Impact of Selected Processing Methods of High-Level Cyanide in Cassava on Optic Neuropathy in Wistar Albino Rats—An Experimental Study

Background: Cassava tuber crop is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and utilized in various forms by millions of Nigerians. The storage root of the cassava contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside that is easily hydrolyzed to release cyanide salt compounds which is toxic to the nervous system especially the optic nerve, sometimes leading to optic neuropathy and visual impairment. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the impact of selected processing methods of high-level cyanide in cassava on optic neuropathy in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were fed with different concentration and duration of predetermined high-cyanide content cassava root cultivar which was processed using different processing methods adopted by various communities in Rivers State, Nigeria (for human consumption). A control group of 3 Wistar albino rats was fed with normal “Growth Mesh” meals. The pre and post weights of the animals and the fundoscopic optic nerve status of the rats were evaluated after 30 and 60 days. SPSS Version 25 was employed for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Cassava species available in Rivers State have high cyanide content (2336.79 mg CN-/kg dry weight of cassava). There was statistically significant reduction in the cyanide content (p = 0.000) depending on the various common processing methods (into garri for human consumption): 24 hours, 48 hours, fermentation;with and without red palm oil additive. The individual weights as well as the mean weight of the 24 rats in the experimental group increased gradually from the first week to the 9th week with a slight weight reduction on the third and fourth weeks which was not statistically significant (p = 0.092). However, there was a steady increase in the weights of the animals in the control group throughout the 9 weeks. Varying degrees of optic neuropathy occurred, worse with the rats that had 24-hour fermented cassava twice daily for 60 days. The intra and inter group differences in the optic disc changes was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Longer duration of processing cassava roots into garri for human consumption reduces its cyanide content and minimizes the adverse impact on the optic nerve.

Middle cerebral artery occlusion methods in rat versus mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemic stroke

Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, usually the mid- dle cerebral artery （MCA）. Experimental focal cerebral ischemia models have been employed to mimic human stroke （Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007）. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been developed using intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA （MCA occlusion, MCAO） （Rosamond et al., 2008）. Furthermore, mouse MCAO models have been wide- ly used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery mechanisms （Liu and McCullough, 2011）. Genetically engineered mouse stroke models are particularly useful for evaluation of isch- emic pathophysiology and the design of new prophylactic, neuro- protective, and therapeutic agents and interventions （Armstead et al., 2010）. During the past two decades, MCAO surgical techniques have been developed that do not reveal surgical techniques for mouse MCAO model engineering. Therefore, we compared MCAO surgical methods in rats and mice.

A NEW METHOD OF ISOLATING KUPFFER CELLS FROM BIOPSY TISSUE OF RAT LIVER

The isolation of a high yield and purity of Kupffer cells has been reported in detail.1 This paper reports into the research about isolation Kupffer cells from biopsy tissue of liver. This method includes 5 important steps: (1) take fresh liver tissue, and mince with scissors. (2) spin at low speed to wash off red blood cells. (3) digest in collagenase for suitable time. (4) isolate Kupffer cells on a percoll density gradient. (5) cell charaterization was observed by N.S.E stain and peroxidatic activity with lumino-meter measurement and phagocytosis with latex beads.2.3

A hippocampal anti-hypertensive mechanism induced by twirling reinforcing-reducing manipulation in rats

