In-situ Monitoring the Setting Behavior of Foamed Concrete Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.

Ceramic Setting Phosphate Binders for Bonding Refractory Concretes

The ceramic setting binders obtained by means of the raw mix mechano-chemical processing(mechanical dispersion and chemical interaction processes combination), used for bonding refractory concretes, become more available with a subsequent increased interest in their properties because they develop initial strength during a heat up of the units within 8-10 h, in contrast to 24 h after placement for high Al_2O_3 cements(HAC). This strength development enables high temperature processing units to be relined with minimum turnaround time, thus providing a favored cost/performance ratio. The present paper identifies the predominant phosphate phases responsible for developing good mechanical-strength properties of zirconia and alumina concretes bonded with mechano-chemical binders. It sets out the colloid and crystalline phases resulted from interphase interaction that provide the basis for high concentrated bonding suspensions(HCBS) technology useful to the refractory industry.

A Success Set in Concrete

STARS seemed to have aligned perfectly for Chinese company China Wu Yi Co. Ltd. in recent years, At the firm＇s Kenya Branch office in Nairobi, an eye- catching map hanging on the wall is covered with little red dots. each one representing a project undertaken by the company in the East African country.

Effects of Wood Ash on Properties of Concrete and Flowable Fill

This research investigated the use of wood ash to partially replace cement or sand in conventional concrete, roller compacted concrete (RCC), and flowable fill. The main focus was to determine how the wood ash addition affected the main fresh and hardened properties of these materials. It was found that the wood ash could be successfully incorporated into the conventional concrete. In particular, the wood ash addition not only accelerated the setting, but also improved the early and the 28-day compressive strength of concrete that contained the blast furnace slag. It was also observed that the wood ash could be positively added into RCC to facilitate the compaction and reduce the risk of segregation. In addition, the wood ash can be beneficially introduced into the flowable fill mixtures to facilitate flow, to alleviate bleeding and subsidence, as well as to achieve controlled strength especially when combined with the class C or the class F fly ash.

Hydration Process and Crack Tendency of Concrete Based on Resistivity and Restrained Shrinkage Crack

Hydration process, crack potential and setting time of concrete grade C30, C40 and C50 were monitored by using a non-contact electrical resistivity apparatus, a novel plastic ring mould and penetration resistance methods, respectively. The results show the highest resistivity of C30 at the early stage until a point when C50 accelerated and overtook the others. It has been experimentally confirmed that the crossing point of C30 and C50 corresponds to the final setting time of C50. From resistivity derivative curve, four different stages were observed upon which the hydration process is classified; these are dissolution, induction, acceleration and deceleration periods. Consequently, restrained shrinkage crack and setting time results demonstrated that C50 set and cracked the earliest. The cracking time of all the samples occurred within a reasonable experimental period thus the novel plastic ring is a convenient method for predicting concrete＇s crack potential. The highest inflection time（t_i） obtained from resistivity curve and the final setting time（t_f） were used with crack time（t_c） in coming up with mathematical models for the prediction of concrete＇s cracking age for the range of concrete grade considered. Finally, an ANSYS numerical simulation supports the experimental findings in terms of the earliest crack age of C50 and the crack location.

Calculation Model of Equivalent Strength for Induced Crack Based on Double-K Fracture Theory and Its Optimizing Setting in RCC Arch Dam

By means of fracture testing on roller-compacted concrete （RCC） three-point bending beams with two different specimen sizes, the P-CMOD complete curve for RCC was gained. Furthermore, by applying double-K fracture theory, KiniⅠC,KunⅠC, as well as the critical effective crack length and the critical crack tip opening displacement, were evaluated. Based on the double-K fracture parameters above, the calculation model of equivalent strength for induced crack was established, thus the calculation method on its initiation, stable propagation and unstable fracture was ascertained. Moreover, the finite element simulation analysis of stress field in ShaPai arch dam and the on-site observational splaying points of induced crack at different altitudes validated the reliability of the model. Finally, crack inducer′s optimal setting in RCC arch dam was studied. It improves the design level of induced crack in RCC arch dam and satisfies the necessity of engineering practice.

Preparation for Retarding and High Early Strength Concrete

The primary objective of this research was to determine optimum dosage of mixing concrete containing plasticizers and fly ash, consistent with desirable structural grade concrete properties. Factorial tests were also conducted to investigate the four main factors： water-cementing materials ratio, water content, content of superplasticizers （SP） and fly ash content. It was found that the requirement for setting time played the dominant role in shrinkage and anti-cracking, and fly ash played a critical role in workability and reducing heat of hydration but showed insignificant effects on slump, early strength and initial setting time of concrete.

