The Firefighter Problem on a graph can be viewed as a simplified model of the spread of contagion,fire,rumor,computer virus,etc.The fire breaks out at one or more vertices in a graph at the first round,and the firefig...The Firefighter Problem on a graph can be viewed as a simplified model of the spread of contagion,fire,rumor,computer virus,etc.The fire breaks out at one or more vertices in a graph at the first round,and the firefighter chooses some vertices to protect.The fire spreads to all non-protected neighbors at the beginning of each time-step.The process stops when the fire can no longer spread.The Firefighter Problem has attracted considerable attention since it was introduced in 1995.In this paper we provide a survey on recent research progress of this field,including algorithms and complexity,Firefighter Problem for special graphs(finite and infinite)and digraphs,surviving rate and burning number of graphs.We also collect some open problems and possible research subjects.展开更多
Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarp...Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma(rHCC)is a common outcome after curative treatment.Retreatment for rHCC is recommended,but no guidelines exist.AIM To compare curative treatments such as repeated hepatecto...BACKGROUND Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma(rHCC)is a common outcome after curative treatment.Retreatment for rHCC is recommended,but no guidelines exist.AIM To compare curative treatments such as repeated hepatectomy(RH),radiofrequency ablation(RFA),transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and liver transplantation(LT)for patients with rHCC after primary hepatectomy by conducting a network meta-analysis(NMA).METHODS From 2011 to 2021,30 articles involving patients with rHCC after primary liver resection were retrieved for this NMA.The Q test was used to assess heterogeneity among studies,and Egger’s test was used to assess publication bias.The efficacy of rHCC treatment was assessed using disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS).RESULTS From 30 articles,a total of 17,11,8,and 12 arms of RH,RFA,TACE,and LT subgroups were collected for analysis.Forest plot analysis revealed that the LT subgroup had a better cumulative DFS and 1-year OS than the RH subgroup,with an odds ratio(OR)of 0.96(95%CI:0.31-2.96).However,the RH subgroup had a better 3-year and 5-year OS compared to the LT,RFA,and TACE subgroups.Hierarchic step diagram of different subgroups measured by the Wald test yielded the same results as the forest plot analysis.LT had a better 1-year OS(OR:1.04,95%CI:0.34-03.20),and LT was inferior to RH in 3-year OS(OR:10.61,95%CI:0.21-1.73)and 5-year OS(OR:0.95,95%CI:0.39-2.34).According to the predictive P score evaluation,the LT subgroup had a better DFS,and RH had the best OS.However,meta-regression analysis revealed that LT had a better DFS(P<0.001)as well as 3-year OS(P=0.881)and 5-year OS(P=0.188).The differences in superiority between DFS and OS were due to the different testing methods used.CONCLUSION According to this NMA,RH and LT had better DFS and OS for rHCC than RFA and TACE.However,treatment strategies should be determined by the recurrent tumor characteristics,the patient’s general health status,and the care program at each institution.展开更多
Objective:To explore the clinical effect of modified treatment after finger replantation and its impact on the survival rate of replantation.Methods:The research was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023.A total of ...Objective:To explore the clinical effect of modified treatment after finger replantation and its impact on the survival rate of replantation.Methods:The research was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023.A total of 58 patients who underwent finger replantation at our hospital were selected.These patients were divided into two groups using the digital table grouping method:the research group(n=29)and the control group(n=29).Patients in the control group received standard treatment following finger replantation,while patients in the study group received modified treatment after the procedure.The incidence of vascular crisis and the survival rate of replantation were compared between the two groups.Results:The incidence of vascular crisis in the study group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05);the replantation survival rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified treatment after replantation of severed fingers can reduce the incidence of vascular crisis replantation and improve the survival rate of replantation,so it should be popularized and applied in medical institutions.展开更多
The screening of colorectal cancer(CRC)is pivotal for both the prevention and treatment of this disease,significantly improving early-stage tumor detection rates.This advancement not only boosts survival rates and qua...The screening of colorectal cancer(CRC)is pivotal for both the prevention and treatment of this disease,significantly improving early-stage tumor detection rates.This advancement not only boosts survival rates and quality of life for patients but also reduces the costs associated with treatment.However,the adoption of CRC screening methods faces numerous challenges,including the technical limitations of both noninvasive and invasive methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity.Moreover,socioeconomic factors such as regional disparities,economic conditions,and varying levels of awareness affect screening uptake.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further intensified these challenges,leading to reduced screening participation and increased waiting periods.Additionally,the growing prevalence of early-onset CRC necessitates innovative screening approaches.In response,research into new methodologies,including artificial intelligence-based systems,aims to improve the precision and accessibility of screening.Proactive measures by governments and health organizations to enhance CRC screening efforts are underway,including increased advocacy,improved service delivery,and international cooperation.The role of technological innovation and global health collaboration in advancing CRC screening is undeniable.Technologies such as artificial intelligence and gene sequencing are set to revolutionize CRC screening,making a significant impact on the fight against this disease.Given the rise in early-onset CRC,it is crucial for screening strategies to continually evolve,ensuring their effectiveness and applicability.展开更多
