Clinical Efficacy of Super-Selective Renal Artery Embolization for Rupture of Renal Angiomyolipoma

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of selective transcatheter arterial embolization （TAE） in renal angiomyolipoma （AML） spontaneous ruptures with hemorrhage. METHODS A retrospective evaluation was carried out in 21 renal AML cases with acute bleeding confirmed by imaging. Selective renal arterial embolization was used to control bleeding. All the cases were detected by renal arteriography had abnormal vascular hyperplasia and enlarged blood vessels. RESULTS Initial renal arteriography for all the patients showed that tortuous, hypervascular, and aneurysm-forming angiogenic components with aneurysm formation occurred in 13 cases （61.9%） and extravasation of the contrast agent was found in 8 cases （38.1%）. Immediate complete obliteration was technically successful in 19 （90.5%） of the 21 patients. To prevent uncontrollable complications, 3 patients received nephron-sparing surgery after hemodynamic status was stabilized with TAE a week later. Two days and 3 days after the embolizations, 2 patients presented with incomplete embolizations and then underwent nephrectomy when they were in a stable condition. There were no significant differences in the plasma creatinine levels before and after the treatment. All the patients were followed up for 6 months to 6 years （median, 45 months）. The largest tumor diameter was reduced from （11.57-±4.28） cm to （9.57±2.28） cm. The tumor had no blood supply and no relapses have occurred. CONCLUSION TAE is a technically feasible and minimally invasive procedure for ruptured renal angiomyolipoma. The aneurysms were a predictor of renal AML spontaneous rupture and detection of such aneurysms by CT may help to determine the timing of embolization. In patients who still need surgical treatment, TAE can make tumor resection easier to perform and reduce blood loss during the operation.

Safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney patients with gross hematuria: Six case reports

BACKGROUND To retrospectively report the safety and efficacy of renal transcatheter arterial embolization for treating autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(ADPKD)patients with gross hematuria.CASE SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to retrospectively report the safety and efficacy of renal transcatheter arterial embolization for treating ADPKD patients with gross hematuria.Materials and methods:During the period from January 2018 to December 2019,renal transcatheter arterial embolization was carried out on 6 patients with polycystic kidneys and gross hematuria.Renal arteriography was performed first,and then we determined the location of the hemorrhage and performed embolization under digital subtraction angiography monitoring.Improvements in routine blood test results,routine urine test results,urine color and postoperative reactions were observed and analyzed.Results:Renal transcatheter arterial embolization was successfully conducted in 6 patients.The indices of 5 patients and the color of gross hematuria improved after surgery compared with before surgery.No severe complication reactions occurred.CONCLUSION For autosomal dominant polycystic kidney syndrome patients with gross hematuria,transcatheter arterial embolization was safe and effective.

Percutaneous transcatheter super-selective renal arterial embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate for iatrogenic renal hemorrhage

Background:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous transcatheter super-selective renal arterial embolization(SRAE)with N-butyl cyanoacrylate(NBCA)for iatrogenic renal hemorrhage.Methods:Between January 2014 and December 2019,45 patients(including 18 patients with coagulopathy),who underwent percutaneous transcatheter SRAE with NBCA for iatrogenic renal hemorrhage at our institution,were retrospectively reviewed.The technical success rate,clinical success rate,and embolization-related complications were analyzed.The values of estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),serum creatinine(sCr),and serum urea(sUr)were analyzed at the time of pre-SRAE,post-SRAE,and last follow-up to evaluate the effects of NBCA-based SRAE on renal function.Results:Diagnostic renal arteriography revealed contrast extravasation in 18 patients and pseudoaneurysms in 27 patients.NBCA mixed with iodized oil in a 1:2–1:4 ratio was the sole embolic agent.No procedure-related mortality or major complications occurred.The technical and clinical success rates were both 100%.The values of eGFR,sCr and sUr were not found to be significantly different between pre-SRAE,post-SRAE and last follow-up(eGFR:91.52±21.17 vs.90.98±22.11 vs.92.14±23.51 mL/min/1.73 m^(2),p=0.729;sCr:74.73±11.08 vs.75.27±12.43 vs.73.95±10.14μmol/L,p=0.543;sUr:5.69±0.84 vs.5.71±0.96 vs.5.70±0.79,p=0.515,respectively).Conclusions:Percutaneous transcatheter SRAE with NBCA is a safe and effective treatment modality for iatrogenic renal hemorrhage with no deterioration of renal function.

