Discussion on the Supply of Child-friendly City Construction Based on the Attributes of Public Goods

Child friendliness is the need for a good life in the new era.The problems related to the construction of child-friendly cities were discussed from the perspective of the supply of public goods.Through literature research and summary,the basic concepts,construction factors,sources of supply goods,structure of the main supplies,and supply behavior of public goods supply in child-friendly cities were sorted out.Some effective suggestions were proposed,such as improving the resource conversion and integration ability of the main suppliers,establishing an effective incentive system,optimizing the structure of the main suppliers,improving multi-party collaborative efficiency,ensuring benefits for all parties,raising child-friendly awareness,innovating funding sources for projects,ensuring adequate funding supply,building urban supply system in accordance with local conditions,and ensuring the supply of public goods.

The Supply-Demand Analysis and Mechanism Innovation of Chinese Rural Public Goods

The connotation of rural public goods is expounded.The rural public goods refer to the products and labors that satisfy the production and living of rural residents,economic growth and social progress.The rural public goods is characterized by non-excludability,non-competitiveness and indispensability of other general public goods.The supply situation of Chinese government to rural public goods is analyzed,as well as the demand situation of rural public goods,which includes farmers' demand on training,the assistance demand of rural weak groups,farmers' demand on comfortable living conditions and farmers' demand on "soft" public goods.The paths for innovating the supply mechanism of rural public goods are put forward,which cover perfecting the decision mechanism of public goods supply;scientifically distributing the supply responsibility of rural public goods;facilitating the reform of each supporting equipment and exploring the multiple capital collecting channels of rural public goods.

Difficulties in Implementing Supply Mechanism of Rural Public Goods in the Context of Urban-rural Integration

Through in-depth interviews and questionnaires,we take Mianyang City,Aba Prefecture,and Suining City in Sichuan Province as the study object,to analyze the relationship between the basic situation of farmers and the supply mechanism implementation of rural public goods.The research results show that the younger the farmers,the higher the educational level,the higher the annual household income,and the higher the enthusiasm in participating the discussion of the supply of rural public goods.And the correlation between farmers'annual household income and participation in the supply of public goods is the highest.Finally corresponding countermeasures and proposals are put forth based on farmers' educational level and annual household income,the two difficulties in supply mechanism implementation of rural public goods.

Innovation of Adult Education Supply in Rural Areas from the Aspect of Rural Public Goods——A Case Study of Quzhou City,Zhejiang Province,China

Status of rural adult education in Quzhou City is analyzed from three aspects of supply main body,supply method and fund source.Problems in the rural adult education in Quzhou City are pointed out.Firstly,the top-down supply decision model can not fully meet the needs of farmers.Secondly,education resources can not be best allocated.Thirdly,both rural labor force market and employment service are not perfect.In order to promote the development of rural adult education,the education supply mode of rural adults should be established,which is "supplied by the government,coordinated by the government,participated by the society,operated according to market mechanisms".This needs to set up the leading position of government,to establish the pattern of diversified main bodies of adult education supply in rural areas,and to construct the market operation mechanism driven by interests.

Evaluation on the Efficiency and Fairness of Coordinating Public Goods Supply in Urban and Rural Areas

By setting the urban-rural public goods supply model,this paper evaluates the effects of coordinating supply public goods on resource allocation and welfare from efficiency and fairness,and examines the necessity and possibility of coordinating public goods supply in urban and rural areas. The model assumes that the population size of urban and rural areas is different,and the population can not flow freely between urban and rural areas; there are different degrees of spillover in the public goods supply. Model results show that coordinating public goods supply in urban and rural areas is the result of optimizing resource allocation efficiency,but the residents' individual utility level will not necessarily improve,so residents' willingness to support coordinated urban-rural supply is different,and public goods spillover and different tax systems are the factors that affect the residents' utility level. Finally,this paper uses the practice of coordinating urban and rural compulsory education in Chengdu City to confirm the above conclusions.

