In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment du...In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.展开更多
Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25 L surface water samples from each...Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25 L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%—30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.展开更多
This paper presents the performance results of a 366-day pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for treating high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater. The study focuses on the growth properties of mixed liquo...This paper presents the performance results of a 366-day pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for treating high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater. The study focuses on the growth properties of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in SMBR operated at high volumetric loading rates. The influences of MLSS on COD removal,sludge yield,oxygen utilization rates and sludge viscosity are studied. Results show that the bioreactor can be operated at higher volumetric loading rate with a low sludge yield. VSS/SS and observed sludge yield coefficient (Yo) present a decreasing trend with the decrease of hydraulic retention time (HRT) . Sludge oxygen utilization rate decreases with the increase of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) . A mathematical model between sludge viscosity and MLSS is developed.展开更多
The spatial stability equation of moving jet containing dense suspended solid particles was derived out by means of the continuum phase-coupled model. The stability curves of moving jet far different downstream distan...The spatial stability equation of moving jet containing dense suspended solid particles was derived out by means of the continuum phase-coupled model. The stability curves of moving jet far different downstream distances, Reynolds number of flow-field, particle properties and velocities of jetting device are got by the finite difference method based on the asymptotic method and the Eulerian conservative difference scheme. Founded on the analysis of the obtained stability curves it is found that the positive velocity of jetting device widens the unstable frequency range of flow-field hut the effect of the negative one is contrary. In addition, particles existing in the flow-field curb the instability of flow-field and the effect enhances with the decrease of Reynolds number of flow-field. These conclusions benefit learning the development of moving two-phase jet.展开更多
To investigate the dynamic characteristics of total suspended solids (TSS) and their particle-bound heavy metals in a first flush, the runoff sampling together with its flow rate measuring was conducted for three rain...To investigate the dynamic characteristics of total suspended solids (TSS) and their particle-bound heavy metals in a first flush, the runoff sampling together with its flow rate measuring was conducted for three rainfall events at outfalls of highway in Shanghai from June to September 2007. Field samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of TSS and particle-bound heavy metals, such as Zn, Pb, and Cu. Results show that the wash off behavior of TSS under varying runoff rate condition can be explained by different antecedent dry weather period (ADWP). Contribution of fine fraction (<45 μm) to TSS was generally higher than that of coarse fraction (>45 μm). When the runoff flow increased obviously, a significant contribution of the coarse fraction was observed for a certain rainfall events with long antecedent dry weather condition. The changes of total metals concentration and particle-bound metal concentrations were strongly dependent on the TSS variation. TSS was generally well correlated with most particulate-bound heavy metals. Of the heavy metals, the concentration of Zn was found considerably high and that of Pb was significantly low at North Zhongshan 2 Road, in Shanghai, China, but they are still within the range reported in the literature. Fluctuation of heavy metal contents in the coarse fraction during a first flush period was more significant compared with that in the fine fraction. The results will assist in the development of effective control strategies to minimize heavy metals and solids in highway runoff.展开更多
Chlorophyll a (chl-a) and suspended solid concentrations are two frequently used water quality parameters for monitoring a lake. Traditional measurement of chl-a and suspended solids, requir-ing laborious laboratory w...Chlorophyll a (chl-a) and suspended solid concentrations are two frequently used water quality parameters for monitoring a lake. Traditional measurement of chl-a and suspended solids, requir-ing laborious laboratory work, which is often expensive and time consuming. Hyperspectral re-mote-sensing measurement provides a fast and easy tool for estimating water trophic status. In situ hy-perspectral data on March 7–8, July 6–7, September 20 and December 7–8, 2004 and the corresponding water chemical data were used to regress the algorithm of water quality parameters. Results showed that the peak of water leaving radiance around 700 nm (R700) varied proportionally with chl-a concentration, and moved to infrared when algal bloom occurred. The reflectance ratio of R702/R685 was well correlated with chl-a when water surface in no algal bloom case and the correlation coefficient was better if absorp-tion of phycocyanin was considered. The reflectance ratio R620/R531 was highly correlated to the concen-tration of suspended solids. The relationship between suspended solids and other band groups were also compared. Secchi disk depth could be calculated by non-linear correlation with suspended solids concen-tration.展开更多
A three-dimensional transportation model for suspended solids (SS) in Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary, South China, was developed by coupling with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was validated using h...A three-dimensional transportation model for suspended solids (SS) in Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary, South China, was developed by coupling with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was validated using hourly measured data of sediment contents during 25–26, July 1999. The results showed that modeled contents matched well with measured ones and that the modeled top layer distribution agreed with the remotely sensed image of suspended solids in summer. The modeled results showed clearly the layers of sus- pended solids in depth, with larger sediment contents in lower layers though in the interface between salt water and freshwater the lowest contents appeared in middle layer. In overall, the suspended solids inflow from 8 rivers, transport southwestward, and carried by strong coastal flow in Zhujiang River estuary. Contours of sediment contents in the estuary spread further to the open sea during ebb tide rather than flood tide which reflects that the suspended solids in the estuary are land sourced.展开更多
