Research advances in phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicology of oleanolic acid

Oleanolic acid(OA)is a pentacyclic triterpenoid chemical component that exists in natural plants with a molecular formula of C30H48O3 and a molecular weight at 456.71 g·mol-1.OA is widespread in traditional Chinese herbal medicine(Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,Achyranthis Bidentate Radix,Red Sage)and berries(blueberries,grapes).In recent years,because of the extensive pharmacological effects of OA,its advantages in disease treatment have become increasingly prominent and gradually attracted the attention of pharmaceutical researchers.OA has effective therapeutic effects on a series of chronic diseases such as inflammation,cancer,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases through multiple signaling pathways and various targets.Especially in cancers,such as colorectal cancer,liver cancer,gastric cancer,lung cancer,breast cancer and other malignancies,OA presents substantial efficacy.However,its poor aqueous solubility,needy bioavailability,and unsatisfactory pharmacological activity excessively restrict its clinical application.More importantly,the improper utilization of OA can cause adverse reactions,toxic effects and even damage to organs in some specific situations.With the discovery of various pharmacological effects,the complex action mechanisms of OA,the continuous progress in structural modification of OA,as well as the synthesis of OA derivatives,its application is expanding gradually.Among numerous studies,there is a clear indication that OA and its derivatives,if fully developed,may provide an alternative and cheaper treatment for a variety of chronic diseases.However,the specific molecular mechanisms of OA and its derivatives as an alternative therapy and supplementary therapy for cancer,diabetes,cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases remain to be clarified.Therefore,it is necessary to further study the pharmacokinetics,pharmacological activity,specific targets and related mechanisms of OA to lay a solid foundation for drug development and the application of OA in clinical settings.

Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology(CJPT)started its publication in 1986.It is amonthly and distributed to readers both at home and abroad.This journal is collaboratiyely sponsored by the Chinese Pharmacological Society,the Chinfese Society of Toxicology and BeijingInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology.This journal focuses on the presentation of the latestfindings in the fields of pharmacology and toxicology in order to promote academic exchangesworldwide and steer this sphere of research forward.

Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology of Marine

The natural alkaloids extracted from Chinese herbal medicine have shown high medicinal value in vivo and in vitro, such as bacteriostasis, anti-virus, anti-tumor and anti-inflammation. This paper focuses on matrine and reviews its action mechanism and toxicological action. It is concluded that the medicinal prospect of matrine is very broad, but more basic research and clinical trials are needed for more comprehensive evaluation.

Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology(CJPT)started its publication in 1986.It is a monthly and distributed to readers both at home and abroad.This journal is collaboratively sponsored by the Chinese Pharmacological Society,the Chinese Society of Toxicology and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology.This journal focuses on the presentation of the latest findings in the fields of pharmacology and toxicology in order to promote academic exchanges worldwide and steer this sphere of research forward.In line with the principles of precision,

Review on pharmacological and toxicologyical effects of oleum azadirachti oil

Oleum azadirachti consists of the oil obtained from dried seeds of Azadirachta indica A.Juss.(family:Meliaceae).Local names of Azadirachta indica A.Juss.are Abodua,aforo-oyinbo,anwe egyane,arista,azad dirakht,azadarakht,azedarach and bead tree.Indigenous to India,and widely distributed in South and South-East Asia and cultivated in Africa,the South Pacific Islands,South and Central America and Australia,and in southern Florida and California,United States of America,it is a straight-boled deciduous tree,which is 6-25 m high.Bark is dark-brown,externally fissured with a buff inner surface and fibrous fracture,Leaves alternately arranged,pinnately compound and up to 40 cm long,and composed of 8-18 short-petiolate narrow-ovate,pointed and curved toothed leaflets,3-10 cm long and 1-4 cm wide arranged in alternate pairs.The major constituents are oxidized tetranortriterpenes including azadirachtin(azadirachtin A),azadiriadione,epoxyazadiradione,azadirone,nimbidin,nimbin,deacelylnimbin,salannin,gedunin,mahmoodin,17-hydroxydiradione and related derivatives.It is of various medicinal uses,such as a contraceptive for intravaginal use,a mosquito repellent,and treatment of vaginal infections,treatment of gastric ulcers,cardiovascular disease,malaria,rheumatism and skin disorders,external applications for treatment of septic wounds,ulcers and boils,treatment of allergic skin reactions,asthma,bruises,colic,conjunctivitis,dysmenorrhoea,fever,gout,headache,itching due to varicella,kidney stones,leukorrhoea,psoriasis,scabies,sprains and muscular pain,and wounds.It is also used as an emmenagogue.tonic,stomatic and vermicide.In conclusion,the plant oil had antifertility,antihyperglycaemic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antiviral,antiulcer,estrogenic,immune,contraceptive,autibacterial,insect repellent,and skin treatment effects.

