流分沙模式、洞庭湖泥沙淤积、江湖耦合等环节进行了讨论,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法。模拟结果较好反映了江湖水沙演变规律,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防洪规划和防汛调度方案中。

输沙量法和地形法计算螺山汉口河段淤积量比较

在介绍河道冲淤量计算中常用的输沙量法和地形法的基础上 ,采用两种算法同时计算了螺山汉口河段的淤积量。结果表明 :输沙量法能较好地反映整个河槽断面的综合冲淤情况 ,而地形法更侧重于计算平滩水位以下的淤积量。如果考虑相同的情况 。

窄缝法在河口区悬沙输运数值计算中的应用

窄缝法作为动边界问题的一种处理方法 ,已被用于潮流及污染物扩散的数值模拟中 ,并取得了较好的效果。本文将窄缝法应用于悬沙输运数值计算中 ,推导出了考虑窄缝时的泥沙输运方程 ,建立了一种具有动边界功能的泥沙输运模型。计算结果与实测值吻合较好 ,表明该模型在模拟河口区悬沙输运方面是正确可行的。

一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型的节点控制方法

本文的一维河网非恒定流及悬沙数学模型 ,是根据以一维圣维南方程组 ,悬沙非平衡输运方程及水位、含沙量节点控制法而建立。首先 ,利用单一河流有限差分方程组转换形式和节点处质量、能量守恒性 ,写出所有节点的水位控制方程组。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组得到所有节点的水位 ,再由单一河流非恒定流的求解方法可获得所有单一河流的断面水位和流量。基于水流的节点水位控制法 ,本文提出了节点悬沙控制法。假设节点处冲刷或淤积较小 ,所有节点的含沙量控制方程组可通过输沙量守恒方程用矩阵形式写出。求解此不规则稀疏矩阵方程组 ,得到所有节点处的含沙量。所有单一河流断面处的含沙量通过单一河流悬沙输运的求解方法获得。本文介绍的模型适用于各种河网类型。作为检验 。

微灌用沉沙池泥沙沉降计算方法试验研究

对沉沙池设计中最常用的准静水沉降法和一维流超饱和输沙法进行了比较研究,得到了该两种方法用于微灌沉沙池设计中的参数变化范围,并对其中的紊动修正系数K和恢复饱和系数a进行了专门试验研究,得出了K和a的计算公式和适用条件。试验结果表明:准静水沉降法的计算误差较大,但在一定范围内,可以满足精度要求,用来估算沉沙池池长;一维流超饱和输沙法计算简单并且具有较好的计算精度,可以用于微灌用沉沙池的工程设计计算。

长江中下游江湖蓄泄关系实时评估数值模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,将面向长江中下游防洪规划论证需求的水沙数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统防汛方案评估需求的长江中下游蓄泄关系实时评估数学模型。为适应实时蓄泄评估快速、准确的要求,提出了基于水动力学的循环滚动计算模式、实时校正模式和实时防洪调度的试验机制。实现了水文学实时校正方法与水动力学数学模型的耦合,建立了基于水动力学的实时校正模式。为了满足长江中下游江湖蓄泄关系实时评价的需求,探讨了洪水模拟与分蓄洪调度模式的耦合。通过长江中下游防汛期间的试运行,较好地解决了防洪措施蓄泄关系评估和工程优化调控模式等关键难题,为防洪规划方案的制定和实时洪水调度方案优化提供了定量的依据,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防洪规划和防汛调度方案中。

基于平面二维潮流模型的北仑河口悬沙输运与底床冲淤数值模拟

为研究自然因素所导致的北仑河口地形改变状况,建立一个平面二维潮流泥沙数值模型,采用有限体积法数值求解,运用实测水文泥沙资料对模型进行率定、验证。结果表明,模型较好地复演了河口的潮流、悬沙运动过程。在此基础上,对河口的悬沙输运和底床冲淤变化进行分析计算,结果显示:夏初时节河口的悬沙含量较小,约3—70mg·L 1,落潮含沙量大于涨潮含沙量;除局地冲淤达0.05m·a 1外,大部分区域冲淤变化不超过0.05m·a 1,河口处于微冲微淤的动态平衡。

