Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

TSP-PM_(10)-PM_(2.5)-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了 TSP-PM1 0 -PM2 .5-2型中流量 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5大气颗粒物采集系统 ,是目前中国唯一可以采集 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器。该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量 ,保证切割粒径的稳定 ,减小采样的误差并方便操作。该系统已经成功地应用于 2 0多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中 ,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持。

Chemical compositions and source apportionment of atmospheric PM_(10) in suburban area of Changsha, China

Source apportionment of particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm （PM10） was conducted in the suburban area of Changsha, China. PM10 samples for 24 h collected with TEOM 1400a and ACCU system in July and October 2008 were chemically analyzed by the wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence （WD-XRF）. Source appointment was implemented by the principal component analysis/absolute principal component analysis （PCA/APCA） to identify the possible sources and to quantify the contributions of the sources to PM10. Results show that as the PM10 concentration is increased from （85.6±43.7） μg/m3 in July 2008 to （107.6±35.7） μg/m^3 in October 2008, the concentrations of the anthropogenic elements （P, S, C1, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb） are basically increased but concentrations of the natural elements （Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe） are essentially decreased. Six main sources of PM10 are identified in the suburban of Changsha, China： soil dust, secondary aerosols, domestic oil combustion, waste incineration, traffic emission, and industrial emission contribute 57.7%, 24.0%, 9.8%, 5.0%, 2.0%, and 1.5%, respectively. Soil dust and secondary aerosols are the two major sources of particulate air pollution in suburban area of Changsha, China, so effective measures should be taken to control these two particulate pollutants.

Improved source assessment of Si,Al and related mineral components to PM_(10) based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, P, S and Cl. Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered, including time, elemental correlations, weekday, weekend and seasonal changes. Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals. A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates, Na, K, Zn and P were observed during the cold season. However, a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons. It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion. The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces. A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria. This was associated with a significant increase in K, Zn, and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood. PM10 levels in December were 12 μ/m^3 and were higher than levels detected in July. It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides, wood smoke, and inorganic ionic material（s）.

基于主曲线的空气悬浮颗粒物质PM10的预测

对空气中有害物质(例如PM10)的浓度进行预测具有重要的现实意义,但绝大多数情况下,这类数据具有不均衡、在线贯序到达的特点,利用传统监督学习方法较难以实现快速、有效的预测。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于主曲线的PM10预测方法,建立在2010年到2012年PM10的模型,拟合得到相应的参数,最终得到主曲线预测模型,并通过大量实验分别设定不同浓度PM10相应的阈值。研究表明,基于主曲线的PM10预测模型预测速度快、误差低,同时网络结构更加紧凑。

基于主曲线的空气悬浮颗粒物质PM10的预测

对空气中有害物质(例如PM10)浓度的预测具有重要的现实意义,但绝大多数情况下,这类数据具有不均衡、在线贯序到达的特点,利用传统监督学习方法难以实现快速、有效的预测.为解决该问题,提出了一种基于主曲线的PM10预测方法,建立2010年到2012年PM10的模型,拟合得到相应的参数,最终得到主曲线预测模型,并通过大量实验分别设定不同浓度PM10相应的阈值.研究表明,基于主曲线的PM10预测模型预测速度快、误差小,同时网络结构更加紧凑.

PM_(2.5)测试方法对比及其燃煤电厂的排放特征分析

遵循电力行业标准DL/T 1520—2016,采用PM-10撞击器(30 L/min)、质量法撞击器(DGI,70 L/min)、静电低压撞击器(ELPI,10 L/min)对燃煤电厂的PM_(2.5)进行现场对比测试;并对燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)排放特征进行总结。结果表明,同一仪器不同时段的数据及不同仪器相同时间的数据重复性均较好。

山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O_(3)年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O_(3)浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_(2.5)污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM_(10)污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O_(3)浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现“南高北低”的格局,O_(3)浓度分布呈“南部高,中北部低”的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_(2.5)治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标率较低,O_(3)浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM_(10)和O_(3)污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的精细化管理及协同治理。

Transport of airborne particulate matters originating from Mentougou, Beijing, China

In this study, a coupled regional air quality modeling system is applied to investigate the time spatial variations in airborne particulate matters （PM10）, originating from Mentougou to Beijing municipal area in the period of April 1-7, 2004, and the influences of complex terrain and meteorological conditions upon boundary layer structure and PM10 concentration distributions. An intercomparison of the performance with CALPUFF against the observed data is presented and an examination of scatter plots is provided. The statistics show that the correlation coefficient and STD between the modeled and observed data are 0.86 and 0.03, respectively. Analysis of model results illustrates that the pollutants emitted from Mentougou can be transported to Beijing municipal area along certain transport pathways, and PM10 concentration distributions show heterogeneity characteristics. Contributions of the Mentougou sources to the PM10 concentrations in Beijing municipal area are up to 0.1-15 μg/m^3.

