Feedback of Efficient Shock Acceleration on Magnetic-field Structure Inside Young Type Ia Supernova Remnants

Using an effective adiabatic index γ_(eff) to mimic the feedback of efficient shock acceleration,we simulate the temporal evolution of a young type Ia supernova remnant (SNR) with two different background magnetic field(BMF) topologies:a uniform and a turbulent BMF.The density distribution and magnetic-field characteristics of our benchmark SNR are studied with two-dimensional cylindrical magnetohydrodynamic simulations.When γ_(eff)is considered,we find that:(1) the two-shock structure shrinks and the downstream magnetic-field orientation is dominated by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability structures;(2) there exists more quasi-radial magnetic fields inside the shocked region;and (3) inside the intershock region,both the quasi-radial magnetic energy density and the total magnetic energy density are enhanced:in the radial direction,with γ_(eff)=1.1,they are amplified about 10–26 times more than those with γ_(eff)=5/3.While in the angular direction,the total magnetic energy densities could be amplified about 350 times more than those with γ_(eff)=5/3,and there are more grid cells within the intershock region where the magnetic energy density is amplified by a factor greater than 100.

Morphology Study for GeV Emission of Nearby Supernova Remnant G332.5-5.6

A spatial template is important to study nearby supernova remnants(SNRs).For SNR G332.5-5.6,we report a Gaussian disk with a radius of about 1°.06 to be a potential good spatial model in the γ-ray band.Employing this new Gaussian disk,its GeV lightcurve shows a significant variability of about seven sigma.The γ-ray observations of this SNR could be explained well either by a leptonic model or a hadronic model,in which a flat spectrum for the ejected electrons/protons is required.

Classifying Core Collapse Supernova Remnants by Their Morphology as Shaped by the Last Exploding Jets

Under the assumption that jets explode all core collapse supernovae(CCSNe),I classify 14 CCSN remnants(CCSNRs)into five groups according to their morphology as shaped by jets,and attribute the classes to the specific angular momentum of the pre-collapse core.Point-symmetry(one CCSNR):According to the jittering jets explosion mechanism(JJEM)when the pre-collapse core rotates very slowly,the newly born neutron star(NS)launches tens of jet-pairs in all directions.The last several jet-pairs might leave an imprint of several pairs of“ears,”i.e.,a point-symmetric morphology.One pair of ears(eight CCSNRs):More rapidly rotating cores might force the last pair of jets to be long-lived and shape one pair of jet-inflated ears that dominates the morphology.S-shaped(one CCSNR):The accretion disk might precess,leading to an S-shaped morphology.Barrel-shaped(three CCSNRs):Even more rapidly rotating pre-collapse cores might result in a final energetic pair of jets that clear the region along the axis of the pre-collapse core rotation and form a barrel-shaped morphology.Elongated(one CCSNR):A very rapidly rotating pre-collapse core forces all jets to be along the same axis such that the jets are inefficient in expelling mass from the equatorial plane and the long-lasting accretion process turns the NS into a black hole.The two new results of this study are the classification of CCSNRs into five classes based on jet-shaped morphological features,and the attribution of the morphological classes mainly to the pre-collapse core rotation in the frame of the JJEM.

Supernova 1987A's Keyhole:A Long-lived Jet-pair in the Final Explosion Phase of Core-collapse Supernovae

I further study the manner by which a pair of opposite jets shape the“keyhole”morphological structure of the core-collapse supernova(CCSN)SN 1997A,now the CCSN remnant(CCSNR)1987A.By doing so,I strengthen the claim that the jittering-jet explosion mechanism accounts for most,likely all,CCSNe.The“keyhole”structure comprises a northern low-intensity zone closed with a bright rim on its front and an elongated low-intensity nozzle in the south.This rim-nozzle asymmetry is observed in some cooling flow clusters and planetary nebulae that are observed to be shaped by jets.I build a toy model that uses the planar jittering jets pattern,where consecutive pairs of jets tend to jitter in a common plane,implying that the accreted gas onto the newly born neutron star at the late explosion phase flows perpendicular to that plane.This allows for a long-lived jet-launching episode.This long-lasting jet-launching episode launches more mass into the jets that can inflate larger pairs of ears or bubbles,forming the main jets'axis of the CCSNR that is not necessarily related to a possible pre-collapse core rotation.I discuss the relation of the main jets'axis to the neutron star's natal kick velocity.