水库建设对赣江流域水沙情势的影响

赣江是鄱阳湖流域面积最大、输沙量最大的支流,其水沙变化对鄱阳湖入湖水沙产生重要影响。为研究水库建设对赣江流域水沙情势的影响,采用水沙过程线法、距平累积法和双累计曲线法对流域内的坝上站、吉安站和外洲站3个控制站1953~2017年的径流量和1956~2017年的输沙量进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)截至2018年,赣江流域已建大中型水库132座,累计总库容约94.59亿m^(3)。近年来,流域水库建设进程明显加快,水库数量、总库容均有较大的提升。(2)赣江3个控制站径流量、输沙量年内变化不大,年际变化显著。年径流量序列总体无显著变化,呈现上升和下降交替变化的波动趋势;输沙量呈先增长后减少的趋势,在1990年后更为显著。(3)赣江3个控制站双累积曲线斜率转折点时间段均有大型水库建设和水土保持治理工程实施,表明赣江流域水沙特性变化与水库建设关系密切。

兴化湾悬沙输移机理分析

运用通量机制分解法处理兴化湾各测站的水沙实测资料,通过探讨平流输沙、潮泵效应输沙、垂向净环流输沙机理,分析研究了兴化湾海域悬沙输移特征,进而讨论了净输沙对研究区域地形变化的影响。结果表明:在潮汐作用下,外海泥沙沿兴化水道与南日水道向湾内输移,但对湾内淤积产生的影响较小;平流输沙和垂向净环流输沙对悬沙的净输移起主要作用,水深相对较大的区域主要受平流输沙的控制,而浅水区垂向净环流输沙影响更强;潮泵输沙以悬沙与潮流变化相关项为主,输沙量小于平流输沙和垂向净环流输沙的输沙量;浅水区垂向各层余流方向不一致,悬沙各层混合均匀,深水区表底层的余流方向基本一致,含沙量垂向变化明显;输沙造成湾顶淤积,造成海湾地形变化的主要原因是陆源泥沙。

坡面流输沙能力与土壤可蚀性参数对细沟土壤侵蚀过程影响的有限元计算模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型对于定量评价水土保持效果,合理制定水土保持措施等具有重要意义。细沟侵蚀模型是土壤侵蚀预报模型的重要组成部分。本研究建立了一个以物理概念为基础的细沟侵蚀预报模型,模型包括水流连续性方程、水流动力学方程和泥沙运移方程;同时,模型改进了部分参数的计算方法,以线性形式的水流输沙能力计算方法取代原有的对数形式方法,将土壤最大剥蚀率用于土壤可蚀性参数的计算;采用有限元方法对模型进行顺序求解;Visual C++语言数值计算程序被用来模拟细沟侵蚀产沙变化过程,并进行了一系列室内试验验证该数学模型、模型参数及数值计算方法。结果表明,模型预测值和实测值具有很好的一致性,改进的模型参数计算方法能够准确地反映土壤可蚀性参数与水流输沙能力对细沟侵蚀过程的调控作用。

明渠紊流中泥沙颗粒输移的大涡模拟研究

应用大涡模拟、浸入边界法和有限元—离散元联合法,数值模拟了明渠紊流中2-3层紧密堆积的离散泥沙颗粒的起动和输移,计算了不同输沙强度下,泥沙颗粒运动和受力的统计特征、泥沙浓度、泥沙体积通量密度和输沙率,以及流场的速度剖面和紊动强度等。研究发现:泥沙颗粒的起动和输移对紊流的统计特征有明显影响;主流区的泥沙浓度和体积通量密度随高度的增加呈指数下降;颗粒所受平均升力与输沙强度关系不明显,其最大值约为0.6倍的颗粒浮容重;升力的紊动强度随输沙强度等增大而增大,且数值远大于其平均值,紊流结构引起的脉动升力是泥沙颗粒起动的主要原因。

黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点,从水流连续方程、运动方程,泥沙运动方程出发,补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式,建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料,从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致,进一步表明了模型的可靠性。