Heterosis has been exploited to enhance the yield and adaptability in various shellfish species;however,the molecular basis of it remains unclear.The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the most economically im...Heterosis has been exploited to enhance the yield and adaptability in various shellfish species;however,the molecular basis of it remains unclear.The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the most economically important aquaculture species,and its productive traits can be improved by hybridization.Here,an intraspecific cross between orange shell(O,10th generation)and‘Haida No.1’(H,13th generation)of C.gigas was performed to assess the heterosis of survival trait.Survival rates of hybrid family(OH)and inbred families(HH and OO)were compared at larval stage,and eyed-pediveliger larvae of three families were subjected to transcriptome analysis.The analysis results of best-parent heterosis and mid-parent heterosis showed that the hybrid family exhi-bited a high heterosis in survival relative to the parental families.The OH-M(OH vs.OO)and OH-P(OH vs.HH)had 425 and 512 dif-ferentially expressed genes(DEGs),respectively.Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed that the significantly enrich-ed genes function in virion binding,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,cellular defense response and other immune-related pro-cesses,which involves perlucin-like protein,CD209 antigen-like protein,ZNFX1,caspase-3 and acan genes.These differentially ex-pressed genes in OH-M and OH-P,together with the immune-related processes mentioned above may play an important role in the larval survival of C.gigas.In addition,three genes(CYP450,fucolectin and perlucin-like)are associated with the orange shell and low survival of maternal oyster OO.These findings provide support for the application of hybrid with superior survival and will facilitate the understanding of heterosis formation in the Pacific oyster.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)is one of the most common acute pancreatitis(AP)-associated complications that has a significant effect on AP,but the factors affecting the AP patients’survival rate remains unclear...BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)is one of the most common acute pancreatitis(AP)-associated complications that has a significant effect on AP,but the factors affecting the AP patients’survival rate remains unclear.AIM To assess the influences of AKI on the survival rate in AP patients.METHODS A total of 139 AP patients were included in this retrospective study.Patients were divided into AKI group(n=72)and non-AKI group(n=67)according to the occurrence of AKI.Data were collected from medical records of hospitalized patients.Then,these data were compared between the two groups and further analysis was performed.RESULTS AKI is more likely to occur in male AP patients(P=0.009).AP patients in AKI group exhibited a significantly higher acute physiologic assessment and chronic health evaluation II score,higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score,lower Glasgow Coma Scale score,and higher demand for mechanical ventilation,infusion of vasopressors,and renal replacement therapy than AP patients in non-AKI group(P<0.01,P<0.01,P=0.01,P=0.001,P<0.01,P<0.01,respectively).Significant differences were noted in dose of norepinephrine and adrenaline,duration of mechanical ventilation,maximum and mean values of intra-peritoneal pressure(IPP),maximum and mean values of procalcitonin,maximum and mean serum levels of creatinine,minimum platelet count,and length of hospitalization.Among AP patients with AKI,the survival rate of surgical intensive care unit and in-hospital were only 23%and 21%of the corresponding rates in AP patients without AKI,respectively.The factors that influenced the AP patients’survival rate included body mass index(BMI),mean values of IPP,minimum platelet count,and hospital day,of which mean values of IPP showed the greatest impact.CONCLUSION AP patients with AKI had a lower survival rate and worse relevant clinical outcomes than AP patients without AKI,which necessitates further attention to AP patients with AKI in surgical intensive care unit.展开更多
To explore the nest survival rate of Reeves' s pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and the nest-site factors that affect it, we conducted artificial nest experiments with reference to natural nests at Dongzhai National N...To explore the nest survival rate of Reeves' s pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and the nest-site factors that affect it, we conducted artificial nest experiments with reference to natural nests at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve(DNNR), Henan Province and Pingjingguan, Hubei Province from April to June 2014 simulating the situation in its early and later breeding season. We also determined distance characteristics of the nest sites by Arc GIS 10.0. Nest survival models were constructed in Program MARK for data analysis. Results indicated that in the early breeding season, the apparent survival rate(ASR) in DNNR(52.4%) was significantly greater than that in Pingjingguan(13.5%), and the ASR in the later breeding season in DNNR(26.7%) was not indistinctively correlated with Pingjingguan(3.2%). The daily survival rate(DSR) in the later breeding season was 93.8% in DNNR and 92.0% in Pingjingguan, respectively. The DSRs were both negatively correlated with nest distance to forest edges and settlements. The DSR in Pingjingguan was positively correlated with nest distance to paths and negatively correlated with nest distance to water sources. However, the DSR in DNNR was negatively correlated with nest distance to paths but positively correlated with nest distance to water sources.展开更多
Mechanized transplanting of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)blanket seedling is an innovative cultivation technology.Cultivating high quality blanket seedling to ensure high survival rate of seedling after transplanting is...Mechanized transplanting of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)blanket seedling is an innovative cultivation technology.Cultivating high quality blanket seedling to ensure high survival rate of seedling after transplanting is the key of the technology.The effects of different uniconazole rates of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/tray,spraying at one leaf and one heart stage,on selected agronomic traits,physiological indexes and survival rate of two rapeseed cultivars(‘Qinyou 100 and’Yangyou 90)were investigated in 2018 and 2019.Our results showed that the plant height decreased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate.However,the collar diameter increased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate up to 1.5 mg/tray,and the leaf area,dry weights of root and shoot increased with increased uniconazole rate up to 1.0 mg/tray.The root to shoot ratios,N concentrations of root and shoot with the uniconazole rates of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were higher than those with other treatments.As uniconazole rate increasing,gibberellin(GA)and auxin(IAA)concentrations of root and shoot decreased,while abscisic acid(ABA)concentrations increased,and cytokinin(CTK)concentrations topped at uniconazole rate of 1.0 mg/tray and decreased thereafter.The seedling survival rates with 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were greatly higher than those in other treatments.Regression analysis suggested plant survival rate was positively related to CTK concentrations and negatively to GA concentrations of root and shoot.To achieve high survival rate after mechanized transplanting,our study revealed that the uniconazole applied at a rate of 1.0 mg/tray was recommended as the best,followed by 1.5 mg/tray.The findings would help to enhance qualities of rapeseed blanket seedling and to promote popularization of mechanized transplanting of rapeseed production.展开更多