Point-symmetry in SNR G1.9+0.3:A Supernova that Destroyed its Planetary Nebula Progenitor

I analyze a new X-ray image of the youngest supernova remnant(SNR)in the Galaxy,which is the type Ia SNR G1.9+0.3,and reveal a very clear point-symmetrical structure.Since explosion models of type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia)do not form such morphologies,the point-symmetrical morphology must come from the circumstellar material(CSM)into which the ejecta expands.The large-scale point-symmetry that I identify and the known substantial deceleration of the ejecta of SNR G1.9+0.3 suggest a relatively massive CSM of■1M⊙.I argue that the most likely explanation is the explosion of this SN Ia into a planetary nebula.The scenario that predicts a large fraction of SN Ia inside PNe(SNIPs)is the core degenerate scenario.Other SN Ia scenarios might lead to only a very small fraction of SNIPs or none at all.

Statistics of Galactic Supernova Remnants

We collected the basic parameters of 231 supernova remnants (SNRs) in ourGalaxy, namely, distances (d) from the Sun, linear diameters (D), Galactic heights (Z), estimatedages (t), luminosities (L), surface brightness (Σ) and flux densities (S_1) at 1-GHz frequency andspectral indices (α). We tried to find possible correlations between these parameters. As expected,the linear diameters were found to increase with ages for the shell-type remnants, and also to havea tendency to increase with the Galactic heights. Both the surface brightness and luminosity ofSNRs at 1-GHz tend to decrease with the linear diameter and with age. No other relations between theparameters were found.

The Role of Jets in Exploding Supernovae and in Shaping their Remnants

I review studies of core collapse supernovae(CCSNe) and similar transient events that attribute major roles to jets in powering most CCSNe and in shaping their ejecta. I start with reviewing the jittering jets explosion mechanism that I take to power most CCSN explosions. Neutrino heating does play a role in boosting the jets. I compare the morphologies of some CCSN remnants to planetary nebulae to conclude that jets and instabilities are behind the shaping of their ejecta. I then discuss CCSNe that are descendants of rapidly rotating collapsing cores that result in fixed-axis jets(with small jittering) that shape bipolar ejecta. A large fraction of the bipolar CCSNe are superluminous supernovae(SLSNe). I conclude that modeling of SLSN light curves and bumps in the light curves must include jets, even when considering energetic magnetars and/or ejecta interaction with the circumstellar matter(CSM). I connect the properties of bipolar CCSNe to common envelope jets supernovae(CEJSNe) where an old neutron star or a black hole spirals-in inside the envelope and then inside the core of a red supergiant. I discuss how jets can shape the pre-explosion CSM, as in Supernova 1987A, and can power pre-explosion outbursts(precursors)in binary system progenitors of CCSNe and CEJSNe. Binary interaction also facilitates the launching of postexplosion jets.

A 95 GHz methanol emission survey toward eight small supernova remnants

We report on a 95 GHz（80-71A＋） methanol（CH3OH） emission survey with the Purple Mountain Observatory Delingha 13.7 m telescope. Eight supernova remnants（SNRs） with angular size〈10′ were observed, but emission was only detected in three SNRs near the Galactic center（Sgr A East,G 0.1–0.1 and G 359.92–0.09）. CH3OH emission mainly surrounds the SNRs and can be decomposed into nine spatial peaks with the velocity range of eight peaks being（-30, 70） km s-1, and the other is（70, 120） km s-1. They are probably excited by interaction with these SNRs and adjacent molecular gas in the central molecular zone（CMZ）, although star formation may play an important role in exciting CH3OH emission in some regions of CMZ. We infer that tidal action is unlikely to be an excitation source for CH3OH emission.

ERRATUM:"Statistics of the Galactic Supernova Remnants"(ChJAA, 5(2), 165 [2005])

We thank Dr. Dave Green (MRAO, UK) for one comment and one identified problem in our paper. The comment is that we did not discuss selection effects of the current sample of supernova remnants, which can be found in Case & Bhattacharya (1998) and Green (2004).

Multipole Analysis of Radio Continuum Images of Supernova Remnants: Comparison of Type Ia and Core Collapse

A multipole expansion analysis is applied to 1420 MHz radio continuum images of supernova remnants (SNRs) in order to compare Type Ia and core collapse (CC) SNRs. Because the radio synchrotron emission is produced at the outer shock between the SNR and the ISM, we are investigating whether the ISM interaction of SNRs is different between Type Ia and CC SNRs. This is in contrast to previous investigations, which have shown that Type Ia and CC SNRs have different asymmetries in the X-ray emission from their ejecta. The sample consists of 19 SNRs which have been classified as either Type Ia or CC. The quadrupole and octupole moments normalized to their monopole moments (total emission) are used as a measure of asymmetry of the emission. A broad range (by a factor of ~1000) is found for both quadrupole and octupole normalized moments. The strongest correlation we find is that large quadrupole moments are associated with large octupole moments, indicating that both serve as similar indicators of asymmetry. The other correlation we find is that both moments increase with SNR age or radius. This indicates that interstellar medium structure is a strong contributor to asymmetries in the radio emission from SNRs. This does not seem to apply to molecular clouds, because we find that association of a SNR with a molecular cloud is not correlated with larger quadrupole or octupole moments.

