Deformation mechanism and collapse treatment of the rock surrounding a shallow tunnel based on on-site monitoring

When tunnels are constructed at shallow depths in areas with poor geological conditions,such as portal sections,valleys and hillsides in regions with granitic bedrock,considerable excavation-induced deformation of the surrounding rock may occur,potentially resulting in tunnel collapses.The main reason for these problems is the lack of understanding of the deformation mechanism and evolution of the soft granitic rock surrounding the tunnel and the adoption of inappropriate construction technology and methods.This article analyzes the deformation mechanism of the rock surrounding a shallow tunnel based on in situ monitoring data as a case study and suggests that certain measures should be taken to effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock and to minimize the potential for tunnel collapse.The results show that the deformation of the granitic soil surrounding the tunnel can be divided into three stages:the rapid deformation stage,the slow deformation stage and the stabilization stage.Appropriate construction methods should be carefully selected to ensure safety during tunnel excavation in the first stage.To avoid secondary disasters caused by tunnel collapses,three treatment measures may be implemented as part of safety management:enhancing the monitoring of the surrounding rock deformation,adjusting the construction methods and optimizing the support systems.In particular,accurate monitoring data and timely information feedback play a vital role in tunnel construction.Therefore,engineers with considerable engineering experience and professional knowledge are needed to analyze the monitoring data and make accurate predictions of tunnel deformation to ensure that reasonable measures are taken in the process of shallow tunnel excavation.

Numerical analysis and field monitoring tests on shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock

The Jianpudong No. 4 tunnel is a shallow tunnel, which belongs to Shaoshan County scenic highway in Hunan province, China and whose surrounding rock is weak. According to its characteristics, the field monitoring tests and numerical analysis were done. The mechanical characteristics of shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock and the stress-strain rule of surrounding rock and support were analyzed. The numerical analysis results show that the settlement caused by upper bench excavating accounts for 44% of the total settlement, and the settlement caused by tunnel upper bench supporting accounts for 56% of the total settlement. The maximum axial force of shotcrete lining is 177.2 k N, which locates in hance under the secondary lining. The maximum moment of shotcrete lining is 5.08 k N·m, which locates in the arch foot. The stress curve of steel arch has three obvious stages during the tunnel construction. The maximum axial force of steel arch is 297.4 k N, which locates in tunnel vault. The axial forces of steel arch are respectively 23.5 k N and-21.8 k N, which is influenced by eccentric compression of shallow tunnel and locates in hance. The results show that there is larger earth pressure in tunnel vault which is most unfavorable position of steel arch. Therefore, the advance support should be strengthened in tunnel vault during construction process.

Non-contact monitoring and analysis system for tunnel surrounding rock deformation of underground engineering

It is very important to monitor surrounding rock deformation in tunnel construction. The principle, function, development and application of the system composed of a total station and computer for monitoring and analyzing surrounding rock deformation were discussed. The new methods of two free station of 3D measurement and its mathematic adjustment mode were presented. The development of software for total station on-board and post for computer were also described. Without centering it and measuring its height, the total station controlled by the software on-board can fulfill the whole measurements to target points. Monitoring data can be processed by the post software and results of regression analysis, forecasting information of the tunnel surrounding rock deformation can be provided in time. The practical use shows that this system is practicable, highly accurate and efficient. It satisfies the needs of safety and information construction in tunnel construction of underground engineering.

MEASUREMENT AND RESEARCH OF SURROUNDING ROCK PRESSURE OF DEEP SHAFT

The whole depth measuring plan and its implementation method of surrounding rock mass pressure on the wall′s of a shafts are described, which is in Suncun Coal Mine with a depth of 1 000 m.Then with the combination of data processing, it is discussed the effects of such factors on the distribution law of shaft surrounding rock pressures as rock quality,burying depth, end effect due to excavating, rock stratum dip, shaft wall structure form and regression formulae relating to the shafts surrounding rock pressures as well as to several other factors.And finally, the measured results were verified according to the comparison between analyses of stress strain of side walls and side wall strain measurements.

