Bearing mechanism of roof and rib support structure in automatically formed roadway and its support design method

Non-pillar mining technology with automatically formed roadway is a new mining method without coal pillar reservation and roadway excavation.The stability control of automatically formed roadway is the key to the successful application of the new method.In order to realize the stability control of the roadway surrounding rock,the mechanical model of the roof and rib support structure is established,and the influence mechanism of the automatically formed roadway parameters on the compound force is revealed.On this basis,the roof and rib support structure technology of confined lightweight concrete is proposed,and its mechanical tests under different eccentricity are carried out.The results show that the bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens is basically the same as that of ordinary confined concrete specimens.The bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens under different eccentricities is 1.95 times higher than those of U-shaped steel specimens.By comparing the test results with the theoretical calculated results of the confined concrete,the calculation method of the bearing capacity for the confined lightweight concrete structure is selected.The design method of confined lightweight concrete support structure is established,and is successfully applied in the extra-large mine,Ningtiaota Coal Mine,China.

Influence of canopy ratio of powered roof support on longwall working stability——A case study

The case study describes longwall coal seam A in a hard coal mine,where longwall coal face stability loss and periodic roof fall occurrences had been registered.The authors have attempted to explain the situation based on in-situ measurements and observations of the longwall working as well as numerical simulation.The calculations included several parameters,such as powered roof support geometry in the form of the canopy ratio,which is a factor that influences load distribution along the canopy.Numerical simulations were realized based on a rock mass model representing realistic mining and geological conditions at a depth of 600 m below surface for coal seam A.Numerical model assumptions are described,while the obtained results were compared with the in-situ measurements.The conclusions drawn from this work can complement engineering knowledge utilized at the stage of powered roof support construction and selection in order to improve both personnel safety and longwall working stability,and to achieve better extraction.

Roof structure theory and support resistance determination of longwall face in shallow seam

This paper presents the structure models founded in shallow seam, the roof asymmetry arch with three articulations in roof first weighting and the step voussoir beam in roof periodic weighting. These structure models are differ from classic theory, it establishes the new roof control theory of instability structure roof, especially in shallow seam. Based on the new roof structure theory, the support working state of "given sliding load" is put forward, and the factor of load transmitting is introduced to determine the load on roof structure. Therefore, the proper and accurate calculating methods of support resistance are established. Based on this, the dynamic structure theory in shallow seam could be predicted.

Research on the flow stability and noise reduction characteristics of quasi-periodic elastic support skin

To enhance flow stability and reduce hydrodynamic noise caused by fluctuating pressure,a quasiperiodic elastic support skin composed of flexible walls and elastic support elements is proposed for fluid noise reduction.The arrangement of the elastic support element is determined by the equivalent periodic distance and quasi-periodic coefficient.In this paper,a dynamic model of skin in a fluid environment is established.The influence of equivalent periodic distance and quasi-periodic coefficient on flow stability is investigated.The results suggest that arranging the elastic support elements in accordance with the quasi-periodic law can effectively enhance flow stability.Meanwhile,the hydrodynamic noise calculation results demonstrate that the skin exhibits excellent noise reduction performance,with reductions of 10 dB in the streamwise direction,11 dB in the spanwise direction,and 10 dB in the normal direction.The results also demonstrate that the stability analysis method can serve as a diagnostic tool for flow fields and guide the design of noise reduction structures.

Combined blasting for protection of gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof

The deformation control of surrounding rock in gobside roadway with thick and hard roof poses a significant challenge to the safety and efficiency of coal mining.To address this issue,a novel approach combining directional and non-directional blasting techniques,known as combined blasting,was proposed.This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the proposed method in the 122108 working face in Caojiatan Coal Mine as the engineering background.The initial phase of the study involves physical model experiments to reveal the underlying mechanisms of combined blasting for protecting gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof.The results demonstrate that this approach effectively accelerates the collapse of thick and hard roofs,enhances the fragmentation and expansion coefficient of gangue,facilitates the filling of the goaf with gangue,and provides support to the overlying strata,thus reducing the subsidence of the overlying strata above the goaf.Additionally,the method involves cutting the main roof into shorter beams to decrease the stress and disrupt stress transmission pathways.Subsequent numerical simulations were conducted to corroborate the findings of the physical model experiments,thus validating the accuracy of the experimental results.Furthermore,field engineering experiments were performed,affirming the efficacy of the combined blasting method in mitigating the deformation of surrounding rock and achieving the desired protection of the gob-side roadway.