Application of super-selective renal artery embolization in renal injuries

Objective: To use super selective renal artery embolization in treatment of patients with renal injuries. Methods: From 1991 to 1998, 11 cases of renal injuries due to different causes underwent super selective renal artery embolization. In these patients, 91% of injury sites were segmental arteries and their branches. All the patients were treated with steel coil for embolization. Results: Nine patients showed prompt cessation of hematuria, and in 2 patients hematuria stopped 2 4 days after embolization. Conclusions: Super selective renal artery embolization (SSRAE) is suitable for severe hematuria, limited size of kidney injuries, stable hemodynamic parameters after conservative treatment and low reserve of renal function. Steel coil is an effective embolic material, rapid hemostasis can be fulfilled and renal function can be reserved. Super selective renal artery embolization has low incidence of complications and can shorten hospitalization time.

Superselective transcatheter arterial embolization to control renal hemorrhage after partial nephrectomy for renal tumors:A report of 9 cases and a literature review

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of selective arterial embolization for hemorrhage after renal surgery and to summarize the clinical experience.Materials and methods:A total of 9 patients underwent arterial embolization after partial nephrectomy from 2010 to 2018.Results:Technical success was achieved in all patients;however,3 patients underwent a secondary arterial embolization because of short-term re-hemorrhage or the co-occurrence of accessory renal arterial hemorrhage.No serious complications occurred during the follow-up.Conclusions:Superselective arterial embolization is an effective and minimally invasive treatment for hemorrhage after partial nephrectomy.To improve the success rate of surgery,attention should be paid to the evaluation of accessory renal arteries and the management of suspected bleeding arteries.

Renal artery embolization in the treatment of urinary fistula after renal duplication:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Duplicate renal malformation is a congenital disease of the urinary system,with an incidence rate of 0.8%.Surgical treatment is suitable for symptomatic patients.Urinary fistula is one of the complications of heminephrectomy.Long-term urinary fistula has a great impact on patients'lives.CASE SUMMARY This article mainly reports on a 47-year-old man with duplication of kidney deformity,long urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy,and no improvement after conservative treatment.We have achieved positive results in the arterial embolization treatment of the residual renal artery,indicating that selective arterial embolization is a good way to treat urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy.It is worth noting that this patient violated the Weigert-Meyer law,which also gave us more consideration.CONCLUSION Renal artery embolization may be a simple and safe method to treat urinary fistula inefficacy with conservative treatment.

Findings on intraprocedural non-contrast computed tomographic imaging following hepatic artery embolization are associated with development of contrast-induced nephropathy

BACKGROUND Contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN)is a reversible form of acute kidney injury that occurs within 48-72 h of exposure to intravascular contrast material.CIN is the third leading cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury and accounts for 12%of such cases.Risk factors for CIN development can be divided into patientand procedure-related.The former includes pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus.The latter includes high contrast volume and repeated exposure over 72 h.The incidence of CIN is relatively low(up to 5%)in patients with intact renal function.However,in patients with known chronic renal insufficiency,the incidence can reach up to 27%.AIM To examine the association between renal enhancement pattern on non-contrast enhanced computed tomographic(CT)images obtained immediately following hepatic artery embolization with development of CIN.METHODS Retrospective review of all patients who underwent hepatic artery embolization between 01/2010 and 01/2011(n=162)was performed.Patients without intraprocedural CT imaging(n=51),combined embolization/ablation(n=6)and those with chronic kidney disease(n=21)were excluded.The study group comprised of 84 patients with 106 procedures.CIN was defined as 25%increase above baseline serum creatinine or absolute increase≥0.5 mg/dL within 72 h post-embolization.Post-embolization CT was reviewed for renal enhancement patterns and presence of renal artery calcifications.The association between noncontrast CT findings and CIN development was examined by Fisher’s Exact Test.RESULTS CIN occurred in 11/106(10.3%)procedures(Group A,n=10).The renal enhancement pattern in patients who did not experience CIN(Group B,n=74 with 95/106 procedures)was late excretory in 93/95(98%)and early excretory(EE)in 2/95(2%).However,in Group A,there was a significantly higher rate of EE pattern(6/11,55%)compared to late excretory pattern(5/11)(P<0.001).A significantly higher percentage of patients that developed CIN had renal artery calcifications(6/11 vs 20/95,55%vs 21%,P=0.02).CONCLUSION A hyperdense renal parenchyma relative to surrounding skeletal muscle(EE pattern)and presence of renal artery calcifications on immediate post-HAE noncontrast CT images in patients with low risk for CIN are independently associated with CIN development.