Influence of Selected Curing Techniques on Compressive Strength of Concrete From Palm Kernel Shell Ash and Ordinary Portland Cement

This paper discusses the findings of an experimental study on the effect of various curing procedures on the compressive strength of concrete pro­duced by partially substituting portland cement with Palm Kernel Shell Ash(PKSA).Palm kernel shell ash was utilized in a 1:2:4 mix ratio as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement(OPC)at percentage levels of 0%,10%,and 15%.River sand with particles passing a 4.75 mm BS sieve was used,as well as crushed aggregate with a maximum size of 20 mm,and palm kernel shell ash with particles passing a 212μm sieve.The compressive strength of the test cubes(150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm)was determined after 7,28,and 56 days of curing.The results demonstrated that test cubes containing Palm kernel shell ash developed strength over a longer curing period than ordinary Portland cement concrete samples and that the strength changes depending on the amount of PKSA in the cube samples.The findings showed that at 28 days,test cubes with 5%,10%,and 15%PKSA content in all curing procedures utilized obtained a greater compressive strength.Curing by immersion produced the highest compres­sive strength in all replacement level while the concrete cured by sprinkling and spraying gives a lower strength in all replacement level.

Experimental study on retarding mortar and its application in prestressed concrete

Based on a large number of orthogonal tests and theoretical analyses, the retarding mortar which meets the requirements of retard-bonded prestressed concrete was prepared. Initial setting time of the retarding mortar may vary from several hours to 15 d at 5 ℃-35 ℃ due to quantities and average curing temperature. And its 28 d compressive strength is above 35 MPa. Thus the influence of quantities on setting time and 28 d compressive strength, and the relationship between setting time and average curing temperature were investigated. The optimum quantities were obtained by studying the interaction of admixtures, and the retarding mechanism was discussed. Based on 52 retard-bonded prestressed strands by manual work from 24 retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beams, static friction drag, change factor κ and friction factor μ were obtained from the test when retard-bonded prestressed strands were tensioned. Application of the retarding mortar will be vast in practical concrete projects.

A Condition States Assessment System for Concrete Bridges Using Neural Networks

Due to continuing aging and heavy utilization of many bridges and the limited available funds, the importance of proper bridge condition state assessment has risen recently, which is the crucial point for rational decision-making on MR&R activities. This paper presents a prototype of the concrete bridge condition state assessment system (CBCSAS) with the following sub-modules: inspection, parameter recognition, structural assessment, main cause identification and priority-to-action. And multi-layer neural networks, which may combine with fuzzy set theory or not, are performed to realize the structural assessment with embedding expert knowledge into the assessment system.

改性高浓度硼酸溶液对蛇纹石屏蔽混凝土力学性能与中子屏蔽性能的影响

蛇纹石屏蔽混凝土是一种长期应用于高温条件下仍能保持高结晶水含量的中子屏蔽材料,但其密实度低,缺乏有效吸收热中子的硼元素。作为硼元素的来源,硼酸是生产屏蔽混凝土的有效材料,但在以水泥为主的水化体系中,硼酸的掺入会抑制水泥水化过程,导致材料强度及耐久性劣化。本研究通过改性高浓度硼酸溶液,诱导水泥浆体中游离硼酸盐生成高硼含量与结晶水含量的戈硼钙石,增加体系中硼元素含量的同时解除硼酸对水泥水化的抑制作用,研究改性高浓度硼酸溶液对蛇纹石屏蔽混凝土工作性能、力学性能、高温残余抗压强度、微观结构与屏蔽性能的影响。结果表明:掺加改性高浓度硼酸溶液对蛇纹石屏蔽混凝土的凝结时间、常温力学性能、高温残余抗压强度均无不良影响。掺加改性高浓度硼酸溶液后,蛇纹石屏蔽混凝土在400℃高温残余抗压强度提高了43.5%,常温下半值层降低了31.7%,350℃保温至恒重后半值层降低了21.4%,对中子射线的屏蔽能力增强。

