Support technology of deep roadway under high stress and its application

Roadway instability has been a major concern in the fields of mining engineering. This paper aims to provide practical and efficient strategy to support the roadways under high in-situ stress. A case study on the stability of deep roadways was carried out in an underground mine in Gansu province, China. Currently,the surrounding rock strata is extremely fractured, which results in a series of engineering disasters, such as side wall collapse and severe floor heave in the past decades. Aiming to solve these problems, an improved support method was proposed, which includes optimal bolt parameters and arrangement, floor beam layout by grooving, and full length grouting. Based on the modeling results by FLAC3D, the new support method is much better than the current one in terms of preventing the large deformation of surrounding rock and restricting the development of plastic zones. For implementation and verification, field experiments, along with deformation monitoring, were conducted in the 958 level roadway of Mining II areas. The results show that the improved support can significantly reduce surrounding rock deformation, avoid frequent repair, and maintain the long-term stability of the roadway. Compared to the original support, the new support method can greatly save investment of mines, and has good application value and popularization value.

Ground response to high horizontal stresses during longwall retreat and its implications for longwall headgate support

Roof falls in longwall headgate can occur when weak roof and high horizontal stress are present. To prevent roof falls in the headgate under high horizontal stress, it is important to understand the ground response to high horizontal stress in the longwall headgate and the requirements for supplemental roof support. In this study, a longwall headgate under high horizontal stress was instrumented to monitor stress change in the pillars, deformations in the roof, and load in the cable bolts. The conditions in the headgate were monitored for about six months as the longwall face passed by the instrumented site.The roof behavior in the headgate near the face was carefully observed during longwall retreat.Numerical modeling was performed to correlate the modeling results with underground observation and instrumentation data and to quantify the effect of high horizontal stress on roof stability in the longwall headgate. This paper discusses roof support requirements in the longwall headgate under high horizontal stress in regard to the pattern of supplemental cable bolts and the critical locations where additional supplemental support is necessary.

Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer

By applying experimental method, the bolt stress and supporting mechanism is studied during the deformation process of a rock mass containing a weak interlayer. The force measuring bolt is installed manually and instrumented five pairs of symmetrical strain gauges. The experimental results show that the fully grouted bolt suffers tensile, compressive, bending and shear stress at the same time. The bolt stress evolution is closely related to the deformation stages of the rock mass which are very gradually varying stage, gradually varying stage at the pre-peak and suddenly varying stage at the post peak stage.The axial compressive stress in the bolt is mainly induced by the moment. Thus, in most cases the axial compressive stress is distributed on one side of the bolt. For axial stresses, induced by the axial force and the bending moment at the post-peak stage, three types of changing are observed, viz. increasingincreasing type, decreasing-increasing type and increasing-decreasing type. The stress characteristics of the bolt section in the weak interlayer are significantly different from those in the hard rock. The failure models of the anchored bolt are tensile failure and shear failure, respectively. The bolt not only provides constraints on the free surface of the rock mass, but also resists the axial and lateral loading by the bending moment. This study provides valuable guidelines for bolting support design and its safety assessment.

Effects of Academic Stress and Perceived Social Support on the Psychological Wellbeing of Adolescents in Ghana

The purpose of this study was to examine how academic stress and perceived social support influence the psychological wellbeing of Senior High School students in Ghana. Two hundred and twenty six male and female students participated. The general health questionnaire, student life-stress inventory and perceived social support from family and friends scales were used to assess psychological wellbeing, academic stress and perceived social support respectively. The results indicated that perceived social support buffered the effects of academic stress on psychological wellbeing. Girls reported higher scores on perceived social support but reported more depression. Boys reported higher academic stress and better psychological wellbeing, and these have been attributed partly to the socialisation role of gender. These results have policy implications in respect of the creation of a cordial school environment as well as encouraging a healthy interpersonal relationship between adolescents and their family and friends with the aim of reducing academic stress appraisal which is inimical to the psychological wellbeing of adolescents.

An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

Path analysis of relationship among personality, perceived stress, coping, social support, and psychological outcomes

AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population.METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive relation-ship between the variables, a path model was fitted.RESULTS: The standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative personality traits.

The Influence of the Supporting Wheel Deflection of Large-scale Rotary Kiln on Maximum Contact Stress

The relation between the maximum contact stress ratio and deflection angle is derived from Hertz contact theory when the deflection of rotary kiln supporting wheel happens. According to the analysis of practical example, the maximum contact stress ratio within the deflection range of rotary kiln supporting wheel is listed. The contact stress will increase largely when rotary kiln supporting wheel deflects with little angle, which probably will result in accidents correlating to safety. This will provide theory conference for the design, the operating condition analysis and adjusting of the rotary kiln.