Stress state and caving danger of the roof in bolt supporting roadway

The start point of this text is the bottleneck problem of bolt supporting coal entrythat is security problem of bolt supporting roof,we divide one entry into some sections withdifferent stress,simulate stress field of wall rock and rockbolt solidified at different sectionsused umbrella disperse soft UDEC(universal distinct element code),we educe that thestress level of wallrock and bolt solidified is higher in roof fall risk section,and roof rockboltload can reflect this rule clearly,that offer an important guideline in monitoring entry rooffall risk.

Maximal loads acting on legs of powered roof support unit in longwalls with bumping hazards

In the article the results of measurements of the resultant force in the legs of a powered roof support unit, caused by a dynamic interaction of the rock mass, are discussed. The measurements have been taken in the longwalls mined with a roof fall, characterized by the highest degree of bumping hazard. It has been stated that the maximal force in the legs F m, recorded during a dynamic interaction of the rock mass, is proportional to the initial static force in the legs F st,p . Therefore a need for a careful selection of the initial load of the powered roof support, according to the local mining and geological conditions, results from such a statement. Setting the legs with the supporting load exceeding the indispensable value for keeping the direct roof solids in balance, deteriorating the operational parameters of a longwall system also has a disadvantageous influence on the value of the force in the legs and the rate of its increase, caused by a dynamic interaction of the rock mass. A correct selection of the initial load causes a decrease in the intensity of a dynamic interaction of the rock mass on powered roof supports, which also has an advantageous influence on their life. Simultaneously with the measurements of the resultant force in the legs, the vertical acceleration of the canopy was also recorded. It has enabled to prove that the external dynamic forces may act on the unit both from the roof as well as from the floor. The changes of the force in the legs caused by dynamic phenomena intrinsically created in the roof and changes of the force in the legs caused by blasting explosives in the roof of the working, have been analyzed separately. It has been stated that an increase in the loads of legs, caused by intrinsic phenomena is significantly higher than a force increase in the legs caused by blasting. It means that powered roof supports, to be operated in the workings, where the bumping hazard occurs, will also transmit the loads acting on a unit during blasting. The majority of recorded force changes in the legs has been caused by a dynamic interaction of the roof. They are characterized by a load increase coefficient K d, satisfying the inequality 1 06<K d =F m /F st,p <1 24. A much smaller number of cases, when the external load acted on the bases, was recorded. Individual, recorded results of measurements indicate that changes of the force in the legs, caused by external loads of this type, run more intensively due to roof loads (1 08< K d<1 80),particularly in these cases when the near the roof layer of the seam is under mining. A determination of more precise relations among the changes of forces in the legs, caused by a dynamic interaction of the floor and the bases and the mining and geological conditions requires a performance of additional underground tests.

Roof pre-blasting to prevent support crushing and water inrush accidents

Support crushing and water inrush when mining under an unconsolidated confined aquifer in the Qidong Coal Mine was prevented by roof pre-blasting. The mechanism and applicable conditions for this method have been studied. The results show that when an overburden structure that may cause support crushing and a water inrush accident exists the weakening of the primary key stratum, which thereby reduces its weighting step, roof pre-blasting is both feasible and effective. If the position of the primary key stratum can be moved upward to exceed 10 times the mining height the possibility of support crushing and water inrush disaster caused by key stratum compound breakage will be lowered. The overburden structure of the number 7121 working face was considered during the design of a technical proposal involving roof pre-blasting. After comprehensively analyzing the applicability of roof pre-blasting the resulting design prevented support crushing and water inrush disasters from happening at the number 7121 working face and laid a solid foundation for mining safely.

Quantification of ventilation enhancement using the Eye CAN roof support

Convergence of roof and floor in underground mine openings is a common occurrence. This convergence not only adversely affects the ability of workers, equipment and supplies to travel through the mine, it also reduces the effectiveness of the mine ventilation system, which is essential for the dilution of methane gas and airborne respirable dust. While installing secondary standing supports to control floor and roof convergence, such supports, by nature, partially obstruct a portion of the airway. These added obstructions inhibit the ability of the ventilation system to operate as efficiently as it could by increasing the resistance in and reducing the cross-sectional area of the airway. This study introduces and demonstrates the benefits of The Eye CAN^(TM) standing roof support, which controls floor and roof convergence and is less obstructive to air flow than conventional wooden cribs. Laboratory findings show that the normal resistance of a supported lined airway is reduced by using this new product from Burrell Mining Products, Inc., while providing the same roof support characteristics of an established product—The CANò. Load vs. displacement curves generated from laboratory tests demonstrated that this new product behaves with the same roof support characteristics as others in The CAN product family. Ventilation data gathered from a simulated mine entry was then used for computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling.The CFD analysis showed an improvement with The Eye CAN vs. other accepted forms of standing roof support. This proof-of-concept study suggests that, when using this new product made by Burrell Mining Products, Inc., not only will the convergence from the roof and floor be controlled, but airway resistance will also be reduced.