Study on the Influence of Farmer Social Capital on Cooperative Supply Willingness of Agricultural Disaster Reduction Public Goods——Based on the Investigation on 515 Farmers

Based on social capital theory,related factors of three dimensions( structure dimension,cognition dimension and relation dimension) of farmer social capital are taken as independent variables,and famer's willingness to cooperatively supply agricultural disaster reduction public goods is taken as dependent variable. Taking 515 farmers in 27 villages of Hubei Province as investigation objects,the influence of farmer social capital on cooperative supply willingness of agricultural disaster reduction public goods is explored by Logistic regression model. Research results show that social solidarity,common value concept,social trust and reciprocal content have positive impact on farmer's willingness of cooperative supply,while annual household income,number of agricultural disaster reduction public goods and social network have negative impact on farmer's willingness of cooperative supply.

Study on Farmers' Satisfaction with the Supply of Public Goods for Disaster Reduction in Agriculture——Based on the Survey Data of Farmers in Two Counties and One District of Hubei Province

According to actual features of public goods for disaster reduction in agriculture,an evaluation indicator system of farmers' satisfaction with the supply of public goods for disaster reduction in agriculture composed of five first-grade indicators containing 18 second-grade indicators was established firstly,and then a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of farmers' satisfaction was set up. Finally,farmers' satisfaction with the supply of public goods for disaster reduction in agriculture in two counties and one district of Hubei Province was evaluated by the model. The results show that farmers are satisfied with the supply of public goods for disaster reduction in agriculture on the whole,but farmers' satisfaction with openness about funds for disaster reduction,supply structure of public goods,work attitude and work efficiency is at a general level. Some suggestions about the four aspects were proposed,such as improving supervisory mechanisms to increase funding transparency,making information channels unblocked to improve the supply efficiency of public goods for disaster reduction,and improving the quality of government workers to increase their work efficiency.

Creating Inclusive Global Value Chains under the BRI from the Perspective of Public Goods Supply and Demand

Supply and demand of public goods provide a brand-new theoretical framework for research on the creation of inclusive global value chains(GVCs)under the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).The supply of international public goods is an important positive variable for creating global value chains under the BRI,in which China and other developing countries involved,as well as their small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),are microscopic entities.When the BRI’s supply of instrumental,institutional,and conceptual international public goods is in equilibrium with the demand of GVC entities for public goods,the BRI creates necessary conditions for the extension of GVCs.GVCs created under the BRI are of great value in promoting inclusiveness,fair income distribution,balanced regional development,and the restructuring of international economic governance.Under the current GVC system,some developed countries have been wary about the BRI and even developed misgivings and biases.Nevertheless,developed countries may play an active role in bridging gaps in the BRI’s development and complement their respective strengths with developing countries for win-win cooperation.

Study on Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Public Goods Supplying System

In current China, the main problem existing in the rural public goods supplying system is the unbalanced condition of public goods supply, and the chief reason for which is unitary system of supply main body. Thus the leading countermeasure for comer of public goods supply is to reform the present unitary rural public goods supplying system, to strengthen functional transfer of rural grass-roots directive organization, to adopt diversified mode and provide public goods on the base of overall planning of urban and rural areas and to implement unitary and diversified supplying strategy. In this way, supplying efficiency of the rural public goods will be improved.

Analysis of Public Goods Supply of New Generation Migrant Workers' Urban and Rural Double Marginalization

Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers' education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers' demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments' direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers' double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.

Countermeasures of Rural Public Product Supply Problems in New Socialist Rural Construction

The status of rural public goods supply plays a decisive role in China agricultural development and in new socialist rural construction.For the current situation of insufficient supply of public goods in rural areas,this article explained the significance of strengthening the construction of rural public goods supply system,analyzed the reasons for the shortage of rural public goods supply,and proposed strategies and measures to solve problems of rural public goods supply,which are of advantages to enhance...

