Determination of time-dependent strengths of salt pillars based on strain energy principle

The objective of this study is to determine the time-dependent strengths of salt mine pillars in the Maha Sarakham formation, northeast of Thailand. Strain rate-controlled triaxial compression tests have been performed on salt specimens under confining pressures from 0 MPa to 12 MPa. The strain rates are from 10^(-7) s^(-1) to 10^(-4) s^(-1). The axial stresses and lateral strains are monitored through the strain-softening region. The results indicate that the strengths and elastic moduli increase exponentially with the strain rates. The power creep law parameters are calibrated with the test results, and hence allows constructing series of strain-time curves for the salt pillars under different depths and extraction ratios. The strain energy density principle is applied to develop a strength criterion for the salt pillars. Combining this criterion with the series of the strain-time curves the time-dependent strengths of the salt pillars for different extraction ratios can be predicted.

Extension of Flow Behaviour and Damage Models for Cast Iron Alloys with Strain Rate Effect

Cast iron alloys with low production cost and quite good mechanical properties are widely used in the automotive industry.To study the mechanical behavior of a typical ductile cast iron(GJS-450)with nodular graphite,uni-axial quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests at strain rates of 10^(-4),1,10,100,and 250 s^(-1)were carried out.In order to investigate the influence of stress state on the deformation and fracture parameters,specimens with various geometries were used in the experiments.Stress strain curves and fracture strains of the GJS-450 alloy in the strain rate range of 10^(-4)to 250 s^(-1)were obtained.A strain rate-dependent plastic flow model was proposed to describe the mechanical behavior in the corresponding strain-rate range.The available damage model was extended to take the strain rate into account and calibrated based on the analysis of local fracture strains.Simulations with the proposed plastic flow model and the damage model were conducted to observe the deformation and fracture process.The results show that the strain rate has obviously nonlinear effects on the yield stress and fracture strain of GJS-450 alloys.The predictions with the proposed plastic flow and damage models at various strain rates agree well with the experimental results,which illustrates that the rate-dependent plastic flow and damage models can be used to describe the mechanical behavior of cast iron alloys at elevated strain rates.The proposed plastic flow and damage models can be used to describe the deformation and fracture analysis of materials with similar properties.

Strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent seismic simulation of nonlinear soils

A one-dimensional equivalent linear method （EQL） is widely used in estimating seismic ground response. For this method, the shear modulus and damping ratio of inelastic soil are supposed to be frequency independent. However, historical earthquake records and laboratory test results indicate that nonlinear soil behavior is frequency- dependent. Several frequency-dependent equivalent linear methods （FDEQL） related to the Fourier amplitude of shear strain time history have been developed to take into account the frequency-dependent soil behavior. Furthermore, the shear strain threshold plays an important role in soil behavior. For shear strains below the elastic shear strain threshold, soil behaves essentially as a linear elastic mate- rial. To consider the effect of elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on wave propaga- tion, the shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent equivalent linear method （TFDEQL） is proposed. A series of analyses is implemented for EQL, FDEQL, and TFDEQL methods. Results show that elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior plays a great influence on the computed site response, especially for the high- frequency band. Also, the effect of elastic-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on the site response is analyzed from relatively weak to strong input motion, and results show that the effect is more pronounced as input motion goes from weak to strong.

Time-dependent Early-age Behaviors of Concrete under Restrained Condition

To investigate the early-age behaviors of concrete under a restrained condition, a set of apparatus was developed. In this way, the tensile creep and other early-age properties can be investigated in depth. By measuring the modulus of elasticity of concrete, synchronous shrinkage of concrete and steel rings and free shrinkage of concrete, the deformations of concrete ring can be quantified respectively. The experimental results show the tensile stress in concrete is time-dependent, and the stress at cracking is much lower than the tensile strength at that age; the tensile creep plays an important role in relaxing the tensile stress and postponing the cracking of concrete.