Ionization of protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays,solar protons,and supernova remnants

Galactic cosmic rays and solar protons ionize the present terrestrial atmosphere,and the air showers are simulated by well-tested Monte-Carlo simulations,such as PHITS code.We use the latest version of PHITS to evaluate the possible ionization of protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays（GCRs）,solar protons,and by supernova remnants.The attenuation length of GCR ionization is updated as 118 g cm^-2,which is approximately 20% larger than the popular value.Hard and soft possible spectra of solar protons give comparable and 20% smaller attenuation lengths compared with those from standard GCR spectra,respectively,while the attenuation length is approximately 10% larger for supernova remnants.Further,all of the attenuation lengths become 10% larger in the compound gas of cosmic abundance,e.g.128 g cm^-2 for GCRs,which can affect the minimum estimate of the size of dead zones in protoplanetary disks when the incident flux is unusually high.

Energy Conservation in the Thin-Layer Approximation: V. The Surface Brightness in Supernova Remnants

Two new equations of motion for a supernova remnant (SNR) are derived in the framework of energy conservation for the thin-layer approximation. The first one is based on an inverse square law for the surrounding density and the second one on a non-cubic dependence of the swept mass. Under the assumption that the observed radio-flux scales as the flux of kinetic energy, two scaling laws are derived for the temporal evolution of the surface brightness of SNRs. The astrophysical applications cover two galactic samples of surface brightness and an extragalactic one.

Mapping the emission line strengths and kinematics of supernova remnant S147 with extensive LAMOST spectroscopic observations

We present extensive spectroscopic observations of supernova remnant （SNR） S 147 collected with the Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST）. The spectra were care- fully sky-subtracted taking into account the complex filamentary structure of S 147. We have utilized all available LAMOST spectra toward S 147, including sky and stellar spectra. By measuring the prominent optical emission lines including Ha, [NII] ）λ 6584 and [S n] λλ6717, 6731, we present maps of radial velocity and line intensity ratio covering the whole nebula of S 147 with unprecedented detail. The maps spatially correlate well with the complex filamentary structure of S147. For the central 2° of S147, the radial velocity varies from - 100 to 100 krn s^-1 and has peaks between - 0 and 10 km s^-1. The intensity ratios of Hα/[S n）λλ6717,6731, [Sn] λ 6717/λ 6731 and Ha/IN Hα/λ 6584 peak at about 0.77, 1.35 and 1.48, respectively, with a scatter of 0.17, 0.19 and 0.37, respectively. The intensity ratios are consistent with the literature values. However, the range of variations of line intensity ratios estimated here, which are representative of the whole nebula, is larger than previously estimated.

Submillimeter/millimeter observations of the molecular clouds associated with Tycho's supernova remnant

We have carried out CO J=2 - 1 and CO J = 3 - 2 observations toward Tycho＇s supernova remnant （SNR） using the KOSMA 3m-telescope. From these observations, we identified three molecular clouds （MCs） around the SNR. The small cloud in the southwest was discovered for the first time. In the north and east, two MCs （Cloud A and Cloud B） adjacent in space display a bow-shaped morphology, and have broad emission lines, which provide some direct evidences of the SNR-MCs interaction. The MCs are revealed at-69∽-59 km s-1, coincident with Tycho＇s SNR. The MCs associated with Tycho＇s SNR have a mass of-2.13 x 10^3 Mo. Position- velocity diagrams show the two clouds to be adjacent in velocity, which means cloud- cloud collision could occur in this region. The maximum value （0.66±0.10） of the integrated CO line intensity ratio （IcoJ=3-2/Icoj=2-1） for the three MCs agrees well with the previous measurement of individual Galactic MCs, implying that the SNR shock drove into the MCs. The two MCs have a line intensity ratio gradient. The distribution of the ratio appears to indicate that the shock propagates from the southwest to the northeast.

Determination of Velocity and Radius of Supernova Remnant after 1000 yrs of Explosion

Supernova explosions are described as very violent events which transfer a significant amount of energy to interstellar media and are responsible for a large variety of physical processes. This study does not discuss the actual explosion mechanisms but follows the behavior of the dynamical evolution of some selected type I and type II supernova remnant and particularly after a thousand years from their explosion and shows how the density of the medium affects the evolution and the lifetime of each remnant. By studying such behaviors, a simplified model has been proposed here for the velocity and radius of the remnant after thousand years of explosion that depends only on the density of the medium and age of the remnant. It has been found that all types of supernova remnants have similar behaviors after a thousand years from their explosion despite their origin formation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that, when those selected remnants have entered or will enter into their radiative phase, an idea on their physical properties will be obtained.