Surgical treatment of left-sided renal carcinoma with grade II inferior vena cava tumour thrombus: a report and review of the literature

The surgical removal of renal cancer,along with the thrombectomy of the inferior vena cava tumour thrombus,represents a remarkable milestone in urological surgery.This procedure is not only technically demanding but also requires a high level of surgical expertise.Managing renal cancer combined with a vena cava tumour thrombus poses significant challenges,especially when dealing with combined grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ inferior vena cava tumour thrombus.The complexity of these cases is further exacerbated by the delicate anatomical structures involved and the need to preserve critical vessels while effectively removing the tumour.The Upper Urethral Tumour Treatment Centre of Weifang People's Hospital successfully treated a challenging case of left renal tumour combined with grade II inferior vena cava tumour thrombus.The surgical team,led by experienced urological surgeons,meticulously planned and executed the procedure,ensuring minimal trauma to the patient and complete removal of the tumour.This achievement not only demonstrates the hospital's commitment to providing state-of-the-art surgical care but also highlights the importance of continued research and training in urological oncology.The successful outcome of this case is a testament to the expertise and dedication of the medical team and offers hope to patients facing similar complex surgical challenges.

Successful endovascular treatment of endoscopically unmanageable hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer fed by a renal artery: A case report

A 52-year-old woman was admitted with hypovolemic shock. Emergency endoscopy revealed three hemorrhagic duodenal ulcers(all stage A1) with exposed vessels. Two ulcers were successfully treated by endoscopic clipping; however, the remaining ulcer on the posterior wall of the horizontal portion of the duodenum could not be clipped. Because her vital signs were rapidly worsening, we performed transcatheter arterial embolization(TAE) as it is less invasive than surgery. Computed tomography aortography showed that the duodenal hemorrhage was sourced from the lower branch of the right renal artery. In general, the duodenum is fed by branches from the gastroduodenal artery or superior mesenteric artery. However, this patient had three right renal arteries. The lower branch of the right renal artery at the L3 vertebral level was at the same level as the horizontal portion of the duodenum. Complete hemostasis was achieved by TAE using metallic coils and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. After TAE, she recovered from the hypovolemic shock and was discharged from hospital. She has had no recurrence of the hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer for over 1 yr, and followup endoscopy showed no necrosis or stricture of the duodenum. Although she developed a small infarct of her right kidney, her renal function was satisfactory. In summary, the present case is the first reported case of hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer in which the culprit vessel was a renal artery that was successfully treated by TAE. Computed tomography aortography before TAE provides valuable information regarding the source of a duodenal hemorrhage.

Enlarged and Colored Enhanced 3D Printing of Renal Artery Aneurysms for Improved Imaging and Treatment Planning

Three dimensional printing (3D printing) technology is increasingly used to improve results in many areas of medicine. Physical models produced by this technology allow better appreciation of complex anatomical and pathologic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine and surgery, 3D modeling has been reported to be of help in treatment planning of abdominal aortic aneurysm, especially in cases of complex angulations and branching at the aneurysm neck. Here we report the use of 3D printing in cases of renal aneurysms. Enhanced 3D models of CTA images of renal aneurysms were prepared in house using common and freely available software programs, and an accurate desktop 3D printer. Eight reconstructed models were enlarged by a factor of 2 or more and then differentially painted to delineate normal arteries and aneurysmatic ones. These enhanced 3D solid models allowed visual and tactile inspection for a better appreciation of complex aneurysms. Color enhancement of these models added another dimension of comprehension, even for experienced surgeons and invasive radiologists, and allowed more accurate measurements of branch numbers, distances, and angles in space even with severe tortuosity. Endovascular use of covered stents and embolization techniques could be easily envisioned preoperatively. We conclude that enhanced, enlarged, and colored 3D printed models are a powerful tool for preoperative endovascular treatment planning of complex renal artery aneurysms.