头部支撑面角对连杆螺栓与大头盖接触应力的影响

国标六角法兰面螺栓对螺栓支撑面角度范围提出设计指导,但没有具体指出最佳角度,且其对螺栓预紧力及支撑面应力的影响尚无明确结论。通过建立发动机连杆螺栓的精细拧紧有限元仿真模型,并利用Yamamoto解析法验证了连杆螺栓有限元模型的准确性。研究了螺栓头部支撑面角对拧紧载荷下连杆螺栓预紧力和应力分布的影响,同时通过计算疲劳安全系数对螺栓头部支撑面的结构可靠性进行综合评估。结果表明:螺栓头部支撑面角取0.5°为最佳;提出了带有U型沉割槽的连杆螺栓结构模型,优化后的螺栓结构在螺栓头部与螺杆结合处的平均应力下降16.2%,平均疲劳安全系数提高19.6%。

常减压装置高温热油管道的应力分析及优化设计

为了确保管道布置和法兰连接的可靠性和安全性,高温管道的应力分析十分必要。利用CAESAR II软件对常减压装置的高温热油管道进行了一次应力和二次应力校核。分析了各节点的热态位移、约束力和力矩等关键数据。采用L型和Z型自然补偿方案,合理规划了管道布置,优化了支吊架设计。进一步采用Kellogg当量压力法校核了热油泵和常压塔设备管嘴与管道之间法兰连接的可靠性,最终确保了该热油管道的安全、长周期运行。

社会支持与大学生心理压力的关系路径研究--以内蒙古高校为例

本研究运用一般情况调查表、压力源量表与领悟社会支持量表等开展在线问卷调查,获得12670份有效问卷。从个人特征和社会支持两个方面来探究不同类型大学生心理压力的影响因素。结果发现学业、就业和经济压力是大学生群体主要的心理压力;学校类别、专业类别、年级、生源地、是否服用过精神科药物、是否单亲家庭和是否享受过助学金等因素对大学生心理压力有显著影响。研究结果显示,社会支持与大学生心理压力呈显著负相关。研究结果提示我们应提高对社会支持的重视程度,通过积极开展社会支持干预工作促进大学生心理健康。

多元化健康教育模式对青少年卵圆孔未闭患者疾病感知压力社会支持及生存质量的影响

目的探讨多元化健康教育模式对青少年卵圆孔未闭(PFO)患者疾病感知压力、社会支持及生存质量的影响。方法以随机数字表法将76例青少年PFO患者分为观察组和对照组,各38例,对照组患者给予常规健康教育,观察组患者在对照组基础上给予多元化健康教育。干预前后采用中文版压力知觉量表(CPSS)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、儿童生存质量测定量表体系心脏病模块量表(PedsQL 3.0 Cardiac Module)和Morisky用药依从性问卷(MMAS-8)评估两组患者疾病感知压力、社会支持、生存质量和用药依从性。结果干预后,两组患者CPSS各维度评分均降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.01);两组患者PSSS和PedsOL 3.0 Cardiac Module各维度评分均升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。干预前后,两组患者MMAS-8评分比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论多元化健康教育模式在青少年PFO患者中应用效果较好,值得临床推广。

既有隧道不同扩挖宽度下锚杆参数的优化

以黄山洞隧道工程为依托,通过对现场数据的监测和利用有限元分析软件Midas GTS NX进行数值模拟,分析了不同扩挖宽度下隧道拱顶沉降值、周边收敛值和围岩有效应力变化的规律,并改变锚杆的长度和锚杆间距,分析在不同锚杆长度下围岩有效应力、衬砌应力以及锚杆应力的变化规律,确定了不同扩挖宽度下最优的锚杆长度和锚杆间距.研究结果表明:随着扩挖宽度的增加,围岩有效应力由大至小依次为拱脚处压应力、拱腰处压应力、拱顶处压应力和仰拱处拉应力;拱顶处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而减小,拱腰处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而增大,但增大趋势不明显;受单侧扩挖方式的影响,扩挖侧的应力大于非扩挖侧;拱脚处受到应力集中的影响,其压应力随着扩挖宽度的增大而增大;扩挖宽度为1.5~2.5 m时的最优锚杆长度和间距分别为2.5 m和1.7 m,扩挖宽度为3.5~4.5 m时二者分别为3.0 m和1.2 m.