Effect of Hot Carrier on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Gaussian High Power Helicon Wave in Homogeneous Longitudinally Magnetized Strain Dependent Dielectric Material

In the present communication, the hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of an electromagnetic wave of high power helicon pump wave into another helicon wave in strain dependent dielectric material incorporating carrier heating (CH) effects. The consideration of CH in modulation and demodulation is prime importance for the adding of new dimension in analysis of amplification of acoustic helicon wave. By using the dispersion relation, threshold pump electric filed and growth rate of unstable mode from the modulation and demodulation of the high power helicon wave well above from the threshold value will be discussed in the present analysis. The numerical analysis is applied to a strain dependent dielectric material, BaTiO3 at room temperature and irradiated with high power helicon wave of frequency 1.78 × 1014 Hz. This material is very sensitive to the pump intensities, therefore during studies, Gaussian shape of the helicon pump wave is considered during the propagation in stain dependent dielectric material and opto-acoustic wave in the form of Gaussian profile (ω0,κ0) is induced longitudinally along the crystallographic plane of BaTiO3. Its variation is caused by the available magnetic field (ωc), interaction length (z) and pulsed duration of interaction (τ). From the analysis of numerical results, the incorporation of CH effect can effectively modify the magnitude of modulation or demodulation of the amplitude of high power helicon laser wave through diffusion process. Not only the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the wave, the diffusion of the CH effectively modifies the growth rate of unstable mode of frequency in BaTiO3. The propagation of the threshold electric field shows the sinusoidal or complete Gaussian profile, whereas this profile is found to be completely lost in growth of unstable mode. It has also been seen that the growth rate is observed to be of the order of 108 - 1010 s-1 but from diffusion of carrier heating, and that its order is enhanced from 1010 - 1012 s-1 with the variation of the magnetized frequency from 1 to 2.5 × 1014 Hz.

Rate dependent rheological stress-strain behavior of porous nanocrystalline materials

To completely understand the rate-dependent stress-strain behavior of the porous nanocrystalline materials,it is necessary to formulate a constitutive model that can reflect the complicated experimentally observed stress-strain relations of nanocrystalline materials.The nanocrystalline materials consisting grain interior and grain boundary are considered as viscoplastic and porous materials for the reasons that their mechanical deformation is commonly governed by both dislocation glide and diffusion,and pores commonly exist in the nanocrystalline materials.A constitutive law of the unified theory reflecting the stress-strain relations was established and verified by experimental data of bulk nanocrystalline Ni prepared by hydrogen direct current arc plasma evaporation method and hot compression.The effect of the evolution of porosity on stress-strain relations was taken into account to make that the predicted results can keep good agreements with the corresponding experimental results.

Experimental study on time-dependent stress and strain of in-plane shear(ModeⅡ) fracture process of rock

Shear-box test with strain measurement was used to study time-dependent stress and strain of in-plane shear(Mode Ⅱ) fracture process of rock and to reveal the mechanism of Mode Ⅱ fracture.Numerical results show that the maximum shear stress τmax at the crack tip is much larger than the maximum tensile stress σ1 and the ratio of τmax/σ1 is about 5,which favors Mode Ⅱ fracture of rock.Test results indicate that the strain-time curve comprises three stages:the linear deformation stage,the micro-cracking stage and the macroscopic crack propagation.The strain in the direction of the original notch plane is negative,due to restraining effect of compressive loading applied to the original notch plane.Both σ1 and τmax are increased as the load increases,but the slope of τmax is larger than that of σ1 and the value of τmax is always larger than that of σ1.Therefore,τmax reaches its limited value at peak load before σ1 and results in Mode Ⅱ fracture of rock.Shear-box(i.e.compression-shear) test becomes a potential standard method for achieving the true Mode Ⅱ fracture and determining Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness of rock.

