An Evaluation of Manure Management Strategies, Phosphorus Surface Runoff Potential and Water Usage at an Arkansas Discovery Dairy Farm

Manure management is an essential component of dairy production. Nutrient-laden, field-applied dairy manure often serves as a fertilizer source, but can also pose environmental threats if not properly managed. The Haak dairy farm, located in Decatur, Arkansas, was granted a permit by the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) to employ a unique method in treating and storing cattle manure generated during the milking process. This method includes minimizing water use in wash water, dry scraping solids to combine with sawdust for composting and pumping effluent underground into a sloped concrete basin that serves as secondary solid separator before transporting the manure effluent into an interception trench and an adjacent grassed field to facilitate manure nutrient uptake and retention. The Arkansas Discovery Farm program (ADF) is conducting research to evaluate the environmental performance of the dairy’s milk center wash water treatment system (MCWW) by statistical analysis, characterization of phosphorus (P) migration in soil downslope from the inception trench, temperature measurements, and nutrient analysis of a stored dry stack manure/sawdust mixture. Goals included determining possible composting effectiveness along with comparisons to untreated dairy manure and quantifying the use of on-farm water. Results from this research demonstrated that: 1) The MCWW was effective at retaining manure-derived nutrients and reducing field nutrient migration as the MCWW interception trench had significantly higher total nitrogen (TN) (804.2 to 4.1), total phosphorus (TP) (135.6 to 1.5), and water extractable phosphorus (WEP) (55.0 to 1.0) concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg⋅L-1) than the downhill freshwater pond respectively;2) temperature readings of the manure dry stack indicated heightened levels of microbial and thermal activity, but did not reach a standard composting temperature of 54°C;3) manure dry stack nutrient content was typically higher than untreated dairy manure when measured on a “dry basis” in ppm, but was lower on an “as is basis” in ppm and kg/metric ton;and 4) water meter readings showed that the greatest use of on-farm water was for farm-wide cattle drinking (18.77), followed by water used in the milking center (3.45) and then followed by human usage (0.02) measured in cubic meters per day (m3⋅d-1). These results demonstrate that practical innovations in agricultural engineering and environmental science, such as the Haak dairy’s manure treatment system, can effectively reduce environmental hazards that accompany the management of manure at this dairy operation.

Urban surface water system in coastal areas: A comparative study between Almere and Tianjin Eco-city

In the purpose of defining typical urban water management challenges in coastal lowlands in the context of global climate change, a comparative study was conducted between two coastal new towns respectively located in the Netherlands and Northern China. Comparative method is applied to define main functioning patterns of urban water systems in the two cases, then computer simulations were used to furthercompare drainage capacity in order to reveal the trends of urban water management. Major resulthas shown that Almere in the Netherlands generally more advanced in urban water management asmultiple functioning patterns are available.Strong dykes maintain competence for land subsidence and sea level rise. Open water system decreases local runoff and increaseswater retention level. Systematic control ofsluicesand locks which serve for shipping and waterfront landscaping are simultaneously isolating contaminants from outer water body. Tianjin Eco-city in China has shown both strengths and weaknesses. It takes large amount of reclaimed water as main landscaping water source, which adapts to local water pollution and shortage while requires highly centralized facilities. Large water body is reserved and huge scale underground drainage system built, but it is still vulnerable to heavy storms due to the lack of efficient surface water drainage system. Coastal line control does not adequately prevent from increasing storm surge risks in the future. SWMMsimulations have supported the viewpoint ofdistributed surface water with a higher efficiency for storm drainage. Meanwhile, surface water system returns more added values to urban development. The study is corresponding well with the theory of water sensitive city. As a conclusion, urban water system should always incorporate methods to achieve higher system resilience based on multiple functioning patterns.