Objective:To investigate a hippocampal anti-hypertensive mechanism induced by twirling reinforcingreducing manipulation(TRRM)using proteomics in rats.Methods:Forty-two male spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,and 14 Wistar-Kyoto rats were served as control group.In the twirling reinforcing(TRF)group,needles were directly inserted into the Taichong(LR 3)point,then thumbs were moved heavily forward and lightly backward for 3 min,while needles remained inserted for 17 min.In the twirling reduction(TRD)group,the same treatment was applied as in the TRF group except that the thumb moved lightly forward and heavily backward.In the model and control groups,only the corresponding grasping and fixation were applied.All interventions were conducted for 14 days.The blood pressure(BP)of all rats was measured one day before intervention and every other day after.Then hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)staining,label-free and parallel reaction monitoring proteomic techniques were used to assess hippocampal samples from each group.Results:Systolic BPs showed a significant decrease in the TRF and TRD groups compared with the model group(P<.01).In the model group,H&E staining showed obvious pathological changes in the hippocampus,while in the TRF and TRD groups,the hippocampal morphology was only slightly altered.Labelfree proteomic analysis revealed 1163 differential protein expressions between groups.Gene Ontology enrichment analysis confirmed that the differentially expressed proteins were enriched in different biological processes,cellular components,and molecular functions.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that TRRM proteins were expressed in the serotonergic synapse pathway,renin-angiotensin system,the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,and the peroxisome pathway,which were all also related to BP regulation.Conclusion:TRRM can significantly lower the BP of SHRs.The mode of action may be through the activation of various protein pathways in the hippocampus that are related to BP regulation.

Validation of a HPLC Method for Quantification of Thiamine and Its Phosphate Esters in Rat Brain Tissue

The present data show a fast and efficient biological sample processing method for the extraction of thiamine (vitamin B1) and its mono-(TMP) and di-(TDP) phosphate esters from hippocampus, thalamus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and blood sample of the rodents. In addition, using the hippocampus and standards of these three compounds we validated an isocratic fluorescence HPLC procedure for a simultaneous detection of them in a single chromatogram within a total run time of about 12 min. Reproducibility for TDP, TMP and B1 was 2.66%, 4.50% and 7.43% (intraday) and 37.54%, 25.39% and 25.87% (interday), respectively. Recovery assays were between 96.0% and 101.7%. The calibration curves were linear and the concentrations of the three compounds, all in nanomolar range, were determined in the brain areas and in the blood samples. When compared to the current methods in the literature, this new method provides information on essential variables, such as linearity range and limit of detection, reproducibility and stability of thiamine, TMP and TDP in rat brain samples. The present data on sample processing and B1 and its phosphate ester level determinations are the first to be validated using hippocampus samples of rats.

EFFECT OF HIGH-LIPID DIET ON GLOMERULAR MESANGIAL MATRIX IN ADRIAMYCIN-INDUCED NEPHROTIC RATS

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of hypercholsterolemia induced by a high-lipid diet on glomerulosclerosis. METHODS: Twenty nephrotic syndrome (NS) Wistar rats administrated adriamycin (ADR) with a single intravenous dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, were divided into the standard and high-lipid chow groups. Another 20 weight-matched non-NS rats that received a vehicle alone were grouped as control. Urinary protein excretion and serum cholesterol were assayed; image analysis and techniques of pathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology were used to determine morphological changes in glomeruli and the production of glomerular mesangial matrices in different groups. RESULTS: The serum total cholesterol level was significantly higher in rats with high-lipid chow in both non-NS [(2.2 +/- 0.3) g/L vs. (0.9 +/- 0.1) g/L, P

Impacts of exercise intervention on various diseases in rats

Background:Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases,such as osteoarthritis,obesity,hypertension,and Alzheimer's disease.This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought.Methods:PubMed was utilized as the data source.To collect research articles,we used the following terms to create the search:(exercise[Title]OR physical activity[Title]OR training[Title])AND(rats[Title/Abstract]OR rat[Title/Abstract]OR rattus[Title/Abstract]).To best cover targeted studies,publication dates were limited to"within 11 years."The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode,frequency,and intensity of exercise.Results:The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types:motor system(17 articles),metabolic system(110 articles),cardiocerebral vascular system(171 articles),nervous system(71 articles),urinary system(2 articles),and cancer(21 articles).Our review found that,for different diseases,exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect.However,the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease.Conclusion:As a model animal,rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases.This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research.