Blasting cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass based on sonic wave measurement

The principle of sonic wave measurement was introduced, and cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass under blasting load were studied by in situ test, using RSM-SY5 intelligent sonic wave apparatus. The blasting test was carried out for ten times at some tunnels of Changba Lead-Zinc Mine. The damage depth of surrounding rock caused by old blasting excavation （0.8-1.2 m） was confirmed. The relation between the cumulative damage degree and blast times was obtained. The results show that the sonic velocity decreases gradually with increasing blast times, hut the damage degree （D） increases. The damage cumulative law is non-linear. The damage degree caused by blast decreases with increasing distance, and damage effects become indistinct. The blasting damage of rock mass is anisotropic. The damage degree of rock mass within charging range is maximal. And the more the charge is, the more severe the damage degree of rock mass is. The test results provide references for researches of mechanical parameters of rock mass and dynamic stability analysis of underground chambers.

山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故区域应力背景与防控研究

矿山巷道、交通隧道等地下硐室围岩稳定与岩体所处区域地应力环境息息相关。分析区域深部地应力与地下硐室走向、形状等因素的关系,有助于提前规避硐室开挖风险。文章以山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故为背景,通过地应力测量与监测工作,初步揭示了山东西部地壳浅表层现今地应力环境,结合龙郓煤业矿区附近现今地应力场特征,探讨此次冲击地压事故产生的区域应力背景,并从地应力角度提出相应的防控建议。研究结果表明:测量深度范围内主应力大小总体上与深度成正比线性关系,最大水平主应力值为3.48~20.76 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0182 MPa/m;最小水平主应力值为3.44~14.95 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0130 MPa/m;区内最大水平主应力方位为北东43°~89°,平均方位为北东75°;地壳浅表层构造作用以水平构造作用为主,但随着深度的增加,逐渐向垂直构造作用转变;龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故的诱发机制主要是垂向应力大于水平主应力,现今处于拉张应力环境,尤其是巷道走向平行于最大水平主应力方向;建议龙郓煤业巷道轴线与最大水平主应力方向的夹角为60°~90°,同时巷道顶板可以采用拱形顶板,确保巷道岩体稳定。

基于微震监测的深部下分层巷道掘进围岩破坏特征研究

针对分层采场内掘进巷道利用微震有效实施围岩破坏监测的难题,以淮南矿区潘二煤矿12221下分层掘进工作面为工程背景,开展了下分层开采巷道掘进微震监测研究,提出了相应的随掘微震监测方法,分析了分层开采条件下巷道掘进围岩破坏特征。结果表明,以所提出的等距交错往复式随掘方法搭建微震监测系统能够实现对现场破裂信号的有效拾取,巷道掘进过程中微震事件以地质结构为界线呈现阶段性分布特征,也验证了方法的合理性;同时,受上分层采动影响下的巷道围岩破坏呈现蝴蝶形分布(10 m),在掘进巷道两帮围岩的肩颈位置呈现出较大范围的破坏(15~20 m)。研究结果可望为微震监测技术应用及巷道围岩支护提供一定指导。

基于多要素钻进信息的围岩分级方法研究

本研究以交通部科技示范项目“三峡库区奉建高速公路”为背景,开展基于随钻参数的围岩智能分级方法研究,取得以下主要成果:(1)通过现场试验共收集1000个围岩分级指标,建立了围岩智能分级数据样本库;(2)建立了基于SVR与PSO-BP算法的围岩分级指标预测模型,使用样本库训练并实现了基于随钻参数的围岩智能分级;(3)模型预测结果显示,PSO-BP模型的预测值在真实值拟合参考线上的偏离程度小于SVR模型,尤其是在最大误差方面,PSO-BP模型表现出更小的偏离,显示出更高的拟合精度,尤其在预测完整性系数时,PSO-BP模型预测精度更高。

深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

锚杆-围岩结构的耦合振动和减振

锚杆支护是隧道施工中常见的支护手段,而随着施工工况日趋复杂,锚杆与围岩的组合结构也承受着各类动力荷载的影响。针对隧道中单根锚杆的受力特性有较多研究,而对于锚杆和围岩组合体的动力特性研究较少。对锚杆-围岩结构进行整体分析,简化出一种巷道顶板锚杆支护模型,结合动力学双梁理论,建立并求解出模型动力学方程;运用MATLAB软件进行数值模拟,研究不同支护参数下结构的自振特性以及在外荷载作用下的动力响应,提出减振措施;利用有限元软件GTS NX建立二维模型,验证支护体系的安全性。结果表明:锚杆-围岩结构的动力特性与锚固段长度、锚杆间距和锚杆直径有关。在所建模型中,随着锚固段长度与锚杆间距的适当增加,结构动力响应明显减弱;随着锚杆直径的变化,结构动力特性的变化情况较复杂,结构不同部位的动力响应变化趋势差别较大。