Exploring effective policies for underground water management in artificial oasis: a system dynamics analysis of a case study of Yaoba Oasis

The development of oasis along the edge of the Tengerli Desert, where underground water is available, is one of the major strategies to reallocate 'ecological refuges' from their seriously degraded grasslands to agriculturally cultivable land. Yet, underground water resources, the major constraint, hate not been fully integrated in the development process. Therefore, the decline of water resources and deterioration of water quality caused by over-consumption of water resources has begun to hinder further development and has even fed to the abandonment of some oasis. A system dynamics modeling approach is applied to analyze the water use and water management structures in Yaoba Oasis as a case study. The study attempts to identify the characteristics of major feedback loops, which dominate the over-use of underground water resources leading to the deterioration of water resources in quantity and quality.

Assessment of the Effects of Poultry Litter on Surface Runoff Water Quality from Agricultural Lands

The use of pelletized poultry litter (PPL) as a substitute for inorganic fertilizers is increasingly being en-couraged in states like Delaware which have a considerable surplus of poultry litter. However, we know very little about the impacts of PPL on runoff water quality and whether it is an environmentally-sound and sus-tainable alternative to inorganic fertilizer. To address these questions we compared the exports of nutrients (NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P) and trace elements (As, Cu, and Zn) in surface runoff from agricultural plots receiving PPL, raw poultry litter (RPL), urea and no-fertilizer (control) treatments. The study was conducted on agricultural land located in Middletown, Delaware with corn as the cover crop. The experimental plots were 5 m wide and 12 m long with reduced tillage and no-tillage management practices. Sampling was con-ducted for six natural rainfall events from April through August 2008. Nutrient (NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P) exports from plots receiving PPL were less than those with urea or raw litter applications. While exports of trace elements from the PPL treatment exceeded those from urea, they were much lower than the corre-sponding exports from the RPL treatments. Mass exports of nutrients and trace elements were correlated with event size (rainfall amount) but were not correlated with timing of event (days since litter application). Results from this study suggest that the use of PPL in combination with no-tillage may provide an environ-mentally safe alternative to synthetic fertilizers.

Developing and introducing of the resourcesaving technologies into the water-supply systems of mining enterprises

The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.

A Numerical Solution for the Integrated Analysis of Water Resources Management: Application to the Mero River Watershed, La Coruña, Spain

This research is concerned with new developments and practical applications of a physically-based numerical model that incorporates new approaches for a finite elements solution to the steady/transient problems of the joint ground/surface water flows. Python scripts are implemented in Geographic Information System (GIS) to store, represent and take decisions on the simulated conditions related to the water resources management at the scale of the watershed. The proposed surface-subsurface model considers surface and groundwater interactions to be 2-D horizontally distributed and depth-averaged through a diffusive wave approach for surface flood routing. Infiltration rates, overland flows and evapotranspiration processes are considered by a diffuse discharge from surface water, non-saturated subsoil and groundwater table. Recent developments also allow for the management of surface water flow control through the capacity of diversion on river beds, spillways and outflow operations of floodgates in weirs and dams of reservoirs. Practical application regards the actual hydrology of the Mero River watershed, with two important water bodies mainly concerned with the water resources management at the Cecebre Reservoir and the present flooding of a deep coal mining excavation. The MELEF model (Modèle d’éLéments Fluides, in French) was adapted and calibrated during a period of five years (2008/ 2012) with the help of hydrological parameters, registered flow rates, water levels and registered precipitation, water uses and water management operations in surface and groundwater bodies. The results predict the likely evolution of the Cecebre Reservoir, the flow rates in rivers, the flooding of the Meirama open pit and the local water balances for different hydrological components.

Application of a Groundwater Classification System and GIS Mapping System for the Lower Ruby Valley Watershed, Southwest Montana

Classification of groundwater conditions at the watershed scale synthesizes landscape hydrology, provides a mapped summary of groundwater resources, and supports water management decisions. The application of a recently developed watershed-scale groundwater classification methodology is applied and evaluated in the 100,000 hectare lower Ruby Valley watershed of southwestern Montana. The geologic setting, groundwater flow direction, aquifer productivity, water quality, anthropogenic impact to water levels, depth to groundwater, and the degree of connection between groundwater and surface water are key components of the classification scheme. This work describes the hydrogeology of the lower Ruby Valley watershed and illustrates how the classification system is applied to assemble, analyze, and summarize groundwater data. The classification process provides information in summary tables and maps of seamless digital overlays prepared using geographical information system (GIS) software. Groundwater conditions in the watershed are classified as low production bedrock aquifers in the mountainous uplands that recharge the moderate productivity basin-fill sediments. Groundwater levels approach the surface near the Ruby River resulting in sufficient groundwater discharge to maintain stream flow during dry, late summer conditions. The resulting classification data sets provide watershed managers with a standardized organizational tool that represents groundwater conditions at the watershed scale.