Effects of cluster needling of scalp acupuncture on neurofilament protein 200 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in rats with acute cerebral ischemia

Objective:Cluster needling at scalp acupoints has showed satisfying effects with acute cerebral ischemia in clinic whereas the mechanisms are not yet clear completely.This study investigated the influence of cluster needling at scalp acupoints on neurological function,as well as on neurofilament protein 200(NF200)and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)expression,in rats with acute cerebral ischemia.Methods:Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned in equal numbers to the false operation(group F),model(group M),or cluster needling scalp acupuncture(group C)groups.Each group was divided into three subgroups,of six rats each,by acupuncture treatment time(24 h,7 days,and 14 days).The rat local cerebral ischemia model was prepared using a modified suture occlusion method.Group C rats were treated by cluster needling scalp acupuncture,while groups F and M did not receive acupuncture treatment.Neurological effects were evaluated using the Longa score.NF200 and STAT3 expression were measured by western blotting.Results:At 24 h,there were no statistical difference between group C and group M in nerve function(P>.05).On days 7 and 14,nerve function scores in group C were significantly lower than that in group M(respectively were P<.05 and P<.01).In addition,on days 14,expression of NF200 was significantly higher in group C compared with group M(P<.05).Compared with group M,STAT3 expression was also higher in group C on days 7 and 14,although these differences were not statistically significant(both P>.05).Conclusion:Cluster needling scalp acupuncture were efficient in improving nerve function scores in rats with cerebral ischemia,and promoting the recovery of motor function.These improvements were associated with increases in NF200 and STAT3 expression.

Effect of Wei’s triple nine needling therapy on flash visual evoked potentials in rats with traumatic optic neuropathy

Objective:To investigate the effect of Wei’s triple nine needling therapy on the N2-P2 wave of the flash visual evoked potential(FVEP)in rats of the of the transverse directional pulling model.Methods:Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly grouped,nine were in normal control group without any treatment,and the remaining 27 were surgically modelled in the right eyes.Eighteen of these rats were randomly divided into a Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group and a model group of nine rats each after the TON model was made using the transverse quantitative retraction method.The other 9 rats were sham-operated,and only the optic nerve was exposed without retraction.On the next day of modelling,the Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group was treated with Wei’s triple nine needling therapy for 20 minutes/1 time/1 day for 14 days.The model group,sham-operated group and normal control group were not intervened.Wei's triple nine acupoints were represented as follows:1st link:"Jingming"(BL1)and"Chengqi"(ST1);2nd link:"Sizhukong"(SJ23)penetrating"Taiyang"(EX-HN5);and the third:"Fengchi"(GB 20)and"Taichong"(LV3).The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d,7d and 14d.The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d,7d and 14d.Results:Compared with the model group,the N2 wave latency and P2 wave latency were shortened in the Wei’s triple nine needling therapy on 1d(P<0.05,P<0.01);on 7d,their N2 wave latency was shortened(P<0.01)and the N2-P2 wave amplitude was increased compared with the model group(P<0.05);on 14d,their P2 wave latency was shortened(P<0.05)and the N2-P2 wave amplitude was increased.There was no statistical difference in N2 wave latency,P2 wave latency and N2-P2 wave amplitude in the sham-operated group on 1d,7d and 14d(P>0.05).The delayed N2 and P2 wave latencies in the model group did not improve from 1d to 14d(P>0.05)and the amplitude decreased throughout,showing a significant difference on 14d compared to 1d(P<0.05).In contrast,the N2 wave latency in Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group was not significantly different until 7d to 14d(P<0.05);its P2 wave latency,although significantly delayed from 1d to 7d(P<0.05),recovered on 14d and reached a level that was not statistically different from 1d and 7d(P>0.05).There was also no significant decrease in N2-P2 wave amplitude between 1d and 14d in Wei’s triple nine needling therapy group(P>0.05).Conclusion:In this experiment,the TON rat model was successfully established by the transverse quantitative retraction method,and the treatment of TON rats with Wei’s triple nine needling therapy reduced the P2 wave delay of the FVEP electrophysiological signal and increased the N2-P2 amplitude,which had a certain positive effect on the repair of optic nerve injury,probably related to its effect of improving the conduction function of the optic nerve and protecting the retinal ganglion cells that had not been degenerated and necrosed.