By considering the effect of suspended solid particles in the ordinary equations for two-dimension inviscid incompressible mixing layer, the Rayleigh equation and the modified Rayleigh equation are obtained. And then,...By considering the effect of suspended solid particles in the ordinary equations for two-dimension inviscid incompressible mixing layer, the Rayleigh equation and the modified Rayleigh equation are obtained. And then, by solving the corresponding eigen-value equations with numerical computational method, the relation curves between perturbation frequency and spacial growth rate of the mixing layer for the varying particle loading, ratio of particle velocity to fluid velocity and Stokes number are got. Sever al important conclusions on the effect of suspended solid particles on unstability of the mixing layer are presented in the end by analyzing all the relation curves.展开更多
The stability equation of interface of two-phase jet and the corresponding particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio equation are derived by means of the phase-coupled model. The stability nares of interface of two-phas...The stability equation of interface of two-phase jet and the corresponding particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio equation are derived by means of the phase-coupled model. The stability nares of interface of two-phase jet for different particle properties and the corresponding particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio curves are given out through numerical computation. Further, several important conclusions on effect of particle property on growth and propagation of disturbance of interface of two-phase jet and particle disturbance property me presented on the basis of analyses of the obtained stability curves and particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio curves. These important conclusions can play a guiding role in studying development of two-phase jet and executing artificial controls over it in project practice.展开更多
The investigations described in this paper were performed in order to determine whether the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) in the Drava River, Slovenia, measured indirectly with optical sensors can be ...The investigations described in this paper were performed in order to determine whether the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) in the Drava River, Slovenia, measured indirectly with optical sensors can be used to determine the amount and particle size of the suspended solids that can settle in stagnant water. The possibility of continuous monitoring of the TSS concentrations would allow a more reliable estimate of the amount of sediment in the accumulation lake of the planned, pumped-storage, hydroelectric power plant into which the water from the Drava River will be pumped. Therefore, during a period of one year, 90 water samples were taken directly at the optical sensors. The amount of sediments and their mineral and chemical compositions were investigated, and particle size analyses were made in 15 samples. Microbiological parameters, which included a determination of the amount of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, fungi and organic debris, were investigated in all the water samples, and the temperature and pH of the water were measured at the time when the samples were collected. The comparison of the parameters examined with the TSS concentrations showed that these concentrations can serve as a very good estimate of the amount of particles settled in the standing water, as well as of their size. These correlations are clearly expressed in the cases where the amounts of phytoplankton and organic debris in the water are low.展开更多
Modeling of filter performance is very difficult because of complexity of the defining physical and chemical events in the filtration system whereas the knowledge of functionality of filter coefficient. The main objec...Modeling of filter performance is very difficult because of complexity of the defining physical and chemical events in the filtration system whereas the knowledge of functionality of filter coefficient. The main objective of this study is to predict the performance of multimedia filter and to evaluate both the initial and transient stage of suspended solid removal efficiency depending on experimental data. Fuzzy logic has been used to build a model of multi input and one output (MISO) for the removal efficiency of multimedia filter which it consists from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) mediums. The control parameters of (FLC) of Sugeno model are seven parameters which are media depths, media grains size for both sand and GAC, filtration rate, diameter of suspension particle, feed concentration, and operation time. The output parameter is removal efficiency of media filter whereas these data are collocated from pilot scale deep bed filter, thus, the removal efficiency of filter was modeled by 575 rules as a function of different control parameters. An adaptive of neuron fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) had used to simulate the experimental data. The simulation results were evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), whereas the results showed that the prediction of ANFIS model has a good agreement with experimental data when the MAPE is equal to 7.0458 and fuzzy rule -based modeling proved a reliable and flexible tool to study the performance of multimedia filter. The conclusion showed that there is a relationship between flow rate, effective size and optimum bed depth for all filter media, the increment of effective size generates a higher value of optimum filter bed depth for a lower value of filtration rate. It was concluded that the optimal removal efficiency (95-100) achieved by (0.5-0.7 mm) grain size of sand, (1.5-1.9) mm grain size of granular activated carbon (GAC), with media depths should range from 0.3 to 0.6 m.展开更多
The curve of ion exchange ratio(%) pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River was studied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been also investigated. The results showed th...The curve of ion exchange ratio(%) pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River was studied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been also investigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH) + form in the suspended particles exchanges with the cations. The exchange ratio of Cd 2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH (8.0—8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratio decreases as the concentration of Cd 2+ raises from 8.9×10 -6 mol/L to 2×8.9×10 -6 mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6 8×10 -6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of the suspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin Sha River than in the Yellow River.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFD0900502)。
文摘In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.
