Heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in the surface sediments of mangrove swamps from coastal sites along the Leizhou Peninsula,South China

Contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PA Hs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） and hexachlorcy- clohexanes （HCHs） in surface sediments from mangrove areas of the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed in July and November 2005. Risk assessment criteria applied by Long E R et al. （1995） and Long E D et al. （1995） （effects range low, ERL; effects range mean, ERM） of chemicals in sediments from the gulf or estuary were used to assess the potential ecological risks of heavy metals, PAHs, DDTs and HCHs to aquatic organisms in the studied area. The results indicated that the average contents of zinc, nickel, chromium, lead, copper, arsenic and mercury were （61.97 ± 55.87）, （59.99 ± 39.01 ）, （47.93 ± 28.37）, （26.64± 13.00） , （23.45 ± 41.96）, （9.32 ± 3.62）, （0.14 ± 0.18） mg/kg in dry weight in the sediment samples col- lected from five studied sites in the Leizhou Peninsula, respectively. Cadmium was not calculated due to its content being below the detection limit （ 〈 0.3 mg,/kg）. The average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg exceed their background values. The average contents of Ni were higher than ERM. The contents of PAHs in the sediments from the five studied sites were （79.78 ± 43.70） ng/g in dry weight, far lower than ERL（4 022 ng/g）. The contents of DDE, DDD and DDTs in the sediments from five studied sites were （2.60 ± 4.68）, （ 17.52 ± 27.25 ）, （27.78 ± 46.64） ng/g in dry weight respectively, clearly higher than ERL, and the average contents of DDT were （7.66 ± 15.93） ng/g in dry weight, much higher than ERM. HCHs could be detected in the sediments only from Gaoqiao sampling site, with the average contents （0.07 ± 0.08） ng/g in dry weight.

Impact of climate change on dynamic of plant communities, lakes and swamps in Beijing area during Holocene period

From 400-60 cm 26 samples were obtained in an 820 cm profile at Dongganchi of Fangshan in Beijing. They provided a continuous record of vegetation and environmental changes over ca .7000 aB.P., as inferred from Spore-pollen. loss-on-ignition (LOI), and charcoal analysis,impacts of natural fire and human activities on plant communities and lakes and swamps were considered. 1) From 7000-5960 aB.P, the forest development was limited, probably in response to climate Warming. Aquatic and marsh plants began to increase, bat the lakes and swamps in some areas were limited. 2) About 5960-3390 aB.p, presumably in responded to climate warming which was warmer than that at present Aquatic plants began to become abundant,reflected the widespread development of the lakes and swamps, the climate was wet with annual precipitation higher than that at present 3) About 3390-1000 aB.P, human activities have kept to be the dominating factor in the evolution of vegetation and climatic change. Temperature decreased, and the annual precipitation rapidly reduced in Baijing area. the lakes and swamps gradually shrank back, some of them even disappeared. 4) After 1000 aB.P, there was a severe fluntuction, and early during this time, it was comparatively warm and humid, but became cool and dry later. In the meantime. human activities were intensified. agricultural activity was flourished. and large area of water field was cultivated

Morphometric relationships and reproductive maturation of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus from subsistence catches in the mangrove swamps of IMO estuary, Nigeria

From April 1992 and March 1993, morphometric characteristics and reproductive maturation were studied in Periophthalmus barbarus from subsistence catches in the mangrove swamps of Imo estuary. Morphometric equations for males and females at different stages of ovarian maturation are presented. Generally males were significantly heavier in weight than females, but the latter were heavier than the former of the same body length. Females with developing and mature ovaries were generally heavier than immature females of the same length. Analyses of the gonadosomatic index and percentage of mature males and females indicate all year\|round breeding such that: February\|May was spawning, June\|October postspawning and November to January recovery period. Fecundity varied between 900 and 23933 eggs per spawn and increased with fish size.

A Field Study in the Status and Threats of Cultivation in Kimana and Ilchalai Swamps in Amboseli Dispersal Area, Kenya

The scarcity of water and dependence of local communities on wetlands for resources and services is a common occurrence in dry rangelands such as Amboseli in Kenya. There are only a few swamps outside Amboseli National Park available to the Maasai, livestock and wildlife. Such swamps may disappear in the near future because of conversion to cultivation. This study established the current size and threats to Kimana and Ilchalai near Amboseli National Park. Swamps were regularly used by over 15 large mammal species among them elephants, buffalo, wildebeest, zebra, gazelles and hippopoatums. However, only 15.7% of Kimana Swamp and 36.1% of Ilchalai Swamp remained unconverted to cultivation, with the rest of the remaining swamp area converted to agriculture. Cultivation was mainly done by non–Maasai land leasers, and for mainly commercial purposes. Swamps were converted because of adequate and free water, cheap lease fee, and their fertile soils. Although concerned with swamp conversion, most cultivators were ready to expand cultivation in other swamps. These findings demonstrate how unsustainable resource use and swamp conversion can seriously threaten critical resources for local livelihoods and wildlife conservation.