土石交界地层隧道双侧壁导坑法施工围岩压力与变形研究

为探究土石交界地层双侧壁导坑法施工围岩变形与压力分布规律,通过现场监测对白塔山隧道围岩压力与收敛沉降变形进行研究分析。结果表明:下台阶施工易导致拱腰和拱脚围岩压力产生突变,最大增量可达70%,而对拱肩影响较小;相较于岩石地层,黄土层稳定性差,更易受隧道施工扰动影响导致围岩变形大、稳定距离长,黄土层稳定距离比岩石层长4~9 m;土石交界地层围岩压力呈现快速增加→缓慢增加→逐渐稳定的变化趋势,在快速增长阶段岩石层荷载释放率高达80%,大于黄土层荷载释放率;断面围压分布呈现出明显的不对称性,表现为“黄土侧大,岩石侧小”的分布规律。因此,双侧壁导坑法下穿土石交界地层时,建议在下台阶工序交替时保留部分土体进行反压控制,并提高下台阶锚杆布设密度,黄土层应做好超前支护预加固,并提高初期支护强度。

祁东煤矿厚硬顶板回采巷道锚杆(索)式主动超前支护技术及应用

针对我国当前被动式超前支护为主的超前支护形式难以匹配回采工作面自动化、少人化与智能化发展趋势这一问题,以8237工作面机巷为研究对象,提出了回采巷道主动式超前支护技术:在两巷超前区域采用主动式支护工艺,通过顶板损伤特征原位测试进行现场评估,采用FLAC^(3D)软件对比分析了无支护,无超前支护和主动式超前支护不同方案支护时的围岩应力演化与变形过程。矿压监测结果表明:巷道顶板最大下沉量32 mm,锚索受力最大变化量7 kN;主动式超前支护可显著提高围岩结构稳定性,确保工作面回采期间安全。

深埋引水隧洞安全监测数据分析

安全监测在地下引水隧洞工程施工过程中发挥着重要作用,监测数据可真实反映开挖施工过程中围岩变形过程和应力变化情况。东疆调水工程KSVII标地下隧洞埋深超深,开挖过程中施工支洞与上游主平洞、下游主平洞相互交叉,且交叉段洞室跨度较大,地质条件差,围岩应力结构复杂。为了分析调水工程深埋引水隧洞围岩变形、应力分布规律和发展特征,通过安装埋设监测仪器及时获取安全监测数据资料,在监测数据资料分析的基础上,分析围岩变形和应力变化情况,结果表明:围岩位移变形与围岩内部应力变化趋势基本吻合,监测仪器数值受开挖施工影响,围岩应力释放,围岩结构发生蠕变影响仪器测值变化速率持续增加;随着洞室全断面开挖完成,围岩应力重新调整,逐步向临空面释放,导致后续监测过程中监测值出现不同程度的增加或波动,待围岩应力调整完成后,监测值逐渐趋于稳定;开挖施工过程中应减少对围岩的扰动,同时及时支护,以便保障工程施工安全。研究成果可有效的指导现场开挖施工,保障工程施工安全。

地下水封洞库施工期洞室围岩变形松弛典型特征与规律

基于地下水封洞库工程特征与典型洞库工程实例,整理分析大量洞室围岩内部变形、表层变形、波速与锚杆应力等监测数据.结果表明:预埋的多点位移计测点位移主要为0.5~3.0 mm,收敛位移监测值主要为4~8 mm,拱顶沉降监测值主要为3~6 mm,围岩时效变形不明显;围岩变形与爆破开挖有关,当掌子面或后续台阶开挖面接近监测断面时,变形出现陡增;围岩质量越差,开挖面空间效应越不明显.提出洞室围岩损失位移确定方法,发现损失位移占最终收敛位移50%~60%;基于波速变化率提出围岩松弛程度评价指标,发现围岩最大松弛程度约为0.47,松弛深度为1.5 m;洞室围岩锚杆受力普遍较小,锚杆拉应力与围岩变形基本同步变化.