Probiotics which can provide potential health benefits for consumers and prevent disease, is the most important research field for functional food in the future. It is the key point that how much the count of bacteria...Probiotics which can provide potential health benefits for consumers and prevent disease, is the most important research field for functional food in the future. It is the key point that how much the count of bacteria and how long it can preserve. Freeze-drying skill is one of the best preservation methods, but it's defect that damage to biological systems can be attributed to changes in the physical state of membrane lipids or/and changes in the structure of sensitive proteins and the decreased survival rate. This work used pretreatment methods-cold shock and hot shock to reduce the damage to bacteria during freeze-drying. Using unpretreated samples as control, aspects of cold shock or heat shock. The response of Enterococcous faecalis A31 was investigated during lag phase, the middle of exponential growth phase and the terminal of exponential growth phase. The results suggested that when cold shock, the shock protein concentration produced by treated sample within 2 h during the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than 4, 8, 24 h, The concentration of shock protein produced by treated sample at 10 ℃ was higher than 20℃, The concentration of sample protein at the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than that at the terminal of exponential growth phase. After one-month storage, the survival rate at 10℃ was better than 20 ℃ and 4 ℃comparatively. The survival rate at (6 h) 4 ℃/24 h (lag period) was higher than (10 h) 4 ℃/24 h (the middle of exponential growth phase), and the effect of 10℃/8 h shock treatments was best during the middle of exponential growth phase, when hot shock, The concentration of heat shock proteins produced was not obvious, and survival rate was higher at 45 ℃, 30 min than at 45 ℃, 60 min.展开更多
Background: Restoring a viable population by reintroduction is the ultimate goal of a large number of ex situ conservation projects for endangered animals. However, many reintroductions fail to establish a population ...Background: Restoring a viable population by reintroduction is the ultimate goal of a large number of ex situ conservation projects for endangered animals. However, many reintroductions fail to establish a population in the wild, partly because released animals cannot acclimate to the native environment of the release site, resulting in very low survival rates. Acclimation training is a technique to resolve this problem, although it does not have positive results in all species. We tested whether acclimation training and soft-release could improve the reintroduction success for captive-bred Cabot's Tragopan(Tragopan caboti), an endangered pheasant in southern China.Methods: Reintroduction of captive-bred Cabot's Tragopan was carried out in the Taoyuandong National Nature Reserve, China from 2010 to 2011. We built a soft-release enclosure for acclimation training in the typical montane habitat of this pheasant. Nine birds were acclimated to the environment of this release site in this cage for more than 50 days before release("trained birds"), while 11 birds remained only in the cage for 3 days prior to release("untrained birds"). Released birds were tagged with a collar radio-transmitter.Results: Post-release monitoring revealed that the survival rate of trained birds was higher than that of untrained birds after 50 days(trained: 85.7%; untrained: 20.0%). Cox regression analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the mortality rates between the trained and untrained birds. In addition, a survey of the habitat of the experimental and the control groups showed significant differences in habitat selection between the groups.Conclusion: Our study suggests that pre-release acclimatization training is an important factor that can lead to improved survival and habitat selection of captive-bred reintroduced tragopans.展开更多
Background:The allocation of resources between offspring size and number is a central question of life-history theory.Although several studies have tested the existence of this trade-off,few studies have investigated ...Background:The allocation of resources between offspring size and number is a central question of life-history theory.Although several studies have tested the existence of this trade-off,few studies have investigated how environmental variation influences the allocation of resources to offspring size and offspring number.Additionally,the relationship between population dynamics and the offspring size and number allocation is far less understood.Methods:We investigate whether resource allocation between egg size and clutch size is influenced by the ambient temperature and whether it may be related to apparent nest survival rate.We measured 1548 eggs from 541 nests of two closely related shorebird species,the Kentish Plover(Charadrius alexandrinus)and the White-faced Plover(C.dealbatus)in China,in four populations that exhibit contrasting ambient environments.We weighed females,monitored nest survival,and calculated the variance of ambient temperature.Results:Although we found that egg size and clutch size were all different between the four breeding populations,the reproductive investment(i.e.total clutch volume)was similar between populations.We also found that populations with a high survival rate had relatively larger eggs and a smaller clutch than populations with a low nest survival rate.The latter result is in line with a conservative/diversified bet-hedging strategy.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that plovers may increasing fitness by investing fewer,larger or many,small according local nest survival rate to make a similar investment in reproduction,and thereby may have an impact on population demography.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the impact of long-term air particulate matter exposure on the life expectancy and survival rate of Shanghai residents. Methods Epidemiology - based exposure-response function was used for the...Objective To evaluate the impact of long-term air particulate matter exposure on the life expectancy and survival rate of Shanghai residents. Methods Epidemiology - based exposure-response function was used for the calculation of attributable deaths to air particulate matter in Shanghai, and the effect of long-term exposure to particulate matter on life expectancy and survival rate was estimated using the life table of Shanghai residents in 1999. Results It was shown that in 1999, the long-term air particulate matter exposure caused 1.34-1.69 years reduction of life expectancy and a decrease of survival rate for each age group of Shanghai residents. Conclusion The effect of long-term exposure to air particulate matter on life expectancy is substantial in Shanghai.展开更多