COASTAL SALT MARSHES AND MANGROVE SWAMPS IN CHINA

Based on plant specimen data,sediment samples,photos,and sketches from 45 coastal cross-sections,and materials from two recent countrywide comprehensive investigations on Chinese coasts and is-lands,this paper deals with China’s vegetative tidal-flats:salt marshes and mangrove swamps.Thereare now 141700 acres of salt marshes and 51000 acres of mangrove swamps which together cover about30% of the mud-coast area of the country and distribute between 18°N(Southem Hainan Island)and41°N(Liaodong Bay).Over the past 45 years.about 1750000 acres of salt marshes and 49400 acres ofmangrove swamps have been reclaimed.The2.0×10~9 tons of fine sediments input by rivers into the Chinese seas form extensive tidal flats,the soil basis of coastal helophytes.Different climates result inthe diversity of vegetation.The 3～8m tidal range favors intertidal zone development.Of over 20plant species in the salt marshes,native Suaeda salsa,Phragmites australis,Aeluropus littoralis,Zoysiamaerostachys,Imperata cylindrica and

Intersexual plasticity in aspects of the biology of the mudskipper Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobhdae) in the mangrove swamps of IMO Estuary, Nigeria

Between April 1992 and March 1993, intersexual plasticity in aspects of the biology of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus was studied. Sex was differentiated on the basis of the genital papillae, it was broader in females than males. Sexually active females were slightly heavier than similarly sized males. Sex ratio was strongly female biased. Length weight relationship of the sexes was isometric. There was no significant difference in the feeding intensity of both sexes; uniformity was also apparent in diet breadth. There was no named sex based difference in hepatosometic index but condition index was higher in males than females. The uniformity in intersexual plasticity of P.barbarus is consequent upon homogeneity of the mangrove ecosystem, which can only be altered anthropogenically.

Trophic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) in the mangrove swamps of Imo River Estuary, Nigeria

Aspects of the trophic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus occurring in the mangrove swamps of Imo River Estuary, Nigeria, were investigated during a 12 month period (April, 1992\_March, 1993). Feeding intensity increased with size, it was higher in the dry season(November\_April) than in the wet season(May\_October), monthly changes in the indices of feeding intensity were significantly correlated. Major food objects comprised detritus and benthic algae; crustaceans, insects, macrophyte matter and sand grains were minor food objects while fish, molluscs, Chilopoda, nematodes and fungi were unconsciously devoured objects. Diet varied seasonally; algae and sesarmid crabs were generally more in the dry season than during the rains whereas FPOM and fish increased in the wet over dry season. The mudskipper display a high degree of euryphagy and can be considered as a generalist and an omnivore. The lower trophic status of P. barbarus qualifies it as a good aquaculture candidate. Food richness was higher in big sized class(BSC) than small sized class(SSC). Size based and seasonal variations were not apparent in food richness. Diet breadth was higher in the BSC than the SSC, there was dry season increase in diet breadth.

CELLULOSE DECOMPOSTION IN TROPICAL PEAT SWAMPS

Given that organic soil is a complex substrate and there are many environmental factors which directly or indirectly control its decomposition processes, the use of standard substrate simplify the system in that the effect of substrate quality could be eliminated and influence of certain environmental conditions such as edaphic factors, acidity and moisture could be focused on. In addition to the forest floor, decomposition potential down the peat profile can also be examined. Cotton strip assay was used to estimate decomposition potentials in tropical peat swamp occupied by different Shorea Albida peat swamp forest communities, The' Alan Batu' , the ' Alan Bunga' , the' Alan Padang' and the 'mixed Alan'forest communities. Greatest decay rates on the peat surface took place during the wet period. The moist condition of the wet months appeared to favour the growth and stimulate activities of decomposer population and soil invertebrates.Generally, 50% of cotton tensile loss is achieved after four weeks of exposure. The results suggest that cellulose decomposition is influenced by the environmental variables of hydrological regime, water-table fluctuation, aeration, moisture availability,waterlogging and the resultant anaerobiosis, peat depths, and micro-sites characteristics. Decomposition of cellulose is inhibited by waterlogging and the resultant anaerobiosis in thelower segment of the cotton strip during wet periods and under dry conditions in the surface segment of the cotton strip during periods of less rain.