Horizontal roof gap of backfill hydraulic support

For the backfill hydraulic support as the key equipment for achieving integration of backfilling and coal mining simultaneously in the practical process, its characteristics will directly influence the backfill body's compression ratio. Horizontal roof gap, as a key parameter of backfilling characteristics, may impact the backfilling effect from the aspects of control of roof subsidence in advance, support stress, backfilling process and the support design. Firstly, the reason why horizontal roof gap exists was analyzed and its definition, causes and connotation were introduced, then adopting the Pro/E 3D simulation software, three typical 3D entity models of backfill hydraulic supports were built, based on the influence of horizontal roof gap on backfilling effect, and influence rules of four factors, i.e. support height, suspension height, suspension angle and tamping angle, were emphatically analyzed on horizontal roof gap. The results indicate that, the four factors all have significant impacts on horizontal roof gap, but show differences in influence trend and degree, showing negative linear correlation, positive linear correlation, positive semi-parabolic correlation and negative semi-parabolic correlation, respectively. Four legs type is the most adaptive to the four factors, while six legs(II) type has the poorest adaptability, and the horizontal roof gap is small under large support height, small suspension height, small suspension angle and large tamping angle situation. By means of optimizing structure components and their positional relation and suspension height of backfill scrape conveyor in the process of support design and through controlling working face deployment, roof subsidence in advance, mining height and backfilling during engineering application, the horizontal roof gap is optimized. The research results can be served as theoretical basis for support design and guidance for backfill support to have better performance in backfilling.

Mode of overlying rock roofing structure in large mining height coal face and analysis of support resistance

The mining space of large mining height coal face is large,the range of movement and caving of rock strata is large and the stability of supports at coal face is low and damage rate of supports is high,which significantly affects the safe and efficient production of coal mines.By similar simulation experiment and theoretical analysis,the mode of fractured roofing structure of large mining height coal face and the method of determination of reasonable support resistance of the support was evaluated.Analysis shows that the structural mode of "combined cantilever beam – non-hinged roofing – hinged roofing" of the large mining height coal face appears at the roofing of large mining height coal face.The supporting factor of caved gangue at the gob is introduced,the calculating equations of the fractured step distance of roofing were derived and conventional calculating method of caved height of roofing was corrected and the method of determination of the length and height of each structural area of the roofing was provided.With reference to the excavating conditions at Jinhuagong coal mine in Datong minefield,the dimensions of structural areas of the roofing of the coal face were determined and analyzed,and reasonable support resistance of the height coal face was acquired.By selecting Model ZZ13000/28/60 support and with procedures of advanced pre-cracking blasting,the safe production of large mining height coal face was assured.

Fibre glass reinforced plastics bolt's application in coal wall support of stoping tunnel

This article set forth two types of destructive form of stopping tunnel coal wall: destructive form in coal and destructive form in interface of coal layer. In addition, the mechanism of destruction in stopping tunnel coal wall is analyzed.

Bolt Supporting of Large-Span Soft Rock Roadway in Shaqu Colliery

The instability of trapezoidal Ⅰ-steel support is analysed for the compound roof of main coal seam in Shaqu Colliery, and the mechanism of bolt supporting is studied. A scheme of bolt supporting has been given and put into practice, remarkable technical and economic benefits have been got.

Longwall face roof disaster prediction algorithm based on data model driving

Hydraulic support is the primary equipment used for surrounding rock control at fully mechanized mining faces.The load,location,and attitude of the hydraulic support are important sets of basis data to predict roof disasters.This paper summarized and analyzed the status of coal mine safety accidents and the primary influencing factors of roof disasters.This work also proposed monitoring characteristic parameters of roof disasters based on support posture-load changes,such as the support location and support posture.The data feature decomposition method of the additive model was used with the monitoring load data of the hydraulic support in the Yanghuopan coal mine to effectively extract the trend,cycle period,and residuals,which provided the period weighting characteristics of the longwall face.The autoregressive,long-short term memory,and support vector regression algorithms were used to model and analyze the monitoring data to realize single-point predictions.The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average(SARIMA)and autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)models were adopted to predict the support cycle load of the hydraulic support.The SARIMA model is shown to be better than the ARIMA model for load predictions in one support cycle,but the prediction effect of these two algorithms over a fracture cycle is poor.Therefore,we proposed a hydraulic support load prediction method based on multiple data cutting and a hydraulic support load template library.The constructed technical framework of the roof disaster intelligent prediction platform is based on this method to perform predictions and early warnings of roof disasters based on the load and posture monitoring information from the hydraulic support.

THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD ROOF CONTROL OF LONGWALL FACE IN CHINESE COLLIERIES

This paper introduced systematically the present situation of the research on theory and technology for hard roof control of coal face in Chinese collieries.

Research on hydraulic-powered roof supports test problems

The load-bearing characters of hydraulic-powered roof support with dual telescopic legs were analyzed. With a specific type hydraulic-powered roof support with dual telescopic legs for research object, the inside load test problems in factories was analyzed, and the correct test methods were given, which can enhance the test efficiency and make the factories away from the error design of hydraulic-powered roof supports and legs.

Analysis for interaction of supports and surrounding rock of gateways in longwall minging

Gateway supporting in long wall mining has been a problem that restricts the mine production and safety, the paper sets up an interaction model between support and surrounding rock (rock mass structure) and probes the elementary theory about ground pressure behaviors of gateway. Based on the analysis of supporting theories, some new viewpoints about gateways supporting and ground pressure controlling are put forward.

Natural Frequency of Planetary Transmission with Thin-Walled Ring Gear on Elastic Supports

A lumped parameter-rigid elastic coupled dynamic model of two-stage planetary gears for a hybrid car is established through the inter-stage coupled method,in which the supports of the ring gear of planet set Ⅱ are represented as an elastic foundation with radial and tangential uniform distributed stiffness,and the ring gear of planet set Ⅱ is modeled as an elastic continuum body. The natural frequencies based on the eigenvalue problem of dynamic model of planetary transmission are solved and the associated vibration modes are discussed. The rules are revealed which are the influences of the ring gear elastic supports stiffness and rim thickness on natural frequencies of planetary transmission. The theoretical analysis indicates that the vibration modes of planetary transmission with thin-walled ring gear on elastic supports are classified into seven types: Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage coupled rotational mode,Ⅰ stage translational mode,Ⅰ stage planet mode,Ⅱ stage translational mode,Ⅱ stage degenerate planet mode,Ⅱ stage distinct planet mode and purely ring gear mode. For each vibration mode, its properties are summarized. The numerical solutions show that the elastic supports stiffness and rim thickness of the ring gear of planet set Ⅱ have different influences on natural frequencies.

基于力学模型构建的留巷切顶高度确定与围岩控制技术

以顺和煤矿2401运输巷道沿空留巷为工程背景,分析巷道围岩结构特征,基于巷道局部空间结构稳定性,分别构建了沿空留巷未切顶与切顶力学结构模型,并以巷道不同切顶高度进行物理相似模拟试验。结果表明:巷旁采空区切落的矸石增加对关键块的支撑力,同时弱化关键块对直接顶悬壁端部挤压,巷旁支护阻力减少35.78%;随着切顶高度增加,巷道顶板采空区侧端部悬臂由F型缓慢过渡到大I型,同时大保护结构具有向上平移趋势,相比于未切顶1巷,4 cm切顶2巷、8 cm切顶3巷与16 cm切顶4巷叠加应力峰值分别下降9.38%,28.13%,25.00%。结合巷道顶板岩性,最终确定切顶高度为8.2 m,留巷段采用三列单体液压支柱作巷旁支护,长短锚索超前补强,巷道围岩稳定,较好满足使用要求。

巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压锚杆防冲支护原理及工程实践

冲击地压是目前严重影响煤炭安全有效开采的灾害之一,研究锚杆防冲支护原理和技术对防治巷道冲击地压灾害具有重要意义和价值。通过对巷帮煤体整体冲入型冲击地压发生的地质条件以及破坏特征进行总结分析,认为坚硬顶板与坚硬煤层是此类型冲击地压的重要地质特征,而巷帮煤体整体滑脱是其主要冲击破坏特征。在此基础上,以巷帮滑脱煤体为研究对象,建立了顶板-巷道-底板复合结构体力学模型,建立了巷帮煤体发生水平滑移的极限平衡方程,并对各个参数进行分析。结果表明:由于顶板反弹使巷帮煤体竖直方向压力降低,巷帮煤体被构造应力推入巷道发生冲击地压。基于该发生机制模型,认为目前的锚杆支护设计体系在防治巷帮煤体冲入型冲击地压存在不足,并基于其发生和破坏特征,建立了针对巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压的锚杆防冲支护设计原则,即将顶和底帮锚杆锚固端分别穿层打入稳定的顶底板内,并使用长锚索取代中部帮锚杆,提供锚杆支护的防冲作用。基于新建立的锚杆防冲支护设计方法,以大屯矿区孔庄煤矿7305工作面防冲支护为工程背景,在宽煤柱段巷帮锚杆支护采取了防冲设计,帮顶、底部锚杆及补强锚索均锚固于顶底板内部,能够有效吸收煤体滑动动能,提高安全性。