基于光纤光栅传感技术的深部巷道围岩状态精准表征

巷道围岩的变形和破坏是制约煤炭安全、高效生产的主要因素之一,精准的巷道围岩变形和破坏监测对确保煤炭资源安全开采具有重要意义,但传统监测技术难以满足目前巷道围岩精确监测的要求。为探索巷道围岩监测新的方法,针对采动影响下深部巷道围岩变形精准表征难题,结合淮北矿区杨柳煤矿1034工作面回采巷道工程地质条件,利用准分布式光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术,开展工作面回采过程中的巷道深浅部围岩动态变形特征实验研究。研究结果表明:回风巷两帮光纤应变变化存在较大差异,实体煤侧沿水平方向发生拉伸变形,煤柱侧因采动影响局部产生压缩变形且实体煤侧变形量是煤柱侧的两倍;随着工作面逐渐靠近监测位置,巷道围岩变形预演剧烈。工作面回采超前支承压力对于巷道围岩深部的影响越来越弱,围岩产生的应变也越来越小,应变峰值集中在孔深3~4 m;光纤光栅的应变分布与地层岩性相互对应,在弹性模量较小、岩性较软的泥岩中,光纤处于拉伸状态应变值较大,在弹性模量较大、硬度较高的细砂岩中,光纤处于压缩状态应变值较小。准分布式光纤传感技术能够实现在工作面回采过程中巷道围岩变形全过程监测,为深部巷道变形破坏的精准表征提供依据。研究成果可为后续巷道围岩状态感知提供参考与借鉴。

基于自感知纤维增强复合材料锚杆的隧道围岩松动圈识别

隧道围岩变形和松动圈厚度是隧道结构设计的重要考虑因素和安全运营的重要参考依据,现有的松动圈识别方法和隧道围岩变形测量手段多停留在检测层面,缺乏长期实时监测方法.为此,研发内嵌光纤的自感知纤维增强复合材料(FRP)锚杆,提出基于内嵌光纤自感知FRP锚杆的隧道围岩智能监测系统,可以实现对围岩变形立体化、全天候的实时监测;结合监测数据与理论分析,提出隧道围岩松动圈的识别方法,并将该智能监测方法应用于广汕高铁陈塘隧道.研究结果表明:自感知FRP锚杆能够精准探知现场施工对围岩变形的影响规律,型钢钢架对隧道围岩的支护作用较为突出;监测数据可以实时反映自感知锚杆的受力规律,从而准确识别隧道不同位置围岩的松动圈厚度;基于自感知FRP锚杆的隧道围岩智能监测系统将在隧道运营过程中持续、实时监测隧道围岩的变形,为隧道全生命周期的结构安全提供高技术保障.

高应力破碎围岩支护—注浆协同控制技术研究与应用

为解决高应力环境下松软破碎围岩巷道掘进和维护期间变形大、矿压显现强烈的问题,以王坡煤矿3211孤岛面回采巷道为研究背景,对巷道现场地质力学参数和围岩变形状况进行现场调研,分析了该区域巷道变形破坏的原因,结合现场围岩状况提出“长短全锚索支护+深浅孔注浆”的协同控制技术,并在3211回顺绕道延伸段进行工业性试验。在现场进行工业性试验后,对注浆加固后的巷道围岩进行钻孔窥视和持续围岩监测。结果表明,采用长、短锚索分层联合支护可有效控制该区域围岩变形,采用的深浅孔注浆加固能使浆液充分填补裂隙形成稳定结构,有效改善围岩的完整性;协同控制后围岩的移近量较注浆前减小79%,提高了巷道围岩的稳定性。

大断面软弱围岩隧道施工方法研究

为了解决大断面软弱围岩隧道的施工技术难题,以G30连霍高速公路某隧道工程实例为依托,通过现场隧道拱顶下沉、周边收敛及支护结构受力的监控量测情况,开展大断面软弱围岩隧道合理施工方法的研究。结果表明:微台阶环形开挖预留核心土法能够保证隧道施工安全、质量、进度要求,满足项目建设需要。

微震监测在矿井突水预警中的研究进展及展望

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