Using microalgae( SA),artificial feed( AF),Brachionus plicatilis( BP) and brine shrimp larvae( BS),four diets including SA + AF,SA + AF + BP,SA + AF + BS and SA + AF + BP + BS were formulated and used to rear Fennerop...Using microalgae( SA),artificial feed( AF),Brachionus plicatilis( BP) and brine shrimp larvae( BS),four diets including SA + AF,SA + AF + BP,SA + AF + BS and SA + AF + BP + BS were formulated and used to rear Fenneropenaeus chinensis larvae. The fertilized eggs fed with SA + AF were divided into disinfection group with iodophor and untreated group,and the fertilized eggs fed with other diets were all disinfected with iodophor. The survival rates,body weight and WSSV load of post larvae at each stage were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the survival rate of prawns at the N-Z stage by feeding with different diets( P > 0. 05),but the survival rate of prawns fed with BP was higher than others( P < 0. 01) at the Z-P stage. The body weight of post larvae( P10) fed with SA + AF + BP was less than that fed with SA + AF + BP + BS( P <0. 01). The WSSV load of prawns( 10. 52 ±3. 3 copies/ng DNA) fed with SA + AF were significantly lower than that of other treatments( P < 0. 05) at the P10 stage. During the P11- P60 stage,four kinds of diets,including Ruditapes philippinarum foot muscle( CF) + artificial feed( AF),R. philippinarum foot muscle radiated by60 Co γ-ray( RCF) + artificial feed( AF),potassium permanganate-disinfected R. philippinarum foot muscle( DCF) + artificial feed( AF) and artificial feed( AF),were used to feed prawns. The prawns fed with CF + AF gained the greatest increase of body weight and body length,but had no significant difference with that fed with AF( P > 0. 05); prawns fed with CF + AF and AF had significant difference with the other two groups( P < 0. 05). The survival rates of prawns fed with four different diets had no significant difference with each other( P > 0. 05). WSSV artificial infection test showed that the accumulated mortality of prawns fed with four diets were higher than 90%,and the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).展开更多
Effects of various seedling classes and root cutting treatments on the survival rate, stocking Percentage and the growth of height and collar diameter in young stands of korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), mongolian scots...Effects of various seedling classes and root cutting treatments on the survival rate, stocking Percentage and the growth of height and collar diameter in young stands of korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), mongolian scots pine (Pin us sylvestris var.mangolica),Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini), korean spruce (Picea koraiensis), anur cork tree(Phellodendron amurensis). manchurian ash (Fradinus mandshurica) and anur linden (Tilia amurensis) were studied in this paper. The results show that the survival rate, stocking Percentage and the growth of height and collar diameter of the I class seedlings are better than that of the n and III classes seedlings. so it is very important to select I class seedlings for increasing the quality of afforestation.展开更多
Thirteen patients with infratemporal fossamalignancies treated in the Sichuan Cancer Hospitalfrom 1988 to 1993 are reported. All cases were treatedsurgically with combined therapy. The survival rate ofthe patients wit...Thirteen patients with infratemporal fossamalignancies treated in the Sichuan Cancer Hospitalfrom 1988 to 1993 are reported. All cases were treatedsurgically with combined therapy. The survival rate ofthe patients with survival period beyond 2 years was53.8o/o. The survival was associated with the extent ofdissection (P<0.01). The operation value, surgicalapproaches, resection range, stylohamular line and repairare analyzed and discussed. A new surgical approach, amodified stylohamular line and a new surgical conceptfor resection of the infratemporal fossa malignanciesbony boundary of surgery are introduced in detail.展开更多
Factors affecting micro-graft in vitro were studied in persimmon lines of Jiro,Nishimarawase,Zenjiomaru,Okitsu-20,Xinqiu,Maekawa Jiro and Youhou. The results indicated that higher survival rate was obtained when using...Factors affecting micro-graft in vitro were studied in persimmon lines of Jiro,Nishimarawase,Zenjiomaru,Okitsu-20,Xinqiu,Maekawa Jiro and Youhou. The results indicated that higher survival rate was obtained when using the plantlets sub-cultured for 30 d with vigorous adventitious shoots. The best moisturepreserving material was the tampon + parafilm. The optimal medium was( 1/2 N) MS + BA 3. 0 mg/L + IAA 0. 1 mg/L + sugar 30. 0 g/L + agar 6. 0 g/L,and the graft survival rate was up to 40%.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed to control the infection of remens during and after rumenotomy and prevent animal bodies from dying. [Method] The technical essentials for improving the survival rate of sheep after rumenot...[Objective] The study aimed to control the infection of remens during and after rumenotomy and prevent animal bodies from dying. [Method] The technical essentials for improving the survival rate of sheep after rumenotomy were summarized from the aspects of drug selection, fixing, sterilization, anesthesia, incision location, operation methods and postoperative nurse. [ Result] 152 cases of rumenotomy had been finished, wherein 144 cases survived, while 8 cases died, so the success rate of rumenotomy reached above 94%. [Conclusion] The operation obtained a satisfied effect, and some measuresshould be paid more attention to during and after the operation, such as sticking to aseptic operation, stanching blood timely, suturing rumens indeed, fasting, nursing and healing sheep carefully after the operation.展开更多
Breast cancer is one of the leading diseases that affect women’s lives. It affects their lives in so many ways by denying them the required standard of health needed to carry out all of their daily activities for som...Breast cancer is one of the leading diseases that affect women’s lives. It affects their lives in so many ways by denying them the required standard of health needed to carry out all of their daily activities for some days, weeks, months or years before eventually causing death. This research estimates the survival rate of breast cancer patients and investigates the effects of stage of tumor, gender, age, ethnic group, occupation, marital status and type of cancer upon the survival of patients. Data used for the study were extracted from the case file of patients in the Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan using a well-structured pro forma in which 74 observations were censored and 30 events occurred. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the overall survival probability of breast cancer patients following their recruitment into the study and determine the mean and median survival times of breast cancer patients following their time of recruitment into the study. Since there are different groups with respect to the stages of tumor at the time of diagnosis, the log-rank test was used to compare the survival curve of the stages of tumor with considering p-values below 0.05 as statistically significant. Multivariate Cox regression was used to investigate the effects of some variables on the survival of patients. The overall cumulative survival probability obtained is 0.175 (17.5%). The overall estimated mean time until death is 28.751 weeks while the median time between admission and death is 23 weeks. As the p-value (0.000032) of the log-rank test for comparing stages of tumor is less than 0.05, it is concluded that there is significant evidence of a difference in survival times for the stages of tumor. The survival function plot for the stages of tumor shows that patients with stage III tumor are less likely to survive. From the estimated mean time until death for the stages of tumor, it was deduced that stage I tumor patients have an increased chance of survival. Types of cancer, gender, marital status, ethnic group, occupation and patient’s age at entry into the study are not important predictors of chances of survival.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12031018)The second author was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681927)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(2021YW08).