Renal arterial embolization:Indications,angiographic findings,and outcomes in a series of 170 patients

Background:The lack of overall experience and reporting on angiographic findings in previously published studies of renal arterial embolization(RAE)compelled us to report our overall experience on a series of patients.Materials and methods:A retrospective study was performed analyzing data of patients enrolled for RAE between 2010 and 2019.History,physical examination,and laboratory data were reviewed for all patients.Abdominal ultrasound was the initial imaging study,and all patients underwent subsequent computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.The outcome of RAE was determined based on radiographic and clinical findings.Results:Data from 202 patients were analyzed,with a mean age of 45±15 years,and 71.3%of patients were male.Iatrogenic injury was the most common indication for RAE(54%),followed by renal tumors,trauma,and spontaneous,in 27.7%,10.4%,and 8.4%of patients,respectively.Renal angiography revealing pseudoaneurysm alone or with other pathology in the lower pole of the kidney was the most common finding(40.6%),whereas no lesions were identified on angiography in 32 patients(15.8%),after which RAE was subsequently aborted.Renal arterial embolization was successful in 158 of 170 patients(92.9%)after 1 or more trials(maximum of 4).Microcoil alone or with other embolic materials was the most commonly used material for embolization(85%).Conclusions:latrogenic injury was the most common indication for RAE.Pseudoaneurysm alone or with other lesions was the most common lesion on renal angiography;however,angiography showed a negative result in 16%of patients,even those with symptoms.When lesions are present on angiography,the overall success of repeated trials of RAE reached 92.9%.

经皮肾镜取石术后出血的介入治疗

目的研究PCNL术后出血患者接受选择性RAE治疗的效果及失败原因。方法对2015年4月-2023年5月期间本院20例PCNL术后出血患者以及外院转入的3例患者进行回顾性分析。结果DSA显示:PA 3人,AVF 6人,PA合并AVF 3人,动脉分支损伤8人,未见异常3人。所有23例PCNL术后出血患者行RAE治疗。其中,21例患者第一次RAE后成功止血,1例第一次RAE后再发出血行二次RAE成功,1例栓塞失败急诊行肾动脉分支结扎术止血成功。所有患者随访1月未发生再次出血。结论选择性RAE是治疗PCNL术后出血有效、安全的治疗方法,能最大程度保留患者肾功能。同时,治疗效果也与介入医师的操作技术密切相关。

选择性动脉栓塞术治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的研究进展

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAML)是一种肾脏常见的良性肿瘤,一般多由体检偶然发现,或者当肿瘤破裂出血及肿瘤增大出现相关症状时被发现。选择性动脉栓塞术(SAE)现已成为RAML主要治疗手段。在RAML急性破裂出血时,SAE可作为一线治疗方案。此外,SAE对预防RAML出血及其他严重并发症方面已被证明是安全的、有效的。本文着重对SAE治疗RAML的适应证与禁忌证、栓塞材料的选择、疗效评价、并发症及其防治等方面进行综述。

超选择性经动脉栓塞术在零缺血机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用

目的探讨T1期肾癌术前超选择性经动脉栓塞后机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2015年5月至2022年3月207例机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术(RALPN)患者的临床资料,根据术前不同干预方式分为STE+RALPN组32例、Off-clamp RALPN组35例、S-RALPN组140例。比较各组术后肾功能、尿常规、CT、术前及术后肾小球滤过率(GFR)等指标。结果三组患者手术时间、失血量、术后24 h血红蛋白下降、引流管清除时间、手术前后GFR的下降比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。STE+RALPN组患者无尿漏、低体温、发热等治疗相关不良反应。无复发或转移发生。结论肾动脉栓塞后的机器人辅助腹腔镜下零缺血肾部切除可保留更多的残肾功能,并发症少,提供一种安全可行的手术方法。

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗不同原因急性肾出血的疗效分析

目的 探讨超选择性肾动脉栓塞术(SRAE)治疗不同原因急性肾出血的疗效和安全性。方法 回顾分析2016年1月至2021年12月129例不同原因急性肾出血患者的临床资料,以术中复查造影相关出血征象消失定义技术成功,出血停止且无再次出血定义临床成功;根据出血原因分为非医源性肾出血组(49例)和医源性肾出血组(80例),统计并比较2组患者的栓塞疗效和安全性。结果 本组共纳入129例患者,栓塞技术成功率100%,首次临床成功(出血停止)121例,成功率93.8%,再次出血8例,其中5例进行二次栓塞,均成功停止出血。2组患者性别、年龄、手术时间、技术成功率、临床成功率及栓塞后综合征比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者治疗后血红蛋白水平与本组治疗前比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组患者治疗前血红蛋白水平、治疗后血红蛋白水平、治疗前血尿素氮、治疗后血尿素氮、治疗前血肌酐比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但治疗后较治疗前血红蛋白水平差值(即栓塞疗效)、治疗后较治疗前血尿素氮及血肌酐差值(即栓塞后肾功能水平变化)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 超选择性肾动脉栓塞术对不同原因导致的急性肾出血止血效果显著,无治疗相关严重并发症发生,术后再出血发生率低。对保守治疗无效的急性肾出血患者,可作为首选治疗方法。