Research on Effective Supply Mode of Rural Public Goods

On the basis of definition and classification of rural public goods, this paper analyses the status quo of public goods supply in vast rural areas of China, and it indicates that the electricity and communication facility in rural areas have not yet been popularized; the culture and education facility is critically backward; the medical care and social warfare institutions are short. It points out the rational supply model of public goods as follows: the government plays dominant role in the public goods supply with a large amount of investments, related to the quality of living and production of multitudinous farmers; small wieldy quasi-public goods that can be easily supplied and marginalized public goods can introduce multiplex supply main body under the framework of government guidance. According to this model, corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows: increase financial inputs, and perfect local financial system; actively encourage the majority of farmers in rural areas to participate in public goods supply mechanism, so that the supply has pertinence; vigorously develop multiplex supply system of rural public goods, to ensure effective supply.

Supply of ecological products based on heterogeneity of public goods

Ecological products belong to public products. According to the characteristic heterogeneity of public products, they can be classified into pure public products and quasi-public products including "common-pool goods", "club goods" and "conditioned goods". Guided by the theory of public products supply and based on national conditions, this paper thinks that an ecological product supply model should be formed, which is led by the government and coordinated allocation of public resources between the government and the market in China. Some of the pure public goods are supplied by the government by the way of "environmental regulation + property rights market" and ecological compensation; some of the quasi-public goods are supplied by the market by the way of franchising and ecological purchasing.

Research on the Design of International Cooperation System to Supply Global Public Goods:with A View on the Route Selection for China's Participation

Since the 1990 s, GPGs have become one of the questions arousing general concern in the international political and economic relations. It has its unique characteristics different from the public goods domestically supplied in any country in terms of organizational form,incentive mechanisms, implementation means and other aspects. The theory and policy proposal on GPGs mostly reflect the requirements of developing countries to seek an external environment favorable to their stable development, thus it is absolutely necessary to establish an efficient mechanism to supply GPGs for the countries of the world, especially for the developing ones to realize the national benefit and mutual development. The most efficient approach to resolve the problem of supplying GPGs is international cooperation, which raises critical requests on the design of an efficient and reasonable cooperative system. Following the principals of international cooperation system, China must choose an optimal route for supply of GPGs, which conforms to its own interests, by starting from the supply of the regional public goods and in accordance with its own economic development and financial capacity.

政策激活自治:农村公共品有效供给的实践路径——以人居环境整治为例

在农村公共品供给中,一些村庄在政策的牵引下,动员村庄精英和普通村民积极参与公共品供给的民主实践,从而激活了村庄潜在的治理能力,实现了公共品的有效供给。这种现象可称之为“政策激活自治”。公共品供给政策的灵活性、以村干部为核心的组织动员能力以及以小组为单位的内生性治理能力构成了政策激活自治的政策、组织和社会基础。基于公共品分类的视角可发现,政策的牵引效应主要作用于与农民关系紧密、投入较少的建设项目上,而对与农民关系松散、投入较多的公共项目作用有限。政策激活自治的存在,启发我们在公共品供给中掌握政策统一性和灵活性的平衡,区分不同项目与农民的利益链接,通过适当的政策激发村民参与的积极性。

世界政治极端化态势下区域公共产品的供给困境及中国对策

在大国战略竞争加剧、地缘政治回归以及全球民粹主义回潮等因素的叠加影响下,世界政治呈现极端化态势。这一新态势对国际社会产生了多重负面效应,对区域公共产品供给主体、议题与结构的影响值得特别关注。区域公共产品缘起于超越国际公共产品被霸权国“私物化”的尝试,着眼于对接一定区域内国家的发展或安全需求,致力于通过消费主体与供给主体高度匹配实现最优供给。在世界政治极端化态势下,区域公共产品供给面临严峻困境:一是再次“私物化”,供给主体因恶性竞争构建排他性“小圈子”;二是逐渐“安全化”,供给议题由低政治领域急剧转向高政治领域;三是最终“不优化”,供给结构重叠错位导致供需不匹配。作为负责任大国,中国可围绕新态势下区域公共产品供给的公益性、发展性以及精准性贡献中国智慧、中国方案和中国力量。