Call for Papers International Symposium on Toxicology Jointly Sponsored by the China Preventive Medical Association and the Chinese Pharmacological Society

The scientific program will consist of symposia and poster sessions. Topics related to theoretical and applied research in the domain of toxicology and toxicological studies on chemicals of public concern will be welcome. The presenter’s name, address, and telephone and FAX numbers should be submitted along with the title of the presentation and whether it is oral or poster. Deadline: April 15, 1990. Papers should be submitted to:

Traditional Chinese medicine of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,known as red sage or Danshen,is commonly applied in Chinese herbal therapeutics for various biological effects.In 25-220 C.E.,the earliest Chinese Materia Medica referred to as Shengong’s Classic of Materia Medica(Eastern Han Dynasty of China,200 C.E.)initially documented Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.Currently,Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is one of the most frequently prescribed traditional Chinese medicines in clinics for antidiabetic,antianxiety,antihypertensive,antidepressant,antilipidemic,antiarrhythmic,and anticancer effects.Undoubtedly,it is best known for improving and promoting blood circulation;thus,its recommendation for use in cardiovascular disorders.Regarding this article,important information was sourced both manually and electronically using patent compendium and databases,including Google Scholar,herbal plant monographs,Hindawi,PubMed,Embase,CNKI,pharmacopoeias,Springer,etc.Well-concise details and discussions on the botany,traditional medicinal uses,chemical constituents-phytochemistry,pharmacokinetics,pharmacology,and toxicology information are presented.In perspective,understanding the comprehensive information of the above-stated fields with regards to Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge would yield an additional positive knowledge on areas that need urgent attention and identify gaps in research and safety for future consideration.

A perspective on toxicology of Conus venom peptides

The evolutionarily unique and ecologically diverse family Conidae presents fundamental opportunities for marine pharmacology research and drug discovery.The focus of this investigation is to summarize the worldwide distribution of Conus and their species diversity with special reference to the Indian coast.In addition,this study will contribute to understanding the structural properties of conotoxin and therapeutic application of Conus venom peptides.Cone snails can inject a mix of various conotoxins and these venoms are their major weapon for prey capture,and may also have other biological purposes,and some of these conotoxins fatal to humans.Conns venoms contain a remarkable diversity of pharmacologically active small peptides;their targets are an iron channel and receptors in the neuromuscular system.Interspecific divergence is pronounced in venom peptide genes,which is generally attributed to their species specific biotic interactions.There is a notable interspecific divergence observed in venom peptide genes,which can be justified as of biotic interactions that stipulate species peculiar habitat and ecology of cone snails.There are several conopeptides used in clinical trials and one peptide(Ziconotide) has received FDA approval for treatment of pain.This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution of cone shells and focus on the molecular approach in documenting their taxonomy and diversity with special reference to geographic distribution of Indian cone snails,structure and properties of conopeptide and their pharmacological targets and future directions.

The Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Tou Tong Shen Xiao Dan

Tou Tong Shen Xiao Dan(TTSXD)consisted of traditional Chinese Medicines including:Chuanxion(Ligustici Chuanxiong),Hounghua(Salt lower),Taoren(Peach seed),Gouteng(Hooked Uncaria),Xixin(Herb Asari)and Baizhi(Dahurian angelica root)etc.The results of thepresent study showed that TTSXD had strong sedative and analgesic effects and could dilate thblood ves-sels,lower blood presure,increase cerebral blood flow(CBF),raise the ability to tolerate hypoxia.Improve the microcirculation,prevent platelet aggregation and reduce the visicosity of the wholeblood. Acute and subacute toxicological studies didn’t demonstrate toxic and side effects on livingbodies.