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter(PM)and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfallrunoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis.Events were differentiated as mass-limited(ML)and flow-limited(FL).Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration(SSC)relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events.Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events.ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM.For batch clarification with one hour of settling,ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions.Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse(d50 m=304µm).Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff.Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg.While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM(<75µm)generates the highest metal concentrations,the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction(>75µm).

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料。应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7μg/m^3和116.9μg/m^3,分别超标162%和67%;二者质量浓度比达78.4%,10年间同比增长约20%。颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7~9 h。研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素。

沙尘天气对我国城市空气质量影响的范围与强度分析

近年来 ,可吸入颗粒物已成为影响我国城市空气质量的首要污染物。该文分析了城市中颗粒物的不同来源 ,根据对沙尘天气的发生过程监测 ,结合我国重点城市空气质量统计数据 ,提出了沙尘影响指数的概念。根据沙尘影响指数对不同类型城市空气中的可吸入颗粒物来源和沙尘影响程度进行了分析 ,力求明确沙尘天气与空气质量的关系。根据 2 0 0 1年和 2 0 0 2年 3月最新的沙尘天气监测数据和特定的沙尘天气过程 ,按照沙尘来源和沙尘影响范围将沙尘影响地区进行了分区 ,分析不同区域内的起沙机制和沙尘来源 。

济南市大气颗粒物短期暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分影响的定群研究

为了解济南市不同粒径大气颗粒物暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分(SAP)的急性影响,评估大气颗粒物暴露对人群神经系统的健康风险,以山东省济南市甸柳社区为研究地点,采用定群研究设计,对社区76名健康老年人进行5次重复测量,结合社区附近(<2 km)环保监测超级站的PM2.5和PM 10浓度数据,在控制年龄、性别等协变量情况下,利用线性混合效应模型分别分析PM2.5和PM 10暴露对SAP的效应影响.结果表明:大气颗粒物短期暴露与老年人群SAP的升高呈正相关;PM2.5累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个四分位数间距(IQR),SAP水平升高18.73%(95%CI为9.20%~29.08%)(FDR H-P<0.05)(其中,CI为可信区间,FDR H-P为经多重校正后的P值);PM 10累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个IQR,SAP水平亦升高,但变化不显著(FDR H-P>0.05).研究显示,大气颗粒物暴露可以引起人群反应神经退行性病变的SAP指标升高,提示大气颗粒物对人群神经系统具有潜在威胁;PM2.5对SAP的效应高于PM 10,提示小粒径颗粒物具有较高的健康危害,应加强对小粒径颗粒物的健康影响和干预防护研究.

PM 10和PM 2.5危害、治理及标准体系的概况

悬浮在空气中的颗粒物,按其空气动力学直径的大小,可分为PM 10和PM 2.5。其中PM2.5由于可直接进入肺泡、称为可吸入肺颗粒物,对人体具有更大危害作用;PM 2.5对心血管系统可以产生毒性作用,心肺疾病的日病死率增加与PM2.5有密切的关系。PM 10和PM 2.5对天气和气候具有危害作用,例如可能降低大气能见度、显著减少日照、改变气温和降水模式、导致雾天增多等。为此,有必要对PM 10和PM 2.5进行监测、治理和控制。分析发现,颗粒物的来源复杂多样,大城市的PM 2.5的主要来源为燃料的燃烧(以煤炭燃烧为主)及机动车尾气。PM 10和PM 2.5污染的治理需要从多个方面着手、多个部门通力协作、加强源头管理。目前,国内主要采用重量法对环境空气PM 10和PM 2.5进行测定,2012年修订的《环境空气质量标准》增加了PM 2.5环境质量标准限值,但是缺乏基于完整科学理论和足量实测数据的支撑,需要深入开展对PM 2.5环境质量标准体系的研究,为空气质量管理和政策制定提供更多的信息。

A toxicological study of inhalable particulates by plasmid DNA assay:A case study from Macao

Oxidative damage to plasmid DNA induced by airborne PM10 （particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less） is caused by the bioavailable （i.e., soluble） heavy metals on the particle surface. However, quantitative analyses of the links between PM10 and oxidative damage are limited. In this study, plasmid DNA assay and ICP-MS were applied to study oxidative capacity and trace element compositions, respectively, of summer and winter PM10 samples collected at several sites （Sun Yat Sen Municipal Park （SYSP） and Av. de Horta e Costa （AHC） on the Macao peninsula and Macao University on Tai- pa Island （TI）） in Macao. At AHC and TI, the oxidative capacity of PM10 collected in winter was higher than that collected in summer, for both the whole sample and the water-soluble fraction. In contrast, no seasonal variation was noted at SYSP. PMI0 exhibited the highest oxidative capacity at SYSP and lowest oxidative capacity at TI in both seasons, demonstrating that the PMl0 collected on the Macao peninsula had a higher toxicity than that from Taipa Island. ICP-MS analyses revealed that the concentrations of total analyzed trace elements and their water-soluble components in PMI0 from TI and AHC were higher in winter than in summer, whereas SYSP displayed the opposite trend. The extents of oxidative damage induced by the wa- ter-soluble fractions and intact whole particles were generally similar, implying that the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao resulted mainly from the water-soluble fraction. The oxidative capacities of PM10 were positively correlated with both whole and soluble Zn at the 95% confidence level, indicating that Zn was the major element responsible for the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao. Other heavy metals, such as Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, As, and Pb, also exhibited elevated concen- trations, and the potential health impacts of these metals should be considered.