文摘The Firefighter Problem on a graph can be viewed as a simplified model of the spread of contagion,fire,rumor,computer virus,etc.The fire breaks out at one or more vertices in a graph at the first round,and the firefighter chooses some vertices to protect.The fire spreads to all non-protected neighbors at the beginning of each time-step.The process stops when the fire can no longer spread.The Firefighter Problem has attracted considerable attention since it was introduced in 1995.In this paper we provide a survey on recent research progress of this field,including algorithms and complexity,Firefighter Problem for special graphs(finite and infinite)and digraphs,surviving rate and burning number of graphs.We also collect some open problems and possible research subjects.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901502)the Ningbo Key R&D Science and Technology Program(Nos.2019B10009,2021Z114)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LY19C190003,LQ20C190002)。
文摘Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.
基金Supported by the Research Fund from E-Da Hospital,No.EDAHS110012.
文摘BACKGROUND Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma(rHCC)is a common outcome after curative treatment.Retreatment for rHCC is recommended,but no guidelines exist.AIM To compare curative treatments such as repeated hepatectomy(RH),radiofrequency ablation(RFA),transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and liver transplantation(LT)for patients with rHCC after primary hepatectomy by conducting a network meta-analysis(NMA).METHODS From 2011 to 2021,30 articles involving patients with rHCC after primary liver resection were retrieved for this NMA.The Q test was used to assess heterogeneity among studies,and Egger’s test was used to assess publication bias.The efficacy of rHCC treatment was assessed using disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS).RESULTS From 30 articles,a total of 17,11,8,and 12 arms of RH,RFA,TACE,and LT subgroups were collected for analysis.Forest plot analysis revealed that the LT subgroup had a better cumulative DFS and 1-year OS than the RH subgroup,with an odds ratio(OR)of 0.96(95%CI:0.31-2.96).However,the RH subgroup had a better 3-year and 5-year OS compared to the LT,RFA,and TACE subgroups.Hierarchic step diagram of different subgroups measured by the Wald test yielded the same results as the forest plot analysis.LT had a better 1-year OS(OR:1.04,95%CI:0.34-03.20),and LT was inferior to RH in 3-year OS(OR:10.61,95%CI:0.21-1.73)and 5-year OS(OR:0.95,95%CI:0.39-2.34).According to the predictive P score evaluation,the LT subgroup had a better DFS,and RH had the best OS.However,meta-regression analysis revealed that LT had a better DFS(P<0.001)as well as 3-year OS(P=0.881)and 5-year OS(P=0.188).The differences in superiority between DFS and OS were due to the different testing methods used.CONCLUSION According to this NMA,RH and LT had better DFS and OS for rHCC than RFA and TACE.However,treatment strategies should be determined by the recurrent tumor characteristics,the patient’s general health status,and the care program at each institution.
文摘Objective:To explore the clinical effect of modified treatment after finger replantation and its impact on the survival rate of replantation.Methods:The research was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023.A total of 58 patients who underwent finger replantation at our hospital were selected.These patients were divided into two groups using the digital table grouping method:the research group(n=29)and the control group(n=29).Patients in the control group received standard treatment following finger replantation,while patients in the study group received modified treatment after the procedure.The incidence of vascular crisis and the survival rate of replantation were compared between the two groups.Results:The incidence of vascular crisis in the study group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05);the replantation survival rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified treatment after replantation of severed fingers can reduce the incidence of vascular crisis replantation and improve the survival rate of replantation,so it should be popularized and applied in medical institutions.
文摘The screening of colorectal cancer(CRC)is pivotal for both the prevention and treatment of this disease,significantly improving early-stage tumor detection rates.This advancement not only boosts survival rates and quality of life for patients but also reduces the costs associated with treatment.However,the adoption of CRC screening methods faces numerous challenges,including the technical limitations of both noninvasive and invasive methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity.Moreover,socioeconomic factors such as regional disparities,economic conditions,and varying levels of awareness affect screening uptake.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further intensified these challenges,leading to reduced screening participation and increased waiting periods.Additionally,the growing prevalence of early-onset CRC necessitates innovative screening approaches.In response,research into new methodologies,including artificial intelligence-based systems,aims to improve the precision and accessibility of screening.Proactive measures by governments and health organizations to enhance CRC screening efforts are underway,including increased advocacy,improved service delivery,and international cooperation.The role of technological innovation and global health collaboration in advancing CRC screening is undeniable.Technologies such as artificial intelligence and gene sequencing are set to revolutionize CRC screening,making a significant impact on the fight against this disease.Given the rise in early-onset CRC,it is crucial for screening strategies to continually evolve,ensuring their effectiveness and applicability.
基金supported by the grants from the China Agriculture Research System Project(No.CARS-49)the Earmarked Fund for Agriculture Seed Improvement Project of Shandong Province(No.2020LZGC016).