文摘Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25 L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%—30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.
基金Sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.e2007-04)
文摘This paper presents the performance results of a 366-day pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for treating high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater. The study focuses on the growth properties of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in SMBR operated at high volumetric loading rates. The influences of MLSS on COD removal,sludge yield,oxygen utilization rates and sludge viscosity are studied. Results show that the bioreactor can be operated at higher volumetric loading rate with a low sludge yield. VSS/SS and observed sludge yield coefficient (Yo) present a decreasing trend with the decrease of hydraulic retention time (HRT) . Sludge oxygen utilization rate decreases with the increase of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) . A mathematical model between sludge viscosity and MLSS is developed.
文摘The spatial stability equation of moving jet containing dense suspended solid particles was derived out by means of the continuum phase-coupled model. The stability curves of moving jet far different downstream distances, Reynolds number of flow-field, particle properties and velocities of jetting device are got by the finite difference method based on the asymptotic method and the Eulerian conservative difference scheme. Founded on the analysis of the obtained stability curves it is found that the positive velocity of jetting device widens the unstable frequency range of flow-field hut the effect of the negative one is contrary. In addition, particles existing in the flow-field curb the instability of flow-field and the effect enhances with the decrease of Reynolds number of flow-field. These conclusions benefit learning the development of moving two-phase jet.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2006BAK13B04)the Expo Shanghai Sci-Tech Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (No.06dz05808)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No. 2007GZH839), China
文摘To investigate the dynamic characteristics of total suspended solids (TSS) and their particle-bound heavy metals in a first flush, the runoff sampling together with its flow rate measuring was conducted for three rainfall events at outfalls of highway in Shanghai from June to September 2007. Field samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of TSS and particle-bound heavy metals, such as Zn, Pb, and Cu. Results show that the wash off behavior of TSS under varying runoff rate condition can be explained by different antecedent dry weather period (ADWP). Contribution of fine fraction (<45 μm) to TSS was generally higher than that of coarse fraction (>45 μm). When the runoff flow increased obviously, a significant contribution of the coarse fraction was observed for a certain rainfall events with long antecedent dry weather condition. The changes of total metals concentration and particle-bound metal concentrations were strongly dependent on the TSS variation. TSS was generally well correlated with most particulate-bound heavy metals. Of the heavy metals, the concentration of Zn was found considerably high and that of Pb was significantly low at North Zhongshan 2 Road, in Shanghai, China, but they are still within the range reported in the literature. Fluctuation of heavy metal contents in the coarse fraction during a first flush period was more significant compared with that in the fine fraction. The results will assist in the development of effective control strategies to minimize heavy metals and solids in highway runoff.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40576078), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 5003685), Post-Doctor Foundation of China, Post-doctor Foundation of Zhejiang Province, Post-Doctor Foundation of Shanghai and the Na-tional High-Tech R&D of China (863 Program) (No. 2002AA639490)
文摘Chlorophyll a (chl-a) and suspended solid concentrations are two frequently used water quality parameters for monitoring a lake. Traditional measurement of chl-a and suspended solids, requir-ing laborious laboratory work, which is often expensive and time consuming. Hyperspectral re-mote-sensing measurement provides a fast and easy tool for estimating water trophic status. In situ hy-perspectral data on March 7–8, July 6–7, September 20 and December 7–8, 2004 and the corresponding water chemical data were used to regress the algorithm of water quality parameters. Results showed that the peak of water leaving radiance around 700 nm (R700) varied proportionally with chl-a concentration, and moved to infrared when algal bloom occurred. The reflectance ratio of R702/R685 was well correlated with chl-a when water surface in no algal bloom case and the correlation coefficient was better if absorp-tion of phycocyanin was considered. The reflectance ratio R620/R531 was highly correlated to the concen-tration of suspended solids. The relationship between suspended solids and other band groups were also compared. Secchi disk depth could be calculated by non-linear correlation with suspended solids concen-tration.
基金This research was funded by The National Science Fund for Distin-guished Young Scholars (Estuarine and Coastal Studies 40225014) and The National Hi-Tech Research Fund (818-09-01-04).