Validated LC–MS/MS method for determination of YH-8, a novel PKnB inhibitor, in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study

(E)-Methyl-4-aryl-4-oxabut-2-enoate(YH-8) is a novel PKn B protein kinase inhibitor with good anti-tuberculosis activity. To evaluate its pharmacokinetics in rats, a sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric(LC–MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of YH-8 in rat plasma for the first time. Samples were pre-treated using a liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column by gradient elution with methanol–water as the mobile phase. YH-8 was detected using a tandem mass spectrometer in positive selected reaction monitoring(SRM) mode. Method validation revealed good linearity over the range of1–500 ng/m L for YH-8 with a lower limit of quantification(LLOQ) of 1 ng/m L. Intra- and inter-day precision of YH-8 assay in rat plasma samples were 2.0%–6.8%, with accuracy of the method being 100.69%–106.18%.Stability test showed that when spiked into rat plasma, YH-8 was stable for 12 h at room temperature, for up to15 days at -70℃, and after three freeze-thaw cycles. Extracted samples were found to be stable over 12 h in an auto-sampler. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of YH-8 in rats after oral administration at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg.

Experimental assessment of a modified retrograde traction tracheal intubation method for increasing the success rate of myocardial infarction model in rats

Background Animal models of myocardial infarction （MI） have been widely used to study the pathologi- cal and physiological changes that occur in MI, and to objectively evaluate the efficacy of new treatments. They are an important tool in this procedure. However, the mortality rate of MI animal models has so far been higher than in real-life situations. The aim of this study was to explore the use of a modified retrograde traction tracheal intubation （MRTI） method for increasing the success rate of MI models in rats. Methods Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiment. Using the MRTI method of artificial airway generation, we established the MI model by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. We analyzed the effects of MRTI, the use of lidocaine, operative details, nursing considerations during the operation, and post-operative factors on the success rate of the MI model in rats. Results The success rate of generating an MI model in rats can be significantly increased using the following methods： 1） Setting up the artificial airway through the use of MRTI by using a single-lumen central venous catheter; 2） Selecting a ligation site 2 mm be- low the midpoint of the connection between the left atrial appendage and the pulmonary cone; 3） Adding a drop of lidocaine to the surface of the heart to slow down the heart rate, make the operation easier to perform, and prevent arrhythmias postoperatively; 4） Clearing up airway secretions timely both intra and postoperative- ly; 5） Making sure that rats are in a warm state both intra and postoperatively; 6） Preventing wound infection. Conclusions Use of the MRTI method can quickly establish an artificial airway in rats. Intraoperative use of lidocaine, selecting a precise vascular ligation site, and appropriate care both intra and postoperatively can in- crease the success rate of MI model generation.

补肾活血序贯法对薄型子宫内膜大鼠内膜形态及VEGF、Vimentin、CK12蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察补肾活血序贯法中药对薄型子宫内膜大鼠内膜形态、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白、波形蛋白(Vimentin)和组织细胞角蛋白12(cytokeratin 12,CK12)表达的影响。方法:将SPF级雌性SD大鼠连续灌胃羟基脲8 d复制肾虚薄型子宫内膜模型,造模成功后50只大鼠随机分为模型组、中药低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组及补佳乐组(阳性对照组)每组10只,另取10只大鼠为假手术组。假手术组和模型组灌胃等量蒸馏水,补佳乐组灌胃补佳乐0.3 mg/kg。其余3组动情期分别灌胃给予低、中、高剂量的消癥合剂;动情前期、动情后期和动情间期分别灌胃给予低、中、高剂量的养膜助孕包,连续给药3个动情周期,共15 d。干预结束后,HE染色观察大鼠子宫内膜形态;免疫组化检测大鼠子宫内膜VEGF、Vimentin和CK12表达。结果:模型组大鼠子宫内膜厚度、腺体数和血管数明显低于假手术组(P<0.01)。中药中、高剂量组及补佳乐组大鼠子宫内膜厚度、腺体数和血管数明显高于模型组(P<0.05或0.01)。中药中、高剂量组和补佳乐组大鼠子宫内膜组织VEGF的表达量均明显多于模型组(P<0.01),中药高剂量组子宫内膜组织Vimentin蛋白表达量明显高于模型组(P<0.01),中药低、中、高剂量组和补佳乐组子宫内膜组织CK12的表达明显多于模型组(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:补肾活血序贯法中药可以增加肾虚薄型子宫内膜模型大鼠的子宫内膜厚度及内膜组织VEGF、Vimentin、CK12蛋白表达。