Rainwater harvesting to alleviate water scarcity in dry conditions:A case study in Faria Catchment,Palestine

In arid and semi-arid regions, the availability of adequate water of appropriate quality has become a limiting factor for development. This paper aims to evaluate the potential for rainwater harvesting in the arid to semi-arid Faria Catchment, in the West Bank, Palestine. Under current conditions, the supply-demand gap is increasing due to the increasing water demands of a growing population with hydrologically limited and uncertain supplies. By 2015, the gap is estimated to reach 4.5 x 106 m3. This study used the process-oriented and physically-based TRAIN-ZIN model to evaluate two different rainwater harvesting techniques during two rainfall events. The analysis shows that there is a theoretical potential for harvesting an additional 4 x 106 m3 of surface water over the entire catchment. Thus, it is essential to manage the potential available surface water supplies in the catchment to save water for dry periods when the supply-demand gap is comparatively high. Then a valuable contribution to bridging the supply-demand gap can be made.

Drainage Management Problems Evaluation: Case Study Baloza and EL-Farama Drains, North Sinai, Egypt

Drainage management activities aim at maintaining the performance of drainage networks by assessing the major drainage management problems regarding sedimentation, bank erosion, vegetation, water quality, and biodiversity, to find appropriate solutions for channel improvement in order to increase agricultural productivity and maintain agricultural land and the surrounding environment. In this research, we evaluate the drainage management problems to the surface drains Baloza and EL-Farama in the cultivated Tina Plain region (21,000 hectares) North Sinai, Egypt to provide an accurate data to help decision-makers to know the status of maintenance of the watercourses and the need for improvement. For this, Intensive field investigations were carried out regarding a hydrographic survey of the actual drains cross-section using total station and aqua sounder devices, visual stream bank erosion survey, and vegetation survey. In addition, monthly water samples from the drainage water were treated and analyzed for physical and chemical, bacteriological related indices. The results showed, the studied drains suffer from sedimentation, vegetation infection, and bank erosion in some reaches and need remedy. Estimated sedimentation in EL-Farama Drain was 34369 m3/year and in Baloza Drain 29153 m3/year;bank slope failures upstream and downstream pump stations were recorded;the average weed infection ratio for both drains was 30%. The results of water quality parameters showed acceptable concentrations for BOD, DO, NO3, and total coliform according to Egypt decree, 92/2013 for the protection of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, except TDS (more than 10,000 mg/L). The drainage water was classified as high saline and it was unacceptable for irrigation. Therefore, the author recommends to remove sedimentation and vegetation every 2 years by mechanical methods, applying gabions lining to prevent bank erosion, and treating drainage water using wetland system and utilizing the treated wastewater in fish farming.

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnO_x filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium（NH4~＋）removal,contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently,due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period.Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater（Filter-N）and surface water（Filter-S）treatment.Two types of source water（groundwater and surface water）were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials.Although the same initiating method was used,Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S.The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,and compositional analysis.XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S.Furthermore,the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S（FS-MnOx）was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N（FN-MnOx）.Mn（IV）was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOxand Mn（III）was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx.The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride（PAFC）used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx.This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.