Cancer Risk of Inhalation Exposure to Cd, Cr, As, Be and Ni in Ambient Air

Particulate matter may comprise toxic trace elements with carcinogenic effects. Of these trace elements, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be) and Nickel (Ni) are classified as probable human carcinogens. During the annual Hajj pilgrimage, 2.3 million pilgrims stay in Makkah, Saudi Arabia;the increased vehicle traffic contributes to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. We aimed to determine the excess cancer risk (ECR) associated with inhalation exposure in the Makkah population. This study was conducted in the Arafat area, which is a highly-crowded area during Hajj. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for trace element analysis. ECR resulting from inhalation exposure to each metal was calculated in accordance with the unit risk suggested by the Integrated Risk Information System. In summer, including Hajj, mean Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni atmospheric concentrations were 0.098, 0.008, 0.26, 0.03, and 0.012 μg/m3, respectively;in autumn, values were 0.06, 0.006, 0.16, 0.002, and 0.01 μg/m3, respectively. ECRs were 1.08 × 10&#87224, 7.21 × 10&#87224, 4.0 × 10&#87226, 4.6 × 10&#87226, and 2.4 × 10&#87226, respectively, exceeding the acceptable inhalation risk level (1.0 × 10&#87226) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for each element. Higher atmospheric trace element concentrations in summer were due to high temperatures that increased atmospheric turbulence, leading to a greater amount of re-suspended dust from roads and blowing sand particles. These findings can be used by relevant authorities while developing regulations and strategies for developing air quality management to improve the health of pilgrims;however, larger prospective studies are required to estimate ECR in different seasons.

环境微细颗粒物与过敏性皮肤病关系的Meta分析

目的:定量评估环境微细颗粒物PM 10、PM 2.5与过敏性皮肤病的关系。方法:检索国内外文献数据库,系统收集相关文献并提取效应量。使用RevMan 5.3和Stata 14.2软件对文献进行Meta分析,根据异质性结果进行亚组分析和敏感性分析,并检验发表偏倚及校正合并效应量。结果:共纳入25篇文献;PM 10、PM 2.5每增高10μg/m 3,对过敏性皮肤病影响的合并效应量分别为1.0049(95%CI:1.0016~1.0081)与1.0066(95%CI:1.0033~1.0100);亚组分析显示PM 10和PM 2.5对特应性皮炎影响的合并效应量分别为1.0108(95%CI:0.9999~1.0219)、1.0320(95%CI:1.0056~1.0590),对湿疹影响的合并效应量分别为1.0040(95%CI:1.0006~1.0075)、1.0066(95%CI:1.0029~1.0103);PM 2.5对荨麻疹影响的合并效应量为0.9994(95%CI:0.9852~1.0139)。结论:环境微细颗粒物与过敏性皮肤病发生相关,PM 10和PM 2.5浓度升高会增加特应性皮炎和湿疹的发生风险。

Evaluation of Air Quality in the City of Istanbul during the Years 2013 and 2015

Air pollution has been the most important health issue in recent years. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the results of regular measurements of air pollutants PM10 （Particulate Matter of 10 Microns in Diameter） and SO2 （Sulfur Dioxide） concentrations in the city of Istanbul by taking the years 2013 and 2015 as a sample. The data were obtained through the website http：//www.havaizleme.gov.tr, which was published by the Administration of Marmara Clean Air Center of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in Turkey. For the years 2013 and 2015, the mean SO2 concentration was 8.35 ± 6.04 and 10.60 ±7.16 μg/m^3. The mean PMI0 concentration was 73.06 ± 30.63 μg/m^3 for 2013 and 51.57 ± 18.84μg/m^3 for 2015. The acceptable upper limit values by WHO （World Health Organization） for daily mean SO2 and PMI0 concentrations respectively are 20 μg/m^3 and 50μg/m^3. In Istanbul, SO2 concentrations were above the upper limit values recommended by WHO, but PM10 concentrations during 2013 and 2015 were over the recommended limit values by WHO. As the particulate matter pollution is at high concentrations during these two years, it has shown that air pollution emerges as a problem awaiting solutions in Istanbul, where is industrially intense, highly populated and also with high traffic density.