Nonlinear parametric interactions in ion-implanted semiconductor plasmas having strain-dependent dielectric constants

We report nonlinear parametric interactions using a hydrodynamic model of ion-implanted semiconductor plasmas having strain-dependent dielectric constants（SDDC）. High-dielectric-constant materials are technologically important because of their nonlinear properties. We find that the third-order susceptibility varies in the range 10^-14--10^-12m^2·V^-2 for ion-implanted semiconductor plasmas, which is in good agreement with previous results. It is found that the presence of SDDC in ion-implanted semiconductor plasma modifies the characteristic properties of the material.

Molecular dynamics study on temperature and strain rate dependences of mechanical tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires

Based on the EAM potential, a molecular dynamics study on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires in the （100〉 orientation with diameters of 3.94, 4.95 and 5.99 nm was presented at different temperatures and strain rates. The temperature and strain rate dependences of tensile properties were investigated. The simulation results show that the elastic modulus and the yield strength are gradually decreasing with the increase of temperature, while with the increase of the strain rate, the stress--strain curves fluctuate more intensely and the ultrathin nickel nanowires rupture at one smaller and smaller strain. At an ideal temperature of 0.01 K, the yield strength of the nanowires drops rapidly with the increase of strain rate, and at other temperatures the strain rate has a little influence on the elastic modulus and the yield strength. Finally, the effects of size on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires were briefly discussed.

Size-Dependent Analysis of Piezoelectric–Elastic Bilayer Microbeams Based on General Strain Gradient Theory

The classical piezoelectric theory fails to capture the size-dependent electromechanical coupling behaviors of piezoelectric microstructures due to the lack of material length-scale parameters.This study presents the constitutive relations of a piezoelectric material in terms of irreducible transversely isotropic tensors that include material length-scale parameters.Using these relations and the general strain gradient theory,a size-dependent bending model is proposed for a bilayer cantilever microbeam consisting of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric layer and an isotropic elastic layer.Analytical solutions are provided for bilayer cantilever microbeams subjected to force load and voltage load.The proposed model can be simplified to the model incorporating only partial strain gradient effects.This study examines the effect of strain gradient by comparing the normalized electric potentials and deflections of different models.Numerical results show that the proposed model effectively captures size effects in piezoelectric microbeams,whereas simplified models underestimate size effects due to ignoring partial strain gradient effects.

Calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A method for calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band is proposed in terms of gradient-dependent plasticity where the characteristic length describes the interactions and interplaying among microstructures. First, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution in adiabatic shear band is obtained based on gradient-dependent plasticity. Then, the plastic work distribution is derived according to the current flow shear stress and the obtained increment of plastic shear strain distribution. In the light of the well-known assumption that 90% of plastic work is converted into the heat resulting in increase in temperature in adiabatic shear band, the increment of the temperature distribution is presented. Next, the average temperature increment in the shear band is calculated to compute the change in flow shear stress due to the thermal softening effect. After the actual flow shear stress considering the thermal softening effect is obtained according to the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution, the plastic work and the temperature in the next time step are recalculated until the total time is consumed. Summing the temperature distribution leads to rise in the total temperature distribution. The present calculated maximum temperature in adiabatic shear band in titanium agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, the temperature profiles for different flow shear stresses are qualitatively consistent with experimental and numerical results. Effects of some related parameters on the temperature distribution are also predicted.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

Adiabatic shear localization evolution for steel based on the Johnson-Cook model and gradient-dependent plasticity

Gradient-dependent plasticity is introduced into the phenomenological Johnson-Cook model to study the effects of strainhardening, strain rate sensitivity, thermal-softening, and microstructure. The microstructural effect （interactions and interplay among microstructures） due to heterogeneity of texture plays an important role in the process of development or evolution of an adiabatic shear band with a certain thickness depending on the grain diameter. The distributed plastic shear strain and deformation in the shear band are derived and depend on the critical plastic shear strain corresponding to the peak flow shear stress, the coordinate or position, the internal length parameter, and the average plastic shear strain or the flow shear stress. The critical plastic shear strain, the distributed plastic shear strain, and deformation in the shear band are numerically predicted for a kind of steel deformed at a constant shear strain rate. Beyond the peak shear stress, the local plastic shear strain in the shear band is highly nonuniform and the local plastic shear deformation in the band is highly nonlinear. Shear localization is more apparent with the increase of the average plastic shear strain. The calculated distributions of the local plastic shear strain and deformation agree with the previous numerical and experimental results.