大鼠急性血瘀证模型造模方法的网状Meta分析

目的:采用网状Meta分析评价不同急性血瘀证模型造模方法的效果,为中医实验研究急性血瘀证动物模型的制备提供循证依据。方法:检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国学术期刊数据库(CSPD)、中文科技期刊数据库(CCD)中有关急性血瘀证模型的建模方法,应用Stata软件进行网状Meta分析。结果:最终纳入32项研究,共纳入9种造模方案。各项指标最优前3位概率排序分别为:1)全血黏度:1 S^(-)1切变率右旋糖酐>高脂>氢化可的松+肾上腺素,10 S^(-)1切变率冰水浴>肾上腺素>高脂+力竭游泳,30 S^(-)1切变率多因素刺激>右旋糖酐>肾上腺素,60 S^(-)1切变率多因素刺激>右旋糖酐>肾上腺素,150 S^(-)1切变率肾上腺素>冰水浴>高脂+力竭游泳,200 S^(-)1切变率右旋糖酐>氢化可的松+肾上腺素>角叉莱胶+内毒素;2)血浆黏度:右旋糖酐>多因素刺激>肾上腺素;3)红细胞聚集指数:冰水浴>多因素刺激>高脂+力竭游泳。受纳入研究质量和数量的限制,所得结论仍待进一步验证。结论:右旋糖酐、冰水浴、多因素刺激、肾上腺素造模效果更显著。

基于飞行智能浮标测流系统设计与实现

为了提高浮标法流量测验的精度,针对传统GPS浮标法难以回收、精度、自动化程度低等问题,提出采用无人机飞行技术和浮标法相结合的方式。首先,设计防水无人机为浮标载体,利用其机动灵活(水上起降)和高精度定位(RTK差分定位)将飞行至水面上任意点位,无人机载体即为浮标载体,随水漂流速度(即无人机移动速度,也即水体表层水速)实时发送至无人机地面站。其次载体底部携带测深仪和可见光通过无人机的数图传系统将水位和现场画面也实时传送至地面站,其地面站能够查看载体漂浮的轨迹路线。测验结束后飞行浮标载体飞回起点处,该方式方便回收,并具有低成本、循环使用,便捷性等优点,洪水期借助大断面数据实现流量自动化、高效化以及实时化测报。

慢性肌筋膜触发点模型大鼠的尿液代谢组学分析

背景:慢性肌筋膜触发点通过非靶向代谢组学技术可识别差异性代谢物变化,有助于从内源性小分子代谢物层面理解并进一步探究慢性肌筋膜触发点的病理生理过程和发病机制。目的:以慢性肌筋膜触发点模型大鼠为研究对象,基于尿液代谢组学寻找潜在生物标志物及相关代谢通路。方法:将16只SD大鼠随机分为造模组和正常组,造模组大鼠采用钝性打击结合离心运动(跑台坡度为-16°,跑速为16 m/min,训练时间为90 min/次)方式建立慢性肌筋膜触发点动物模型,每周1次,连续干预8周,休息4周;正常组大鼠不做干预。12周造模结束后,采用代谢笼法收集大鼠造模后24 h尿液,利用液相色谱-质谱联用非靶向代谢组学技术对尿样进行代谢图谱检测,筛选出共同差异代谢物,并进行生物信息学分析。结果与结论:①与正常组相比,造模组有32个差异代谢标志物,其中上调21个、下调11个;依据变量权重值>3,共14个差异代谢物被认定为潜在生物标志物;②京都基因与基因组百科全书富集分析表明,慢性肌筋膜触发点的形成与初级胆汁酸生物合成、花生四烯酸代谢通路密切相关。