公共物品理论视野下“三北”工程生态产品供求关系分析

中国“三北”防护林体系建设工程是与改革开放同步实施的一项重大生态保护修复工程。在公共物品理论视野下,“三北”工程生态产品属于公共产品范畴。进一步加强“三北”地区生态环境保护本质上是持续增加生态产品的有效供给,有序调节生态产品的供求关系。文中分别从供给、需求2个方面论述“三北”工程生态产品的供求关系,对影响供求关系的政府、市场、社会3种因素之间形成的博弈关系展开分析,认为三者之间的良性互动有利于推进“三北”工程生态产品的有效供给和需求,推动我国生态环境的持续改善。在此基础上提出优化“三北”工程生态产品供求关系关键:一是要推动政府、市场、社会多元主体协同治理,二是要加强“三北”工程生态产品宣传教育,三是要建立“三北”工程生态产品考核评价体系,四是要健全“三北”工程生态产品价值实现机制。

监督下乡中的农村公共品供给实践与基层治理秩序

项目制基层实践是国家资源的再分配过程,特别是税改后,国家依靠项目制提升农村公共品供给水平。人居环境整治呈现强项目制和强监督制的双重特征,形成标准下乡、规范下乡的公共品供给,对基层治理实践带来新的形塑变量,影响着国家-基层组织-农民间的互动关系,重构基层治理秩序。项目下乡匹配监督下乡,带来弱激励问题,乡村组织表现出回避治理矛盾的行为逻辑,呈现基层弱治理样态,不断出现农户搭政府便车现象,造成项目下乡中新的“最后一公里”问题。为了提高农村公共品供给水平,明确农村公共品需求层次,发挥乡村组织自治功能,畅通自下而上社会反馈机制来优化农村公共品供给体制。

竞争性适配:县域项目资源下乡的运作机理与路径探索

乡村振兴背景下如何实现对农村公共品的有效供给成为重要的社会议题。作为一种制度内自上而下供给方式的项目制,在基层运转的过程中呈现“去竞争性”的运作特征,引发供需错配、民众认可度不高等诸多实践困境。湖南省长沙市C县在国家政策的支持下,通过构建项目运作的自主空间、民主化的平台建设、嵌入性的资源输入,促进了项目资源、群众需求、村庄发展的一体化发展,探索出以县域为统筹单位的竞争性适配的公共品供给模式。研究发现竞争性适配的公共品供给模式通过县域的自主性统筹、民主化的项目运作、合法化的项目激励,保障了项目下乡过程中村庄的主体性、干部的积极性、群众的参与性,产生出推动村庄公共品有效供给的项目效能和集体性再生产的治理效能。其所彰显出来的对分散的项目资源进行类别化和在地化的整合、建立合理的项目运作统筹层级、强化项目落地中的竞争机制与民主制度建设等先进经验,对项目制的基层运作、农村公共品的有效供给、基层善治都有一定的借鉴价值。

公共品性质、技术适配与基层治理有效

农村公共品可以分为标准化基本公共品、非规则基础性公共品、非规则发展性公共品三种类型,通过公共品性质辨析可以构建农村公共品供给的不同适应模式,进而提升资源下乡的治理效能。基于对宁乡市D镇“三三制”村级公共品供给模式调查发现,农村公共品的“共域公给”导致了民主协商空间和民主监督空间消解。通过分类供给与确立责任边界、创设组织架构与打造治理平台,广泛组织动员群众参与到基层民主治理中来,不仅提升了村庄公共品供给效率,也实现了基层治理能力的提高。基于此,现阶段,要实现资源下乡背景下基层治理有效,一是要将以县为主的公共品供应模式变为乡镇统筹的竞争性适应模式,以解决项目资源不均衡分配与供需间的错位;二是要将治理成本包干主体下移,扭转国家资源下乡中基层治理能力的弱化趋势;三是要重塑新型治理模式,通过资源输入和制度输入解决传统代理人体制中代理人失控乱象,实现基层治理有效。