Lead Accumulation in Tidal Swamps:Case Study at Transmigration Area of South Sumatra Indonesia after 40 Years Cultivation

Lead(Pb)is a heavy metal that poses a major hazard to animals and humans when consumed.The content of this metal is significantly high in paddy soil due to the residual effect of phosphate fertilizer.Therefore,this study aims to determine the Pb content in the tidal swamp that has been used for agriculture for 40 years.It was carried out from October 2021 to January 2022 on tidal soils representing land typology of A,B,C,and D distributed in the Transmigration area of Mulia Sari,Tanjung Lago District,Banyuasin Regency of South Sumatra,Indonesia.A detailed survey was used and soil samples were taken from up to 12 soil sampling points.The variables observed were soil Pb,pH,CEC(Cation Exchange Capacity),pyrite,and C-organic.The results showed that the Pb content in tidal soils obtained was varied,namely 22.52 mg/kg,14.84 mg/kg,16.84 mg/kg,and 16.68 mg/kg for A,B,C,and D type of land typologies,respectively.Based on these values,the Pb accumulation has exceeded the threshold,which is 12.75 mg/kg.

A Metadata Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Heterogeneous Sensor Data for Marine Observations

Vast amounts of heterogeneous data on marine observations have been accumulated due to the rapid development of ocean observation technology.Several state-of-art methods are proposed to manage the emerging Internet of Things(IoT)sensor data.However,the use of an inefficient data management strategy during the data storage process can lead to missing metadata;thus,part of the sensor data cannot be indexed and utilized(i.e.,‘data swamp’).Researchers have focused on optimizing storage procedures to prevent such disasters,but few have attempted to restore the missing metadata.In this study,we propose an AI-based algorithm to reconstruct the metadata of heterogeneous marine data in data swamps to solve the above problems.First,a MapReduce algorithm is proposed to preprocess raw marine data and extract its feature tensors in parallel.Second,load the feature tensors are loaded into a machine learning algorithm and clustering operation is implemented.The similarities between the incoming data and the trained clustering results in terms of clustering results are also calculated.Finally,metadata reconstruction is performed based on existing marine observa-tion data processing results.The experiments are designed using existing datasets obtained from ocean observing systems,thus verifying the effectiveness of the algorithms.The results demonstrate the excellent performance of our proposed algorithm for the metadata recon-struction of heterogenous marine observation data.

指数分布场合下同时存在异常大和异常小值的检验

针对指数分布的场合 ,笔者从经典统计思想入手给出了”取中逐步推移检验法” 。

Mapping Sensitive Vegetation Communities in Mining Eco-space using UAV-LiDAR

Near earth sensing from uncrewed aerial vehicles or UAVs has emerged as a potential approach for fne-scale environmental monitoring.These systems provide a cost-efective and repeatable means to acquire remotely sensed images in unprecedented spatial detail and a high signal-to-noise ratio.It is increasingly possible to obtain both physiochemical and structural insights into the environment using state-of-art light detection and ranging(LiDAR)sensors integrated onto UAVs.Monitoring sensitive environments,such as swamp vegetation in longwall mining areas,is essential yet challenging due to their inherent complexities.Current practices for monitoring these remote and challenging environments are primarily ground-based.This is partly due to an absent framework and challenges of using UAV-based sensor systems in monitoring such sensitive environments.This research addresses the related challenges in developing a LiDAR system,including a workfow for mapping and potentially monitoring highly heterogeneous and complex environments.This involves amalgamating several design components,including hardware integration,calibration of sensors,mission planning,and developing a processing chain to generate usable datasets.It also includes the creation of new methodologies and processing routines to establish a pipeline for efcient data retrieval and generation of usable products.The designed systems and methods were applied to a peat swamp environment to obtain an accurate geo-spatialised LiDAR point cloud.Performance of the LiDAR data was tested against ground-based measurements on various aspects,including visual assessment for generation LiDAR metrices maps,canopy height model,and fne-scale mapping.

指数分布中下异常值的逐步检验的改进

关于指数样本中下异常值的检验，各种文献中仅对下异常值个数已知的情况作了讨论．当下异常值个数未知时，因存在ｍａｓｋｉｎｇ或ｓｗａｍｐｉｎｇ效应，检验问题变得十分复杂和困难．本文成功地解决了这一问题．

正态样本中多个异常值的双边检验(英文)

对于正态样本中上下异常值的同时检脸，大多数文献仅处理了下异常值的个数ｋ１和上异常值个数ｋ２已知的情况，当ｋ１和ｋ２未知时．由于受ｍａｓｋｉｎｇ或ｓｗａｍｐｉｎｇ效应，检验问题变得十分困难与复杂．本文成功地解决了这一问题．

Soil Attributes in Anthropized Hygrophilous Forest in Northern Minas Gerais State,Brazil