摩腹联合电针透穴法对失眠大鼠生物钟相关基因及神经递质表达的影响

目的探讨摩腹联合电针透穴法对失眠大鼠生物钟基因Clock、BMAL1、PER1表达及神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)、谷氨酸(Glu)含量的影响及可能的作用机制。方法50只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、摩腹组、电针透穴组和联合组,每组10只。除正常组外,采用腹腔注射对氯苯丙氨酸建立失眠大鼠模型。摩腹组进行腹部按摩,电针透穴组采用平刺法,百会透神庭、三阴交透阴陵泉(双侧)、神门透内关(双侧),电针仪疏密波,频率1Hz/20Hz,联合组摩腹后进行电针透穴治疗,各组均1次/d,连续7d,正常组和模型组不予干预。HE染色观察下丘脑组织神经元细胞形态变化,RT-qPCR检测下丘脑组织Clock、BMAL1、PER1 mRNA表达,免疫组化染色检测下丘脑组织Clock、BMAL1、PER1表达,Western blot检测下丘脑组织Clock、BMAL1、PER1蛋白表达,ELISA检测血清ACh、Glu含量。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠入睡潜伏期延长,睡眠持续时间缩短,下丘脑组织细胞结构破坏严重、呈空泡样变化,神经元细胞数量减少,下丘脑组织Clock、BMAL1mRNA和蛋白表达升高,PER1mRNA和蛋白表达降低,血清ACh、Glu含量增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,摩腹组、电针透穴组和联合组均能缩短入睡潜伏期,延长睡眠持续时间,改善下丘脑神经元细胞形态,降低下丘脑组织Clock、BMAL1mRNA和蛋白表达,上调PER1mRNA和蛋白表达,减少血清ACh、Glu含量,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),以联合组作用最显著(P<0.05)。结论摩腹联合电针透穴法能改善大鼠失眠状况,其机制可能与调控生物钟基因Clock、BMAL1、PER1mRNA和蛋白表达及神经递质含量有关。

两种常用压力性损伤大鼠模型的建立方法与效果评价

目的通过比较两种不同的压力性损伤大鼠模型的建立方法,探索更合适的压力性损伤动物模型制备方法。方法将18只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=6)、模型A组(n=6)和模型B组(n=6)。对照组对模拟造模部位脱毛后进行碘伏处理。模型A组采用单纯深部组织异物植入法进行纵向加压;模型B组使用磁铁加压法进行横向加压,记录制备各组大鼠产生压力性损伤模型的全程时间及各分期时间,观察大鼠的一般情况,并进行成模率、死亡率、感染率的比较。结果肉眼观察到模型A组和模型B组均逐渐出现受压部位红肿、溃烂,出现渗血、渗液并伴有坏死现象。模型A组与模型B组产生压力性损伤全程时间比较:两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型A组与模型B组产生压力性损伤各期时间比较:Ⅰ期两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅱ期两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅲ期两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅳ期两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组大鼠精神、运动评分与模型A组、模型B组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。模型A组大鼠与模型B组大鼠一般状态有明显区别,均出现毛色黯淡、活跃度下降的现象。模型A组大鼠与模型B组成模率为100%。模型A组死亡率、感染率高于模型B组,分别为33.34%、16.70%。结论两种方式均可成功制备压力性损伤Ⅳ期模型,二者既有共性也有各自特点,磁铁加压法用时短,大鼠一般状态良好,死亡率和感染率低,适合短时间内干预性研究;单纯深部组织异物植入法用时长,需要大鼠有一定耐受性,感染率高,死亡率高,可运用于长期的观察类压力性损伤大鼠的研究。