浅谈水平衡测试在地下开采矿山企业的应用分析

针对某地下开采矿山企业开展的水平衡测试工作进行分析总结,根据测试结果提出了相关改进建议,为企业进一步发掘自身用水潜能、完善用水管理体系、提升合理用水水平提供参考。

基于改进YOLOX的水库水面漂浮物目标检测算法

针对目前水库水面小目标漂浮物检测识别精度低的问题,提出基于改进YOLOX的水库水面漂浮物目标检测算法。此算法引入新型dark2模块融入主干网络并拓展主干网络的分支输出结构,提升主干网络对图片的特征提取能力。在此基础上,提出改进特征融合模块(ZL-FPN),用于增强特征图信息融合,提高对水库水面小目标漂浮物的检测精度。结果表明:改进后算法的mAP值比YOLOv4和原YOLOX算法分别提升了29.93%和12.11%,有效提升了水库水面漂浮物检测精度。研究成果可为提升水库智能化管理水平提供有效技术支撑。

Surface Flood and Underground Flood in Xiangxi River Karst Basin： Characteristics, Models, and Comparisons

Xiangxi River Basin, located in western Hubei Province in central China, is a karst ridge-trough area with an inhomogeneous and complicated distribution of water resources. This paper compares the characteristics of surface and subsurface floods in this karst basin, utilizing a one-parameter Darcian model and the traditional exponential model. The observed hydrographs and inferred water components are strikingly similar for surface and subsurface floods. The Darcian model and the exponential model are based on different views of the flood generation process, with the former fitting the entire hydrograph with a single time constant, and the latter fitting only the recession limb with multiple time constants. Due to the anisotropy and heterogeneity of karst media, a combination of physical and chemical techniques including the use of 3S（remote sensing, geographical information system, global positioning system） method is proposed for an enhanced hydrological investigation to assess and characterize karst water resources in mountainous areas.

某桥梁锚碇区地表水-地下水交互作用下涌水量预测

工程建设中地下水与地表水的交互作用对建设区域水位变化、水流情况、水质问题等水文地质条件与工程设施的建设及运行具有重要影响。本文以某桥梁锚碇区基础工程为研究对象,综合分析区域工程地质条件,基于水位监测结果揭示地表水与地下水交互作用,综合抽水试验确定的渗透系数,对基坑不同季节涌水量进行预测。结果显示:基坑平均总涌水量Q在高枯水位达到248643.03 m^(3)/d,常态枯水水位在232355.12 m^(3)/d,低位枯水为221667.78 m^(3)/d。雨季低位洪水基坑总涌水量为277195.44 m^(3)/d,常态洪水为287451.68 m^(3)/d,高位洪水位为368451.04 m^(3)/d;在地表水与地下水交互作用下,该锚碇基坑涌水量极大,实施单纯的降水方案不但风险大且无法保证长时间维持,难以保障锚碇基础安全施工,需根据实际工程情况设计合理施工方案。本研究对类似工程涌水量预测具有一定参考意义。

地下水-地表水集成模型研究进展

地下水-地表水交互过程涉及物质运移与能量传输,对流域水文生态环境有着直接影响,已成为近年来水文地质等领域的研究热点。研究表明,地下水-地表水集成模型是研究地下水与地表水交互的有效手段。通过回顾近年来地下水-地表水集成模型的相关研究,概述了地下水-地表水集成模型分类、模型误差来源、模型应用、面临挑战与发展趋势等5方面内容。其中,地下水-地表水集成模型根据耦合方案可分为完全耦合模型和松散耦合模型;模型误差来源主要包括地形处理方案、驱动数据、模型参数化方案、人为因素和认知的有限性等5类;目前,集成模型广泛应用于气候变化和人类活动影响下的地下水-地表水规律变化以及水资源管理与优化配置方面的研究。随着水文学研究的深入发展,地下水-地表水集成模型面临着基础数据需求增大、硬件平台要求提高、模拟范围难以准确把握和学科交叉趋势明显等挑战;未来集成模型将向拓宽参数获取渠道、提高模型计算效率和加强不同学科融合等方面发展。

Operating conditions combination analysis method of optimal water management state for PEM fuel cell