文摘A three-dimensional transportation model for suspended solids (SS) in Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary, South China, was developed by coupling with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was validated using hourly measured data of sediment contents during 25–26, July 1999. The results showed that modeled contents matched well with measured ones and that the modeled top layer distribution agreed with the remotely sensed image of suspended solids in summer. The modeled results showed clearly the layers of sus- pended solids in depth, with larger sediment contents in lower layers though in the interface between salt water and freshwater the lowest contents appeared in middle layer. In overall, the suspended solids inflow from 8 rivers, transport southwestward, and carried by strong coastal flow in Zhujiang River estuary. Contours of sediment contents in the estuary spread further to the open sea during ebb tide rather than flood tide which reflects that the suspended solids in the estuary are land sourced.
文摘By considering the effect of suspended solid particles in the ordinary equations for two-dimension inviscid incompressible mixing layer, the Rayleigh equation and the modified Rayleigh equation are obtained. And then, by solving the corresponding eigen-value equations with numerical computational method, the relation curves between perturbation frequency and spacial growth rate of the mixing layer for the varying particle loading, ratio of particle velocity to fluid velocity and Stokes number are got. Sever al important conclusions on the effect of suspended solid particles on unstability of the mixing layer are presented in the end by analyzing all the relation curves.
文摘The stability equation of interface of two-phase jet and the corresponding particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio equation are derived by means of the phase-coupled model. The stability nares of interface of two-phase jet for different particle properties and the corresponding particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio curves are given out through numerical computation. Further, several important conclusions on effect of particle property on growth and propagation of disturbance of interface of two-phase jet and particle disturbance property me presented on the basis of analyses of the obtained stability curves and particle-gas disturbance velocity ratio curves. These important conclusions can play a guiding role in studying development of two-phase jet and executing artificial controls over it in project practice.
文摘The investigations described in this paper were performed in order to determine whether the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) in the Drava River, Slovenia, measured indirectly with optical sensors can be used to determine the amount and particle size of the suspended solids that can settle in stagnant water. The possibility of continuous monitoring of the TSS concentrations would allow a more reliable estimate of the amount of sediment in the accumulation lake of the planned, pumped-storage, hydroelectric power plant into which the water from the Drava River will be pumped. Therefore, during a period of one year, 90 water samples were taken directly at the optical sensors. The amount of sediments and their mineral and chemical compositions were investigated, and particle size analyses were made in 15 samples. Microbiological parameters, which included a determination of the amount of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, fungi and organic debris, were investigated in all the water samples, and the temperature and pH of the water were measured at the time when the samples were collected. The comparison of the parameters examined with the TSS concentrations showed that these concentrations can serve as a very good estimate of the amount of particles settled in the standing water, as well as of their size. These correlations are clearly expressed in the cases where the amounts of phytoplankton and organic debris in the water are low.
文摘Modeling of filter performance is very difficult because of complexity of the defining physical and chemical events in the filtration system whereas the knowledge of functionality of filter coefficient. The main objective of this study is to predict the performance of multimedia filter and to evaluate both the initial and transient stage of suspended solid removal efficiency depending on experimental data. Fuzzy logic has been used to build a model of multi input and one output (MISO) for the removal efficiency of multimedia filter which it consists from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) mediums. The control parameters of (FLC) of Sugeno model are seven parameters which are media depths, media grains size for both sand and GAC, filtration rate, diameter of suspension particle, feed concentration, and operation time. The output parameter is removal efficiency of media filter whereas these data are collocated from pilot scale deep bed filter, thus, the removal efficiency of filter was modeled by 575 rules as a function of different control parameters. An adaptive of neuron fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) had used to simulate the experimental data. The simulation results were evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), whereas the results showed that the prediction of ANFIS model has a good agreement with experimental data when the MAPE is equal to 7.0458 and fuzzy rule -based modeling proved a reliable and flexible tool to study the performance of multimedia filter. The conclusion showed that there is a relationship between flow rate, effective size and optimum bed depth for all filter media, the increment of effective size generates a higher value of optimum filter bed depth for a lower value of filtration rate. It was concluded that the optimal removal efficiency (95-100) achieved by (0.5-0.7 mm) grain size of sand, (1.5-1.9) mm grain size of granular activated carbon (GAC), with media depths should range from 0.3 to 0.6 m.
文摘The curve of ion exchange ratio(%) pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River was studied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been also investigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH) + form in the suspended particles exchanges with the cations. The exchange ratio of Cd 2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH (8.0—8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratio decreases as the concentration of Cd 2+ raises from 8.9×10 -6 mol/L to 2×8.9×10 -6 mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6 8×10 -6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of the suspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin Sha River than in the Yellow River.