Development of a time-dependent energy model to calculate the mining-induced stress over gates and pillars

Generally, longwall mining-induced stress results from the stress relaxation due to destressed zone that occurs above the mined panel. Knowledge of induced stress is very important for accurate design of adjacent gateroads and intervening pillars which helps to raise the safety and productivity of longwall mining operations. This study presents a novel time-dependent analytical model for determination of the longwall mining-induced stress and investigates the coefficient of stress concentration over adjacent gates and pillars. The model is developed based on the strain energy balance in longwall mining incorporated to a rheological constitutive model of caved materials with time-varying parameters. The study site is the Tabas coal mine of Iran. In the proposed model, height of destressed zone above the mined panel, total longwall mining-induced stress, abutment angle, induced vertical stress, and coefficient of stress concentration over neighboring gates and intervening pillars are calculated. To evaluate the effect of proposed model parameters on the coefficient of stress concentration due to longwall mining, sensitivity analysis is performed based on the field data and experimental constants. Also, the results of the proposed model are compared with those of existing models. The comparative results confirm a good agreement between the proposed model and the in situ measurements. According to the obtained results, it is concluded that the proposed model can be successfully used to calculate the longwall mining-induced stress. Therefore, the optimum design of gate supports and pillar dimensions would be attainable which helps to increase the mining efficiency.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT DECOMPOSITION BASED FINITE ELEMENT MODEL UPDATING FOR STRAIN-RATE-DEPENDENCE NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROBLEMS

Thin wail component is utilized to absorb impact energy of a structure. However, the dynamic behavior of such thin-walled structure is highly non-linear with material, geometry and boundary non-linearity. A model updating and validation procedure is proposed to build accurate finite element model of a frame structure with a non-linear thin-walled component for dynamic analysis. Design of experiments （DOE） and principal component decomposition （PCD） approach are applied to extract dynamic feature from nonlinear impact response for correlation of impact test result and FE model of the non-linear structure. A strain-rate-dependent non-linear model updating method is then developed to build accurate FE model of the structure. Computer simulation and a real frame structure with a highly non-linear thin-walled component are employed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系

再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系是实现其材料到结构力学分析的桥梁纽带,成为再生粗骨料混凝土结构基础理论的基石。介绍了作者团队多年来在再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变关系方面取得的研究进展:采用模型化再生粗骨料方法,研究了复杂界面过渡区对再生粗骨料混凝土破坏行为的影响,揭示了再生粗骨料混凝土细观损伤本质与演化机理;从静力作用到动力作用,系统地开展了不同工况下再生粗骨料混凝土应力-应变行为试验研究,探明了载荷条件对再生粗骨料混凝土应力与变形的影响规律并建立了相适应的力学与数学模型;进一步考虑再生粗骨料性能时空变异性,发现了再生粗骨料混凝土力学响应的概率分布特征,提出了再生粗骨料混凝土随机损伤本构关系;基于获得的本构模型,完成了再生粗骨料混凝土构件时变可靠度分析和结构动力非线性分析,为再生粗骨料混凝土在实际工程中的安全应用提供了理论支撑;提炼了相关研究结论并对未来研究工作进行了展望。