The water content of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)affects the transport of reactants and the conductivity of the membrane.Effective water management measures can improve the performance and extend the lifespan of the fuel cell.The water management state of the stack is influenced by various external operating conditions,and optimizing the combination of these conditions can improve the water management state within the stack.Considering that the stack's internal resistance can reflect its water management state,this study first establishes an internal resistance-operating condition model that considers the coupling effect of temperature and humidity to determine the variation trend of total resistance and stack humidity with single-factor operating conditions.Subsequently,the water management state optimization method based on the ANN-HGPSO algorithm is proposed,which not only quantitatively evaluates the influence weights of different operating conditions on the stack's internal resistance but also efficiently and accurately obtains the optimal combination of five operating conditions:working temperature,anode gas pressure,cathode gas pressure,anode gas humidity,and cathode gas humidity to achieve the optimal water management state in the stack,within the entire range of current densities.Finally,the response surface experimental results of the stack also validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the ANN-HGPSO algorithm.The method mentioned in this article can provide effective strategies for efficient water management and output performance optimization control of PEMFC stacks.

园子沟煤矿顶板离层突水机制及地面井下联合防治技术

园子沟煤矿隶属黄陇侏罗系煤田永陇矿区,地处鄂尔多斯盆地中南部,主要水害类型为离层突水。采用钻孔冲洗液漏失量和钻孔电视观测方法,通过设计采前和采后对比钻孔,确定了2号煤层综放开采工作面裂采比;为了确保1012102工作面的安全回采,根据采动覆岩破坏实测成果和岩层地质结构特征,基于关键层理论和薄板理论,评价离层发育层位、离层突水及溃泥溃砂的危险性;针对该类离层突水具有滞后性、周期性且伴随溃砂、顶板来压等次生灾害的特点,提出了基于地面直通式泄水孔和井下疏放水孔联合的离层水治理技术。研究结果表明:该地质和采矿条件下裂采比为23.68,在洛河组、宜君组及安定组均具备形成离层的条件,且离层空腔体积大,矿井主要受顶板离层水害的威胁,一旦发生突水将会携带泥沙;通过以地面泄水孔为主,井下泄水孔为辅,结合地面泄水孔风流、水位数据观测及回采过程中地面电法补充探测,实现了对覆岩离层水进行全方位监测,形成了离层水的预控技术体系,保证了矿井的安全回采。

污染地下水风险管控技术应用

本研究依托电解铝企业历史遗留环境问题,结合渣场及周边的环境调查、地质条件、水文特征、污染途径,对地下水污染进行预测模拟,对现行污染地下水及土壤风险管控技术从优缺点、场地适应性、施工方案、可实施性、工程造价等方面进行详细比选,择优以削源+阻隔+渗滤液抽出处理技术相结合,实现对渣场污染地下水及土壤风险管控。本案例实施可为污染地下水及土壤管控治理提供思路和借鉴,更好地解决遗留生态环保问题。

柴达木盆地红旗沟-深水潭金矿防治水对策

对五龙沟矿区红旗沟-深水潭金矿工业场地分布、排水系统现状、水文地质条件等情况进行研究,分析工业场地选址、矿床开采的保护与检测措施、排土场布置等设施的安全可靠性。采用大井法和比拟法计算矿山所需总排水量,按照相关规范标准改进设计排土场排水截洪沟和各采区的井下防排水系统,并对排水沟排水能力进行验算,科学合理提出地表及井下突发涌水的防治措施,有助于预防发生矿井透水等矿山安全生产事故,保障矿山安全生产施工作业。

地下水封石油洞库建设管理过程中关键点控制探讨

目前,用于储存原油、成品油、液化石油气等介质的地下水封洞库工程陆续建设,工程发展呈现储存规模大型化、储存介质多样化的趋势。地下水封石油洞库作为一种安全、经济、环保的储存方式,逐渐在世界范围内得到广泛应用。基于此,文章分析地下水封石油洞库的特点及建设要求,从优化设计方案、把控施工质量、强化安全管理等方面总结建设管理过程中的核心控制点,同时强调科学合理的施工组织设计和严格的过程监控,从而为类似工程的建设管理提供有益的参考和借鉴。