聚羧酸系高效缓凝减水剂凝结时间之差的测定和分析

近年来,工程施工设计对混凝土的要求越来越高,国家对绿色建材发展的支持,混凝土外加剂的应用越来越广,聚羧酸系高效缓凝减水剂因减水率高、保坍性能好、掺量低、成本低等优点在混凝土外加剂中的产量占比连年升高。因此,为了提高建筑工程的整体质量,应该准确地测定外加剂的各项性能。而混凝土外加剂凝结时间之差的准确测定,会影响外加剂生产厂家的质量控制、预拌混凝土生产、运输和施工。通过对某种聚羧酸系高效缓凝减水剂凝结时间之差的测定与分析,提出影响因素、注意事项和结果分析,从而为混凝土外加剂凝结时间之差的检测和分析提供借鉴。

基于沥青砂涂层设计的沥青混凝土路面抗紫外光老化性能分析

针对沥青路面光老化问题,参照含砂雾封层技术原理,基于沥青抗紫外光添加剂最优组合,制备含砂沥青涂层,开展不同级配和厚度的沥青砂涂层试验研究,通过沥青混凝土高低温性能试验和抗滑性能试验分析含砂涂层设计下沥青混凝土路面抗光老化性能,结果表明:涂层设计下沥青路面老化前后抗滑性能降低,但是相比于无涂层时老化后降低幅度变小且仍满足规范要求,在不考虑抗滑损失的情况下,可选择使用;老化后高低温路用性能试验说明增加路表面密实度可以提高抗光老化能力,但是涂层厚度不宜过厚,以基本完全填充混凝土表面空隙最好,建议理论厚度2 mm,要重点考虑细料涂层的级配设计,适当提高沥青砂中较大粒径的比例对封层设计效果会更好。

基于纳米二氧化硅改性下SAP内养护混凝土的基本性能研究

研究纳米二氧化硅(NS)改性SAP内养护混凝土的物理力学性能以及抗氯离子渗透性能,提出该混凝土的配合比设计。复掺0.08%SAP和1.5%NS能提高混凝土抗折强度;复掺0.08%SAP和1.0%NS能提高其抗压强度;复掺0.24%SAP和1.5%NS氯离子抗渗透性能最佳;复掺0.24%SAP和0.5%NS能显著减小干燥收缩率。

基于AdaBoost算法的混凝土抗压强度预测

论文采集1030组混凝土抗压强度试验数据,通过训练AdaBoost算法,得到可用于预测混凝土抗压强度值的模型。结果表明:AdaBoost算法模型可以在给定输入变量的情况下准确有效地预测混凝土抗压强度;10折交叉验证决定系数R2的平均值达到0.952,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)达到11.39%,说明十折交叉验证具有较高准确率;AdaBoost算法与人工神经网络和支持向量机独立学习算法比较,表现出集成学习算法的优越性;讨论了AdaBoost算法模型中训练数据集数量、弱学习器类型和输入变量的数量相关因素,发现使用1030数据集的80%可以获得良好的预测结果。

装配式建筑预制混凝土构件施工技术研究

文中以某装配式建筑项目为例,对装配式房屋建筑预制混凝土构件施工技术进行分析,验证该技术的有效性。实践表明,不同类型构件的施工效果(承载力、抗弯强度、质量控制性能)均能达到设计要求,可以适应差异化施工实况,可调整幅度均达到0.15 MPa,具有更高的施工效率、更好的材料利用率和更高的构件质量。

高性能快硬混凝土技术研究与工程实践

研究了硅酸盐水泥复配非晶态C12A7基快硬材料的胶凝材料体系,分析了不同硅灰掺量、硅酸盐水泥品种及缓凝剂掺量对快硬混凝土工作性能、凝结时间、2 h抗压强度和28 d抗压强度的影响,得到初凝时间超过30 min,2 h抗压强度超过40 MPa的混凝土配合比。结合快硬一体化搅拌车生产施工工艺进行粉料预混,并将其成功应用于实际工程中。

灌注式复合混凝土在重交通路面中的层位设置研究

通过有限元数值模拟对重交通干线路面进行结构受力分析,提出灌注式复合混凝土在重交通干线路面的适宜层位设置,并结合国省干线典型路段进行实体工程验证。结果表明:在重交通主线及爬坡路段,将灌注式复合混凝土用于中面层或下面层,可以有效抵抗剪切破坏和面层的永久变形;在平交道口路段,将复合混凝土用于表面层以抵抗较大的剪切应力,同时抵抗下面层的疲劳开裂。