Traditional Chinese medicine Euodiae Fructus:botany,traditional use,phytochemistry,pharmacology,toxicity and quality control

Euodiae Fructus,referred to as“Wuzhuyu”in Chinese,has been used as local and traditional herbal medicines in many regions,especially in China,Japan and Korea,for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders,headache,emesis,aphtha,dermatophytosis,dysentery,etc.Substantial investigations into their chemical and pharmacological properties have been performed.Recently,interest in this plant has been focused on the different structural types of alkaloids like evodiamine,rutaecarpine,dehydroevodiamine and 1-methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone,which exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities in preclinical models,such as anticancer,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-cardiovascular disease,etc.This review summarizes the up-to-date and comprehensive information concerning the botany,traditional uses,phytochemistry,pharmacology of Euodiae Fructus together with the toxicology and quality control,and discusses the possible direction and scope for future research on this plant.

A review on the Pharmacology and Adverse Drug Reaction of Chaihu Herbal Injection

The Chaihu herbal injection was the first herbal injection to be developed and used in China,which has been used in clinic for more than 70 years.This injection is widely used to treat fever caused by influenza or common cold and malaria.However,there is an ongoing debate about the safety of the clinical use of Chaihu herbal injection in view of the large number of adverse drug reaction reports and literature in China.On May 29,2018,the China Food and Drug Administration issued a notice requiring to revise the instruction manual of Chaihu herbal injection,list"prohibit for children"under the taboo item,and add the warning"adverse reactions of this product include anaphylactic shock".The purpose of this review is to provide updated,comprehensive information on the pharmacology and adverse drug reaction of Chaihu herbal injection based on scientific literatures in the past few decades.

The present and future of quantum toxicology in China

This review introduced the concept of quantum toxicology,presented the adverse effects of light quantum on human being and recent developments in the study of quantum toxicology in China was also reported In the 70 s of last century,we began to apply quantum chemical calculation methods to study the mechanism of carcinogenesis,the anti-tumor mechanism of drugs and the structure-activity relationship of antitumor activity.In the future,we will use quantum mechanics,quantum biology,and quantum biochemistry to study the toxicity and mechanism of chemical compounds(include drugs).Quantum toxicology research is very important in environmental medicine and toxicology and should be paid attention.

Rhododendron Molle(Ericaceae):phytochemistry,pharmacology,and toxicology

Rhododendron molle G. Don, belonging to the Ericaceae family, is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This paper aimed to review the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of R. molle, and to discuss the tendency of future investigations on this plant. A systematic review of literature about R. molle was carried out using resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific data bases including CNKI, Pubmed, Sci Finder, Scopus, and Web of Science. Over 67 compounds, including diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and lignans, had been extracted and identified from R. molle. The extracts/monomers isolated from the root, flower and fruits of this plant were used as effective agents for treating pains, inflammatory diseases, hypertension, and pest, etc. In addition, diterpenes, such as rhodojaponin III, were considered as the toxic agents associated with the toxicities of this plant. These findings will be significant for the discovery of new drugs from this plant and full utilization of R. molle.

New progress of interdisciplinary research between network toxicology, quality markers and TCM network pharmacology

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been applied in treating various complex diseases for thousands of years,and has been widely known for its distinguished holistic therapeutic strategy.How to ensure the safety and lower the risk of toxic effects of TCM herbal formulae are of critical importance during the process of the modernization of TCM industry.Due to the complex composition of TCM herbal formulae and its sophisticated interaction between the biomolecules inside the body.

Phytochemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,and Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationship of Paridis Rhizome Saponin

The rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and P. polyphylla var. chinensis are used as traditional herbal medicines in many parts of China. The Paridis Rhizome saponin (PRS),as the active ingredient,has played an important role in hemostasis,antibacterial action,and inflammation counteraction,bearing some analogy to Gongxuening and Yunnanbaiyao in efficacy. Modern pharmacological experiments have proved that PRS possesses two main sapogenins: diosgenin and pennogenin,which could provide a lot of clinical treatment effects (anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,anti-apoptosis,anti-metastasis,and immunostimulant,etc.). In the past,several main steroid saponins have been studied in a number of randomized controlled trials for their effects and mechanisms mainly on antitumor performance. The extensive results have demonstrated that PRS was an effective group of active components to antitumor clinical trials. In this article,we reviewed the reported phytochemical,pharmacological,and toxicological properties of PRS and compared the structure-cytotoxicity relationship of PRS in antitumor effects.