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗不同病因肾出血的疗效评估

目的评估超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗不同病因肾出血的疗效及安全性。方法收集2018年7月至2023年6月安徽医科大学第三附属医院/合肥市第一人民医院收治的18例不同病因导致肾出血患者的临床资料,所有患者均在内科保守治疗效果不佳或要求介入治疗后采用了超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。观察所有患者的术中造影表现、介入栓塞治疗效果及介入术后并发症发生情况。结果18例患者术中造影表现均为阳性,其中,11例患者表现为单纯造影剂聚集或外溢;2例患者表现为造影剂外溢合并动静脉畸形;1例患者表现为造影剂外溢合并假性动脉瘤;4例患者表现为靶血管增粗,分支杂乱,部分可见瘤样扩张。18例患者术后活动性出血停止,肉眼血尿逐渐好转至消失,肾周血肿逐渐吸收,术后血红蛋白水平高于术前(P﹤0.05),治疗有效率为100%。2例患者术后发生轻度栓塞后综合征。所有患者均未出现严重并发症。除了2例透析患者外,其余16例患者术后肾功能均正常。结论超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾出血的疗效显著,创伤性小,对肾功能无明显损伤,安全性高,可作为内科保守治疗效果不佳的各种病因所致肾出血患者的首选治疗方法。

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术对经皮肾镜碎石取石术肾出血患者止血和肾功能的影响

目的探讨超选择性肾动脉栓塞术对经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)肾出血患者止血和肾功能的影响。方法选取2020年3月至2021年5月抚州市第一人民医院收治的60例PCNL肾出血患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,每组30例。对照组接受气囊导管压迫性止血治疗,观察组接受超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗。比较两组止血效果[出血量、血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(HCT)]、并发症发生情况及肾功能指标[血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)]。结果观察组出血量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组Hb及观察组HCT均高于治疗前,且观察组Hb、HCT均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义。治疗后,两组血清SCr、BUN水平均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗PCNL肾出血患者止血效果显著,可有效提升患者的肾功能,且不会增加并发症的发生风险,值得临床推广应用。

Resection of a giant renal angiomyolipoma in a solitary kidney with preoperative arterial embolization

Renal angiomyolipoma is a type of benign tumor that occurs sporadically in addition to being associated with tuberous sclerosis. Preoperative embolization of large tumors is important to avoid excessive blood loss during surgery. We reported a patient with a 5505-g giant renal angiomyolipoma in a solitary kidney. The patient was treated with preoperative embolization and radical nephrectomy without complications. This type of treatment for an enormous angiomyolipoma can reduce the risk of uncontrolled hemorrhage caused by rupture of the tumor during the operation and should be considered for the treatment of similar tumors.

Safety and efficacy of Endovascular Management of high-grade blunt renal injury

Objectives:To provide data on the safety and efficacy of renal arterial embolization(RAE)in patients with highgrade blunt renal injury.Materials and methods:Fifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury(AAST grades IV-V)admitted to our hospital from July 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed in this study.Their clinical success rate and complications were investigated accordingly.Results:Fifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury,13 men and 2 women with an average age of 41.6 years,including 11 hemodynamically unstable patients and 4 stable patients,were treated with RAE.Among these patients,73.3%(11 of 15)had grade IV,and 26.7%(4 of 15)had grade V injuries,while 53.3%(8 of 15)patients had concomitant injuries.One patient received main RAE and 14 patients received selective RAE.The clinical success rate after the first embolization was 93.3%(14 of 15).RAE was repeated and was successfully performed in one patient with sustained hematuria.No significant difference in creatinine levels was found before and after embolization.During the follow-up period of 2–82 months,two patients required tube drainage due to urine leaks,one patient developed renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy,and one patient developed secondary hypertension.Conclusions:RAE can provide a high success rate of hemostasis for both hemodynamically stable and unstable patients with high-grade blunt renal injury,and only minor complications are observed with this procedure.