文摘Heterosis has been exploited to enhance the yield and adaptability in various shellfish species;however,the molecular basis of it remains unclear.The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the most economically important aquaculture species,and its productive traits can be improved by hybridization.Here,an intraspecific cross between orange shell(O,10th generation)and‘Haida No.1’(H,13th generation)of C.gigas was performed to assess the heterosis of survival trait.Survival rates of hybrid family(OH)and inbred families(HH and OO)were compared at larval stage,and eyed-pediveliger larvae of three families were subjected to transcriptome analysis.The analysis results of best-parent heterosis and mid-parent heterosis showed that the hybrid family exhi-bited a high heterosis in survival relative to the parental families.The OH-M(OH vs.OO)and OH-P(OH vs.HH)had 425 and 512 dif-ferentially expressed genes(DEGs),respectively.Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed that the significantly enrich-ed genes function in virion binding,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,cellular defense response and other immune-related pro-cesses,which involves perlucin-like protein,CD209 antigen-like protein,ZNFX1,caspase-3 and acan genes.These differentially ex-pressed genes in OH-M and OH-P,together with the immune-related processes mentioned above may play an important role in the larval survival of C.gigas.In addition,three genes(CYP450,fucolectin and perlucin-like)are associated with the orange shell and low survival of maternal oyster OO.These findings provide support for the application of hybrid with superior survival and will facilitate the understanding of heterosis formation in the Pacific oyster.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Project of Heilongjiang Health and Family Planning Commission,No.2018086 and No.2018392.
文摘BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)is one of the most common acute pancreatitis(AP)-associated complications that has a significant effect on AP,but the factors affecting the AP patients’survival rate remains unclear.AIM To assess the influences of AKI on the survival rate in AP patients.METHODS A total of 139 AP patients were included in this retrospective study.Patients were divided into AKI group(n=72)and non-AKI group(n=67)according to the occurrence of AKI.Data were collected from medical records of hospitalized patients.Then,these data were compared between the two groups and further analysis was performed.RESULTS AKI is more likely to occur in male AP patients(P=0.009).AP patients in AKI group exhibited a significantly higher acute physiologic assessment and chronic health evaluation II score,higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score,lower Glasgow Coma Scale score,and higher demand for mechanical ventilation,infusion of vasopressors,and renal replacement therapy than AP patients in non-AKI group(P<0.01,P<0.01,P=0.01,P=0.001,P<0.01,P<0.01,respectively).Significant differences were noted in dose of norepinephrine and adrenaline,duration of mechanical ventilation,maximum and mean values of intra-peritoneal pressure(IPP),maximum and mean values of procalcitonin,maximum and mean serum levels of creatinine,minimum platelet count,and length of hospitalization.Among AP patients with AKI,the survival rate of surgical intensive care unit and in-hospital were only 23%and 21%of the corresponding rates in AP patients without AKI,respectively.The factors that influenced the AP patients’survival rate included body mass index(BMI),mean values of IPP,minimum platelet count,and hospital day,of which mean values of IPP showed the greatest impact.CONCLUSION AP patients with AKI had a lower survival rate and worse relevant clinical outcomes than AP patients without AKI,which necessitates further attention to AP patients with AKI in surgical intensive care unit.
基金supported by the Forestry Commonweal Program(201404422)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31172115)
文摘To explore the nest survival rate of Reeves' s pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and the nest-site factors that affect it, we conducted artificial nest experiments with reference to natural nests at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve(DNNR), Henan Province and Pingjingguan, Hubei Province from April to June 2014 simulating the situation in its early and later breeding season. We also determined distance characteristics of the nest sites by Arc GIS 10.0. Nest survival models were constructed in Program MARK for data analysis. Results indicated that in the early breeding season, the apparent survival rate(ASR) in DNNR(52.4%) was significantly greater than that in Pingjingguan(13.5%), and the ASR in the later breeding season in DNNR(26.7%) was not indistinctively correlated with Pingjingguan(3.2%). The daily survival rate(DSR) in the later breeding season was 93.8% in DNNR and 92.0% in Pingjingguan, respectively. The DSRs were both negatively correlated with nest distance to forest edges and settlements. The DSR in Pingjingguan was positively correlated with nest distance to paths and negatively correlated with nest distance to water sources. However, the DSR in DNNR was negatively correlated with nest distance to paths but positively correlated with nest distance to water sources.
基金This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000900)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Mechanized transplanting of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)blanket seedling is an innovative cultivation technology.Cultivating high quality blanket seedling to ensure high survival rate of seedling after transplanting is the key of the technology.The effects of different uniconazole rates of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/tray,spraying at one leaf and one heart stage,on selected agronomic traits,physiological indexes and survival rate of two rapeseed cultivars(‘Qinyou 100 and’Yangyou 90)were investigated in 2018 and 2019.Our results showed that the plant height decreased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate.However,the collar diameter increased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate up to 1.5 mg/tray,and the leaf area,dry weights of root and shoot increased with increased uniconazole rate up to 1.0 mg/tray.The root to shoot ratios,N concentrations of root and shoot with the uniconazole rates of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were higher than those with other treatments.As uniconazole rate increasing,gibberellin(GA)and auxin(IAA)concentrations of root and shoot decreased,while abscisic acid(ABA)concentrations increased,and cytokinin(CTK)concentrations topped at uniconazole rate of 1.0 mg/tray and decreased thereafter.The seedling survival rates with 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were greatly higher than those in other treatments.Regression analysis suggested plant survival rate was positively related to CTK concentrations and negatively to GA concentrations of root and shoot.To achieve high survival rate after mechanized transplanting,our study revealed that the uniconazole applied at a rate of 1.0 mg/tray was recommended as the best,followed by 1.5 mg/tray.The findings would help to enhance qualities of rapeseed blanket seedling and to promote popularization of mechanized transplanting of rapeseed production.