基于快速型心律失常大鼠模型优选白喉乌头炮制品

目的优选可预防模型大鼠快速型心律失常的白喉乌头炮制品。方法采用哈萨克族炮制法,分别浸泡白喉乌头生品12 h和24 h,加甘草和黑豆共同煎煮1,2,3,4 h,得8种炮制品。将96只大鼠随机分为空白对照组(等体积生理盐水),模型组(等体积生理盐水),白喉乌头生品药物组(简称生药组,0.4 g/kg),白喉乌头炮制品8个组(1.2 g/kg,分别记为12 h-1 h组、12 h-2 h组、12 h-3 h组、12 h-4 h组、24 h-1 h组、24 h-2 h组、24 h-3 h组、24 h-4 h组),胺碘酮组(5 mg/kg),各8只。各组大鼠每天1次灌胃相应药物或生理盐水,连续14 d后空白对照组大鼠尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水,其余各组大鼠均注射10 mg/mL乌头碱(3.125 mg/kg)以复制快速型心律失常模型。检测大鼠的心电图,显微镜下观察大鼠的心脏组织病理形态,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平,检测心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)酶活性,采用免疫组化染色法检测心脏组织Cx45蛋白表达水平。结果24 h-1 h组大鼠未出现心室颤动(室颤)、室性心动过速(室速)、期前收缩(早搏)症状,其余炮制品7个组及胺碘酮组大鼠均出现早搏及室速的时间均晚于模型组。模型组大鼠心肌纤维排列紊乱,心肌纤维断裂较多;炮制品8个组及胺碘酮组大鼠心肌纤维排列均较规则,心肌纤维断裂较少,心肌细胞水肿损伤程度降低。与模型组比较,炮制品8个组大鼠心肌组织的SOD,Cx45蛋白表达水平,以及24 h-2 h组、24 h-3 h组Ca^(2+)-ATP酶水平均显著升高(P<0.05);生药组、12 h-1 h组、12 h-2 h组、24 h-1 h组大鼠血清MDA水平均显著降低(P<0.05);各给药组(除24 h-2 h组、24 h-3 h组外)大鼠血清cTnI水平均显著降低(P<0.05);各给药组(除24 h-3 h组外)大鼠血清CK-MB水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。结论哈萨克族炮制法制成的白喉乌头炮制品对模型大鼠快速型心律失常均有一定预防作用,其中以24 h-1 h炮制品效果较显著。

祛风养心法对自发性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚及细胞自噬的影响

目的 探讨祛风养心法对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌肥厚、Sirt3及细胞自噬的影响。方法 实验分为5组,SHR大鼠随机分为4组,以Wistar大鼠(WKY)为对照组,分为WKY组、SHR组、卡托普利组(SHR+Captopril)、氯喹自噬抑制剂组(SHR+CQ)、祛风养心法组(SHR+QFYXF)。治疗16周后,超声检测大鼠心脏功能,观察心肌组织形态,使用Western Blot方法检测心肌肥厚与自噬相关蛋白ANP、BNP、ACTα1、LC3-II、Beclin1、p62以及Sirt3的蛋白表达含量。结果 与WKY组比较,SHR组心脏组织明显增大,心肌组织结构紊乱,心肌细胞面积增大(P<0.05),LVDd、LVPWd、IVSD明显增厚(P<0.01),HWI、LVMI指数上升(P<0.01),心肌肥厚标志分子ANP、BNB、Actα1在SHR组中表达水平上调(P<0.01),Sirt3蛋白表达水平下调(P<0.01),细胞自噬标志分子Beclin1、LC3II、p62的表达明显增高(P<0.01);与SHR组比较,QFYXF组心脏组织缩小,心肌组织结构紊乱得到改善,心肌细胞面积缩小(P<0.05),LVDd、LVPWd、IVSD降低(P<0.01),HWI、LVMI指数下降(P<0.01),Sirt3蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.01),ANP、BNB、Actα1、Beclin1、LC3II、p62表达下调(P<0.01)。结论 祛风养心法可以抑制SHR大鼠心肌肥厚,改善心肌细胞自噬功能,以上机制可能与提高Sirt3表达相关。