Quantum Toxicological Research is Very Important,Which Should be Paid Attention

This review introduces the concept of quantum toxicology,its research methods,the adverse effects of quantum on human body,importance of quantum toxicology,the future development prospects and its role in pharmacology research. Quantum toxicology research is very important in pharmacology and toxicology,which should be paid attention.

Applications of radiotracer techniques for the pharmacology and toxicology studies of nanomaterials

With the rapid development of nanosciences and nanotechnology, a wide variety of manufactured nanomaterials are now used in commodities, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, biomedical products, and industries. While nanomaterials possess more novel and unique physicochemical properties than bulk materials, they also have an unpredictable impact on human health. In the pharmacology and toxicology studies of nanomaterials, it is essential to know the basic behavior in vivo, i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these newly designed materials. Radiotracer techniques are especially well suited to such studies and have got the chance to demonstrate their enchantment. In this paper, radiolabeling methods for carbon nanomaterials, metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles, etc. are summarized and the applications of the radiolabeled nanomaterials in pharmacology and toxicology studies are outlined.

Peperomia pellucida(L.) Kunth and eye diseases: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology

Peperomia pellucida(L.) Kunth is a medicinal plant used to manage inflammatory illnesses such as conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorders in tropical and subtropical regions.However, little is known about its pharmacological mechanism of action against eye diseases. This review aims to critically discuss the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of P. pellucida as well as its roles in the treatment of cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Recent developments in the uses of P. pellucida for healthcare and nutraceutical products by the pharmaceutical industry are also covered in this review. For this review, a literature search was performed with PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder Scholar and Scopus databases, using relevant keywords. Among the various phytochemicals identified from P. pellucida, β-caryophyllene, carotol, dillapiole, ellagic acid, pellucidin A, phytol and vitexin exhibit strong pharmacological activities within the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways in inflammatory eye diseases. The antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,antihyperglycemic and anti-angiogenic activities displayed by P. pellucida extracts in many in vitro,in vivo and clinical studies suggest its potential role in the management of inflammatory eye diseases.P. pellucida extract was non-toxic against normal cell lines but displayed mild toxicity in animal models.The growing public interest in P. pellucida has inspired the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries to process the plant into health products. Although the potential pharmacological mechanisms against eye diseases have been summarized, further studies of the interactions among constituent phytochemicals from P. pellucida within various signalling pathways shall support the use of the plant as an alternative therapeutic source.

A Review of the Pharmacology, Application, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Quality Control, Processing, Toxicology, and Pharmacokinetics of Paridis Rhizoma

Paridis Rhizoma(PR) is also known as the flower with seven leaves and one branch, PR with golden thread, etc. It tastes bitter, numb, and slightly cold and has little poison. It is often used for the treatment of external skin infection, sore throat, snake bite, fall pain, frightening convulsion, and other diseases. PR has analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and renal and liver protective effects;inhibition of angiogenesis;immune regulation;and antioxidant and cardiovascular effects, and antifertility and anti-early pregnancy sperm killing effects. Steroidal saponins, β-ecdysone, polysaccharides, microelements, flavonoid glycosides, and amino acids were isolated from PR. In this paper, its pharmacology, application, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics were reviewed. This information suggests that we should focus on the development of new drugs related to PR, including specific ingredients, so as to make PR play a greater therapeutic potential. At the same time, attention should be paid to the rational use of PR resources to avoid excessive using, resulting in resource shortage. Therefore, we can carry out the research on the substitutes of PR, a large-scale planting of(Paridis Rhizoma) PR, and develop the same genus of PR and other resources. So far, great progress has been made in pharmacology and phytochemistry, especially in antitumor research, and many traditional uses have been confirmed and clarified by modern pharmacological research. However, there are few studies on the mechanism of its pharmacological action and few studies on processing. To develop new drugs in the future, more studies and experiments are still needed to prove the effect of PR and explore more new effects.

以临床药学服务能力为导向的药物毒理学教学设计探讨

药物毒理学课程在医药学专业本科教育中日益重要。针对不同教学模块采用医学问题前移、刻意训练和切块拼接等教学设计提升学生对知识的掌握程度;通过药学服务实践、学科竞赛等第二课堂促进知识能力融合、技术素养共同进步,最终提升学生临床药学服务能力、为其奠定坚实的从业基础。