基金Supported by National Agricultural Translation Fund (02EFN212301073)
文摘Probiotics which can provide potential health benefits for consumers and prevent disease, is the most important research field for functional food in the future. It is the key point that how much the count of bacteria and how long it can preserve. Freeze-drying skill is one of the best preservation methods, but it's defect that damage to biological systems can be attributed to changes in the physical state of membrane lipids or/and changes in the structure of sensitive proteins and the decreased survival rate. This work used pretreatment methods-cold shock and hot shock to reduce the damage to bacteria during freeze-drying. Using unpretreated samples as control, aspects of cold shock or heat shock. The response of Enterococcous faecalis A31 was investigated during lag phase, the middle of exponential growth phase and the terminal of exponential growth phase. The results suggested that when cold shock, the shock protein concentration produced by treated sample within 2 h during the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than 4, 8, 24 h, The concentration of shock protein produced by treated sample at 10 ℃ was higher than 20℃, The concentration of sample protein at the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than that at the terminal of exponential growth phase. After one-month storage, the survival rate at 10℃ was better than 20 ℃ and 4 ℃comparatively. The survival rate at (6 h) 4 ℃/24 h (lag period) was higher than (10 h) 4 ℃/24 h (the middle of exponential growth phase), and the effect of 10℃/8 h shock treatments was best during the middle of exponential growth phase, when hot shock, The concentration of heat shock proteins produced was not obvious, and survival rate was higher at 45 ℃, 30 min than at 45 ℃, 60 min.
基金supported by the State Forestry Administration of China and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0503200)
文摘Background: Restoring a viable population by reintroduction is the ultimate goal of a large number of ex situ conservation projects for endangered animals. However, many reintroductions fail to establish a population in the wild, partly because released animals cannot acclimate to the native environment of the release site, resulting in very low survival rates. Acclimation training is a technique to resolve this problem, although it does not have positive results in all species. We tested whether acclimation training and soft-release could improve the reintroduction success for captive-bred Cabot's Tragopan(Tragopan caboti), an endangered pheasant in southern China.Methods: Reintroduction of captive-bred Cabot's Tragopan was carried out in the Taoyuandong National Nature Reserve, China from 2010 to 2011. We built a soft-release enclosure for acclimation training in the typical montane habitat of this pheasant. Nine birds were acclimated to the environment of this release site in this cage for more than 50 days before release("trained birds"), while 11 birds remained only in the cage for 3 days prior to release("untrained birds"). Released birds were tagged with a collar radio-transmitter.Results: Post-release monitoring revealed that the survival rate of trained birds was higher than that of untrained birds after 50 days(trained: 85.7%; untrained: 20.0%). Cox regression analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the mortality rates between the trained and untrained birds. In addition, a survey of the habitat of the experimental and the control groups showed significant differences in habitat selection between the groups.Conclusion: Our study suggests that pre-release acclimatization training is an important factor that can lead to improved survival and habitat selection of captive-bred reintroduced tragopans.
基金This work was supported by Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering,Ministry of Education to Yang Liu,the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M663221)the British Ornithologists’Union’s Career Development Bursary in 2019 to Zitan Song,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31600297)to Pinjia Queby the Hungarian Scientific Funding Agency,NKFIH(éLVONAL KKP-126949,K-116310)to Tamás Székely.
文摘Background:The allocation of resources between offspring size and number is a central question of life-history theory.Although several studies have tested the existence of this trade-off,few studies have investigated how environmental variation influences the allocation of resources to offspring size and offspring number.Additionally,the relationship between population dynamics and the offspring size and number allocation is far less understood.Methods:We investigate whether resource allocation between egg size and clutch size is influenced by the ambient temperature and whether it may be related to apparent nest survival rate.We measured 1548 eggs from 541 nests of two closely related shorebird species,the Kentish Plover(Charadrius alexandrinus)and the White-faced Plover(C.dealbatus)in China,in four populations that exhibit contrasting ambient environments.We weighed females,monitored nest survival,and calculated the variance of ambient temperature.Results:Although we found that egg size and clutch size were all different between the four breeding populations,the reproductive investment(i.e.total clutch volume)was similar between populations.We also found that populations with a high survival rate had relatively larger eggs and a smaller clutch than populations with a low nest survival rate.The latter result is in line with a conservative/diversified bet-hedging strategy.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that plovers may increasing fitness by investing fewer,larger or many,small according local nest survival rate to make a similar investment in reproduction,and thereby may have an impact on population demography.
文摘Objective To evaluate the impact of long-term air particulate matter exposure on the life expectancy and survival rate of Shanghai residents. Methods Epidemiology - based exposure-response function was used for the calculation of attributable deaths to air particulate matter in Shanghai, and the effect of long-term exposure to particulate matter on life expectancy and survival rate was estimated using the life table of Shanghai residents in 1999. Results It was shown that in 1999, the long-term air particulate matter exposure caused 1.34-1.69 years reduction of life expectancy and a decrease of survival rate for each age group of Shanghai residents. Conclusion The effect of long-term exposure to air particulate matter on life expectancy is substantial in Shanghai.