An explanation for the peculiar periphery of supernova remnant G309.2–0.6

Supernova remnant（SNR） G309.2–0.6 has a peculiar radio morphology with two bright ears to the southwest and northeast, although the main shell outside the ears is roughly circular. Based on an earlier proposal that the supernova ejecta has a jet component with extra energy, the dynamical evolution of the remnant is solved using 3 D hydrodynamical（HD） simulation to investigate the formation of the periphery of the remnant. Assuming the ejecta with a kinetic energy of 10^51 erg and a mass of 3 M⊙evolved in a uniform ambient medium for a time of-4000 yr and the jet component has cylindrical symmetry with a half open angle of 10°, the result indicates that the energy contained in the jet is about10%–15% of the kinetic energy of the entire ejecta to reproduce the detected profile. This study supports that the remnant originated from a jet-driven core-collapse supernova.

A polarization study of the supernova remnant CTB 80

We present a radio polarization study of the supernova remnant CTB 80 based on images at1420 MHz from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey,at 2695 MHz from the Effelsberg survey of the Galactic plane and at 4800 MHz from the Sino-Germanλ6 cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane.We obtained a rotation measure(RM)map using polarization angles at 2695 MHz and 4800 MHz as the polarization percentages are similar at these two frequencies.RM exhibits a transition from positive values to negative values along one of the shells hosting the pulsar PSR B1951+32 and its pulsar wind nebula.The reason for the change in sign remains unclear.We identified a partial shell structure,which is bright in polarized intensity but weak in total intensity.This structure could be part of CTB 80 or part of a new supernova remnant unrelated to CTB 80.

How does a strong surrounding magnetic field influence the evolution of a supernova remnant?

We simulate the evolution of supernova remnants(SNRs) in a strong magnetic field. Usually,supernovae explode in a normal interstellar medium with magnetic field of no more than 50 μG, which has been well studied. However, the surrounding magnetic field will be much stronger in some situations, such as in a galactic center. Therefore, we try to explore these situations. The simulations show that a strong magnetic field of 1 mG will align the motion of ejecta in a way similar to a jet. The ejecta propagating perpendicularly to the magnetic field will be reflected and generate a strong reverse shock. When the reverse shock converges in the explosion center, it will more or less flow along the central magnetic field. Finally,most of the ejecta will propagate parallel to the magnetic field.

Imprints of the Jittering Jets Explosion Mechanism in the Morphology of the Supernova Remnant SNR 0540-69.3

I identify a point-symmetric structure in recently published VLT/MUSE velocity maps of different elements in a plane along the line of sight at the center of the supernova remnant SNR 0540-69.3,and argue that jittering jets that exploded this core collapse supernova shaped this point-symmetric structure.The four pairs of two opposite clumps that compose this point symmetric structure suggest that two to four pairs of jittering jets shaped the inner ejecta in this plane.In addition,intensity images of several spectral lines reveal a faint strip(the main jet-axis)that is part of this plane of jittering jets and its similarity to morphological features in a few other SNRs and in some planetary nebulae further suggests shaping by jets.My interpretation implies that in addition to instabilities,jets also mix elements in the ejecta of core collapse supernovae.Based on the point-symmetric structure and under the assumption that jittering jets exploded this supernova,I estimate the component of the neutron star natal kick velocity on the plane of the sky to be■235 km s^(-1),and at an angle of■47°to the direction of the main jet-axis.I analyze this natal kick direction together with 12 other SNRs in the frame of the jittering jets explosion mechanism.

Investigating the morphology of the supernova remnant G349.7+00.2 in the medium with a density gradient

G349.7+00.2 is a young Galactic supernova remnant(SNR)with a mushroom morphology in radio and X-rays,and it has been detected across the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio to high energyγ-rays.Moreover,the remnant is interacting with a molecular cloud based on the observations in the radio and infrared band.The reason for the formation of the periphery and the dynamical evolution of the remnant is investigated using 3D hydrodynamical(HD)simulations.Under the assumption that the supernova ejecta is evolved in the medium with a density gradient,the shell is composed of two hemispheres with different radii,and the smaller hemisphere is in relatively dense media.The resulting periphery of remnant is consistent with detected ones,and it can be concluded that the peculiar periphery of G349.7+00.2 can be reproduced as the remnants interacting with the medium with a density gradient.