不等跨十车道四连拱隧道施工全过程支护结构受力特征现场测试研究

多连拱隧道开挖洞室多、跨度大,施工过程中荷载转换频繁,支护结构受力特征复杂,对多连拱隧道支护结构受力开展现场测试研究具有重要意义。依托长沙观音岩不等跨四连拱隧道工程,选取典型断面对各洞室初支钢拱架、二次衬砌结构进行施工全过程应力监测,以获得复杂施工步序下支护结构受力特征。测试结果表明:观音岩隧道施工中,先行主洞较后行洞室承担的围岩压力更大,右主洞、左右辅洞开挖顺序居后,施工扰动次数较少,支护结构内力较小;各洞室中,初支钢拱架内力整体均呈“左小右大”的非对称分布特征,其最大轴向压力402.71 kN、最大弯矩7.97kN·m出现在左主洞的右拱脚处,二衬内力整体非对称程度较低,只以左主洞呈显著非对称分布,其余洞室呈整体对称分布;先行左主洞支护结构的内力扰动主要由受后行邻洞的开挖影响所产生,后行右主洞、左辅洞开挖支护阶段,左主洞初支钢拱架、二衬结构绝大部分位置其内力增量超过总增量的一半;采用“先主后辅,左主先行”施工方案,施工全过程支护结构的安全性均满足规范要求,支护结构设计和施工措施合理。研究成果可为复杂条件下多连拱隧道的设计与施工提供借鉴。

海上移动平台直升机甲板圆管支撑结构安全评估

圆管支撑结构是海上移动式平台直升机甲板设计的重要部分,由于海上恶劣的风浪环境,使结构整体受风载荷的影响较大.现有直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的安全评估内容主要集中于圆管的静强度分析,缺乏风振响应分析,文中以海洋石油163平台直升机甲板为例,研究圆管支撑结构的静力和动力载荷输入,通过有限元强度分析和理论经验公式计算对比静力、风载荷作用下直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的受力情况,考虑风振涡激效应的准静态分析,在此基础上提出了直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的安全评估方法,探究了风载荷对结构整体安全的影响.

考虑湿度应力的深部软岩隧道大变形控制研究

为探明深部高地应力软岩隧道大变形产生机理,制定适应大变形控制措施,以月直山隧道为工程依托,首先明确求解围岩形变压力与松动压力的Kastner与Caquot公式,基于岩体弹塑性力学与连续介质理论建立围岩湿度应力解析解,采用收敛-约束法绘制出3种围岩应力作用下围岩与初期支护特征曲线,分析断面变形过程中围岩与支护结构相互作用规律及3种应力占比演化规律。分别以混凝土与型钢钢架作为二衬支护结构对月直山隧道围岩稳定性进行计算分析,明确考虑湿度应力与松动压力条件下隧道二衬最优支护时机与支护参数,以支护结构安全系数FS评判出最优支护方案并对隧道软岩大变形进行治理。结果表明:当围岩径向位移达到550 mm时,仅考虑形变压力Pi时围岩对支护结构的压力P仅为0.813 MPa,考虑湿度应力Pw与松动压力Pa时P增大为1.372 MPa,湿度应力与松动应力总占比达40.7%,仅考虑形变压力而设计的支护结构不满足围岩稳定性要求;根据“卸压支护”理念,确定以“位移释放峰值upeak=0.325 m”与“间距d=0.7 m”作为增设第二层钢架的最佳支护时机与支护参数,现场二次钢架设置24天后使围岩变形收敛于50.8 mm,围岩大变形得到控制,研究成果可为今后相关隧道工程设计与施工提供参考。

Study on Asymmetric Deformation Law and Surrounding Rock Control Technology of High Stress Soft Rock Crossing Roadway

In order to solve the problem of asymmetric large deformation of high-stress soft rock crossing roadway under complex geological conditions in deep mines, taking the 2# total return airway of 76.2# section of Wuyang Coal Mine as the engineering background, the causes of asymmetric deformation and failure of soft rock crossing roadway in deep mines were summarized and analyzed by means of field investigation, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and the asymmetric high-efficiency support technology with large row spacing was studied. The results show that the lithology of roadway strata is the main cause of asymmetric deformation and failure of roadway. The shape change of roadway is not the main influencing factor of asymmetric deformation of roadway, but for the control of roadway surrounding rock, the straight wall semi-circular arch roadway is better than the rectangular roadway. The field industrial test shows that after adopting the new support design scheme, the displacement of the roof and floor of the roadway is reduced by 86.39% compared with the original support design scheme, and the displacement of the two sides of the roadway is reduced by 86.05% compared with the original support design scheme, which can ensure the normal and safe production of the roadway during the service period, and provide reference for the support design of other similar geological conditions.