各向同性磁流变弹性体磁相关非线性动态力学行为的本构模型

各向同性磁流变弹性体是一种将磁性颗粒随机掺入到聚合物基体中制备而成的智能材料。在磁场作用下,其模量发生快速、可逆、连续变化,在振动控制领域显示出良好的应用前景。实验结果表明,各向同性磁流变弹性体的动态力学行为具有很强的频率、应变幅值和磁场相关性。尽管上述行为对于其潜在应用具有重要的影响,但目前关于各向同性磁流变弹性体磁相关非线性动态力学行为的理论研究则关注不够。为准确评价各向同性磁流变弹性体的动态力磁耦合行为,并指导其相关产品的设计,本文建立了一个基于连续介质力学理论,反映各向同性磁流变弹性体磁相关非线性动态力学行为的本构模型。随后,开发了和本构模型对应的数值实现算法,并对模型的预测能力进行了验证。该模型有助于深入理解各向同性磁流变弹性体磁相关非线性动态力学行为的潜在力学机制。此外,该模型有助于指导基于各向同性磁流变弹性体产品的设计和应用。

Uniaxial compressive behavior of equal channel angular pressing Al at wide temperature and strain rate range

Uniaxial compressive experiments of ultrafine-grained Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) method were performed at wide temperature and strain rate range. The influence of temperature on flow stress, strain hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity was investigated experimentally. The results show that both the effect of temperature on flow stress and its strain rate sensitivity of ECAPed Al is much larger than those of the coarse-grained Al. The temperature sensitivity of ultrafine-grained Al is comparatively weaker than that of the coarse-grained Al. Based on the experimental results, the apparent activation volume was estimated at different temperatures and strain rates. The forest dislocation interactions is the dominant thermally activated mechanism for ECAPed Al compressed at quasi-static strain rates, while the viscous drag plays an important role at high strain rates.

用于金属阻尼器的Q235钢材循环硬化应变幅相关特性

金属阻尼器作为一种成本较低的减震构件被广泛应用于各类工程结构之中,通常采用低强度高延性钢材制作。在地震作用下,金属阻尼器会经历随机的循环塑性变形历程,其材料力学性能会发生变化,产生循环硬化或软化。为了探究常用于金属阻尼器的Q235钢材在各类循环应变幅下的力学性能,该文对Q235钢材在常应变幅、升应变幅与降应变幅循环荷载下的力学性能进行了试验研究,最大应变幅达到10%,分析了加载应变幅值和应变历史对钢材硬化性能的影响。结果表明,Q235钢材的硬化能力与加载应变幅相关,较大应变幅下积累的塑性变形会提高后续较小应变幅下钢材的硬化量,升应变幅荷载下钢材的硬化能力与加载历史无关。在此基础上,通过MATLAB优化工具箱标定了各个常应变幅试件的最优化CHABOCHE模型参数,参数结果表明仅考虑各向同性硬化的应变幅依赖效应即可准确反映Q235钢材在各个应变幅下的循环力学响应。以剪切阻尼器为例,基于有限元软件ABAQUS,通过编制子程序USDFLD考虑了材料硬化的应变幅依赖效应,分析对比了是否考虑钢材硬化应变幅依赖特性对阻尼器性能预测的影响。分析表明Q235钢材的循环硬化的应变幅相关特性对阻尼器性能分析影响很大,需要在分析中考虑。

酸碱盐腐蚀下聚脲静动态力学性能劣化规律

将聚脲材料浸泡在质量分数为5%的H_(2)SO_(4)、NaOH和NaCl三种溶液中,考察了极端条件下聚脲的力学性能和防护性能。利用GL-028型试验机与分离式霍普金森压杆进行力学性能试验,得到其在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线,分析了聚脲材料在不同环境中浸泡前后的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:聚脲材料具有优良的耐盐、碱性能,对酸性环境比较敏感,经过酸性环境浸泡后,其拉伸强度与峰值应力分别降低了34.45%与20.3%;随着浸泡时间延长,聚脲材料的弹性模量与应力值呈增长趋势,表现出一定的依时性效应。形貌观察结果表明,其未发现明显破坏,显示出优异的耐腐蚀性能。