基金Supported by National 863 Project(2012AA10A404)General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372523)Taishan Scholar Program for Seed Industry
文摘Using microalgae( SA),artificial feed( AF),Brachionus plicatilis( BP) and brine shrimp larvae( BS),four diets including SA + AF,SA + AF + BP,SA + AF + BS and SA + AF + BP + BS were formulated and used to rear Fenneropenaeus chinensis larvae. The fertilized eggs fed with SA + AF were divided into disinfection group with iodophor and untreated group,and the fertilized eggs fed with other diets were all disinfected with iodophor. The survival rates,body weight and WSSV load of post larvae at each stage were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the survival rate of prawns at the N-Z stage by feeding with different diets( P > 0. 05),but the survival rate of prawns fed with BP was higher than others( P < 0. 01) at the Z-P stage. The body weight of post larvae( P10) fed with SA + AF + BP was less than that fed with SA + AF + BP + BS( P <0. 01). The WSSV load of prawns( 10. 52 ±3. 3 copies/ng DNA) fed with SA + AF were significantly lower than that of other treatments( P < 0. 05) at the P10 stage. During the P11- P60 stage,four kinds of diets,including Ruditapes philippinarum foot muscle( CF) + artificial feed( AF),R. philippinarum foot muscle radiated by60 Co γ-ray( RCF) + artificial feed( AF),potassium permanganate-disinfected R. philippinarum foot muscle( DCF) + artificial feed( AF) and artificial feed( AF),were used to feed prawns. The prawns fed with CF + AF gained the greatest increase of body weight and body length,but had no significant difference with that fed with AF( P > 0. 05); prawns fed with CF + AF and AF had significant difference with the other two groups( P < 0. 05). The survival rates of prawns fed with four different diets had no significant difference with each other( P > 0. 05). WSSV artificial infection test showed that the accumulated mortality of prawns fed with four diets were higher than 90%,and the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).
文摘Effects of various seedling classes and root cutting treatments on the survival rate, stocking Percentage and the growth of height and collar diameter in young stands of korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), mongolian scots pine (Pin us sylvestris var.mangolica),Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini), korean spruce (Picea koraiensis), anur cork tree(Phellodendron amurensis). manchurian ash (Fradinus mandshurica) and anur linden (Tilia amurensis) were studied in this paper. The results show that the survival rate, stocking Percentage and the growth of height and collar diameter of the I class seedlings are better than that of the n and III classes seedlings. so it is very important to select I class seedlings for increasing the quality of afforestation.
文摘Thirteen patients with infratemporal fossamalignancies treated in the Sichuan Cancer Hospitalfrom 1988 to 1993 are reported. All cases were treatedsurgically with combined therapy. The survival rate ofthe patients with survival period beyond 2 years was53.8o/o. The survival was associated with the extent ofdissection (P<0.01). The operation value, surgicalapproaches, resection range, stylohamular line and repairare analyzed and discussed. A new surgical approach, amodified stylohamular line and a new surgical conceptfor resection of the infratemporal fossa malignanciesbony boundary of surgery are introduced in detail.
基金Supported by Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and University in Henan Province(17A210013)Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research Program of Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(122300410133)College Students’Innovation and Enterpreneurship Training Program of Henan Institute of Technology(2014CX047)
文摘Factors affecting micro-graft in vitro were studied in persimmon lines of Jiro,Nishimarawase,Zenjiomaru,Okitsu-20,Xinqiu,Maekawa Jiro and Youhou. The results indicated that higher survival rate was obtained when using the plantlets sub-cultured for 30 d with vigorous adventitious shoots. The best moisturepreserving material was the tampon + parafilm. The optimal medium was( 1/2 N) MS + BA 3. 0 mg/L + IAA 0. 1 mg/L + sugar 30. 0 g/L + agar 6. 0 g/L,and the graft survival rate was up to 40%.
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to control the infection of remens during and after rumenotomy and prevent animal bodies from dying. [Method] The technical essentials for improving the survival rate of sheep after rumenotomy were summarized from the aspects of drug selection, fixing, sterilization, anesthesia, incision location, operation methods and postoperative nurse. [ Result] 152 cases of rumenotomy had been finished, wherein 144 cases survived, while 8 cases died, so the success rate of rumenotomy reached above 94%. [Conclusion] The operation obtained a satisfied effect, and some measuresshould be paid more attention to during and after the operation, such as sticking to aseptic operation, stanching blood timely, suturing rumens indeed, fasting, nursing and healing sheep carefully after the operation.
文摘Breast cancer is one of the leading diseases that affect women’s lives. It affects their lives in so many ways by denying them the required standard of health needed to carry out all of their daily activities for some days, weeks, months or years before eventually causing death. This research estimates the survival rate of breast cancer patients and investigates the effects of stage of tumor, gender, age, ethnic group, occupation, marital status and type of cancer upon the survival of patients. Data used for the study were extracted from the case file of patients in the Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan using a well-structured pro forma in which 74 observations were censored and 30 events occurred. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the overall survival probability of breast cancer patients following their recruitment into the study and determine the mean and median survival times of breast cancer patients following their time of recruitment into the study. Since there are different groups with respect to the stages of tumor at the time of diagnosis, the log-rank test was used to compare the survival curve of the stages of tumor with considering p-values below 0.05 as statistically significant. Multivariate Cox regression was used to investigate the effects of some variables on the survival of patients. The overall cumulative survival probability obtained is 0.175 (17.5%). The overall estimated mean time until death is 28.751 weeks while the median time between admission and death is 23 weeks. As the p-value (0.000032) of the log-rank test for comparing stages of tumor is less than 0.05, it is concluded that there is significant evidence of a difference in survival times for the stages of tumor. The survival function plot for the stages of tumor shows that patients with stage III tumor are less likely to survive. From the estimated mean time until death for the stages of tumor, it was deduced that stage I tumor patients have an increased chance of survival. Types of cancer, gender, marital status, ethnic group, occupation and patient’s age at entry into the study are not important predictors of chances of survival.