复杂地质高应力条件下回采工作面冲击地压防治技术研究

针对济宁三号煤矿163下06工作面已探明正断层32条,逆断层1条,回采期间揭露隐伏断层11条,局部过联络巷、探巷不规则回采,不规则煤柱留设,局部煤体分割严重等,地质和开采技术条件复杂,应力集中程度高,冲击危险程度高;文章提出了,划分冲击危险区域、加强支护、宏观矿压动态观测、钻屑检测、应力在线监测,微震监测;大直径钻孔卸压、坚硬顶板深孔预裂等冲击地压综合监测防治措施,结果表明可以有效降低局部地应力异常集中,释放积聚的弹性能,取得了良好效果,确保了该工作面安全高效回采。

隧道斜向超前系统锚杆支护效果及承载规律

为研究渝昆高铁斜向超前系统锚杆支护体系的力学特性,在乐业隧道开展了斜向超前系统锚杆现场试验,结合有限差分数值模拟,基于支护应力场的概念,实现斜向超前系统锚杆有效支护范围的定量描述,采用多指标(隧道位移差、围岩塑性区、围岩最小主应力)对斜向超前系统锚杆的支护效果进行定量评价。通过分析锚杆轴力、钢拱架轴力的分布特征,确定斜向超前支护体系的承载规律,并与现场试验结果进行验证和对比分析。结果表明:1)隧道开挖后,锚杆支护会形成支护应力场,即在开挖面附近形成了最大主应力增大区,而最大主应力的增大提高了岩体抵抗变形的能力;2)随着掌子面空间效应的减弱,斜向锚杆需要承担的围岩荷载逐渐增大,其有效支护的范围也逐渐增大;3)在掌子面附近,斜向锚杆支护提高了围岩的自承载能力,降低了拱顶、拱肩和拱腰处钢拱架的轴力,改善了钢拱架的受力特征。

极高地应力软岩隧道非对称变形机理及支护优化研究

针对极大断面公路隧道施工中出现的非对称大变形问题,考虑高地应力第一主应力与隧道轴线关系、层状软岩夹层与互层状态、掌子面软岩空间不对称、地下水等因素,基于对工程地质条件、围岩与支护结构失效及破坏特征的分析,结合岩样物理力学特性室内试验研究及地应力实测情况,探究了非对称大变形形成机理并提出针对性的支护结果优化方案。结果表明:高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩不对称变形是在岩层倾角α、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线夹角β和岩层夹角γ、围岩岩性和地下水综合作用下的大变形,围岩不对称部位由以上几种因素共同决定;当主应力σ1与隧道轴线既不垂直也不平行时,会产生挤压性偏压构造水平地应力,使隧道横断面侧向受力不对称,发生偏压性非对称大变形;通过改变锚杆的布设方式、提高超前注浆小导管的长度和刚度、喷射临时封闭、在防水板与喷射砼间增加高密度橡塑海绵板缓冲层等措施,可以有效的减少变形量,防止围岩因开挖扰动而松动和坍塌。

三向应力下支护应力对圆形巷道围岩应力分布规律的影响

为进一步探究支护应力对圆形巷道应力分布特征的影响规律,建立了考虑三向应力和支护应力条件下的巷道围岩力学模型,推导了巷道围岩煤岩体应力分布的解析方程,借助COMSOL进行了可靠性验证;通过赋值法讨论了13种应力边界(三向应力P_(x),P_(y),P_(z))及4种支护应力(0.2,1,2,5 MPa)下巷道围岩煤岩体径向应力、切向应力和轴向应力的分布情况。研究结果表明:(1)当水平应力(P_(x))大于垂直应力(P_(y))时,轴向应力随着深距(至巷道表面距离)的增加而增加;当水平应力(P_(x))小于垂直应力(P_(y))时,轴向应力随着深距的增加而降低;(2)当水平应力(P_(x))等于垂直应力(P_(y))时,轴向应力值不变,径向应力随着深距的增加而增加,切向应力随着深距的增加而降低;(3)围岩上的切向应力随着支护应力的增加而降低,过高的支护应力将导致局部拉应力的出现;径向应力随着支护应力的增加而增加;一定程度的支护应力不仅可以使巷道表面围岩从两向应力状态恢复到三向应力状态,同时可以降低切向应力,增加径向应力,降低围岩上的剪应力,均化巷道围岩应力,从而维护巷道的稳定性。