The soils of Brazilian Cerrado are characterized with high acidity and low fertility and productivity.However,these attributes are not homogeneously distributed through all phytophysiognomies of this biome,and wetland known as palm swamp or“veredas”are an exception.This study aimed to describe and compare the chemical and physical attributes of soil surface layers at six palm swamps areas under different anthropization processes in the northern region of Minas Gerais state,Brazil.Soil sampling of different hydromorphic soils were collected at 0-20 cm depth layer from 100 m2 plots in the studied areas.The variables were compared using the GLM procedure of ANOVA using Statistica 10 software.Soil chemical attributes and similarities between the six palm swamps areas were compared using the statistical software R.Soil chemical attributes were different and soil physical attributes were similar between the evaluated areas.The similarities among the attributes were classified into three groups according to the anthropic pressures,as well as with the origin of the soil material in the six palm swamps areas evaluated.It could be concluded that soil fertility can be reduced in palm swamps that suffered greater anthropic intervention.The three similarity groups might be associated not only to the anthropic pressures,but also to the raw material of soil at the six palm swamps areas evaluated.

Monitoring Restoration of the Eastern Usangu Wetland by Assessment of Land Use and Cover Changes

Conflicting interests in the use and management of wetlands have always resulted in their degradation. The degradation of wetlands affects their natural functioning, environmental health and livelihood of the people who depend on them. The eastern Usangu wetland has suffered a lot from multiple-use pressure arising from both national and local interests. As a result, the government banned the use of the wetland in 2006 to support its restoration process. The aim of the current study was to assess the restoration process of the eastern Usangu wetland using time-series Landsat images over a 20-year period, from 1995 to 2015. Cross-tabulation of composite NDVI images was used to examine the changes. The results indicate that the land cover declined by 20% between 1995 and 2005, and increased by more than 25% between 2005 and 2015. The size of the permanent swamp increased consistently, by more than 15% between 1995 and 2015. Wetland use has declined to about 15% over the 20 years. Wetland restoration seems to be a slow process that depends on multiple factors. It thus is important that wetlands are managed well for sustained benefits, rather than waiting to rescue them in a crisis. The well-being of the people depending on the wetlands should be considered when implementing measures to protect the wetlands. Awareness creation among the users, diversification of sources of income and enforcement of the laws and policies governing the use of wetlands by the government may improve status of wetlands.

The characteristic and evolution of coal-forming swamp in Hanshuiquan district,Santanghu Coalfield, Xinjiang,NW China,during the Middle Jurassic: evidence from coal petrography,coal facies and sporopollen

Santanghu Coalfield is the largest integrated coalfield exploration area in China. The major coal seams developing in Xishanyao Formation (Middle Jurassic) are the high-quality steam coals characterized by large thickness, favorable horizontal continuity and high coal quality. In this paper, twenty-two samples were collected from the three typical boreholes in Hanshuiquan disirict, representing the 11 coal seam sequences (7#,8#,9#,13#, 14#,15#,17#,18#,19#,20#,22#), respectively. The petrographic characteristics of the coal-bearing sequence in Xishanyao Formation were firstly summarized systematicly, and then the coal-forming swamp characteristics and succession mechanism of the coal seam in Xishanyao Formation were defined by analyzing the samples. The maceral composition, structure, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of coal are in eluded in original genetic criteria of coal-forming swamp an alysis. And the composition of coal petrography, maceral and microlithotype are the most frequently used parameters. Coal is composed of microscopic constituents and inorganic substances. The Xishanyao Formation maceral mainly consists of vitrinite (65.74%-97.01 %), inert i nite (1.93%-34%), and the exinite shows the mode of regular change. The coal-forming swamp in Xishanyao Formation possesses the characteristics of mainly marsh, wet forest swamp facies, and shallow water covered forest swamp facies, and a few of coal seams distribute in the deep water covered forest swamp facies. In addition, the sporopollens in Xishanyao Formation are mainly Pinaceae evergreen broad leaf and needle-leaved plants. Osmundaceae, Cyatheaceae and Lygodiaceae, indicating that the warm and humid tropic-subtropical climate conductive to the persistent growth of coal-forming plants in the Middle Jurassic. The coal-forming swamp shows the characteristics of vertically upward fluctuation through the periodic transition. It indicates a shallow-deep-shallow change process of the water covered depth in the swamp. This is the prin ci pal factor for the formation of the high-quality and continuous coal seam in Hanshuiquan district, Santanghu Coalfield.

指数分布场合异常数据的检验

本文讨论了指数分布场合异常数据的检验，当数据中同时含有异常大、异常小数据时给出了检验方法，导出了检验统计量及其近似分布，用一个例子说明了所给方法．

线性纵向数据模型中多个个体的联合影响诊断

本文利用个体删除方法对具有纯序列相关的线性纵向数据模型,给出了多个个体对参数联合影响的分析式,并将其化简成相对容易计算的形式,同时讨论了enhancing、reducing及swamping效应.进一步,分析了个人所得税申报数据,发现了单个个体删除方法无法识别的影响个体,验证了多个个体删除方法在寻找影响个体时的有效性,扩大了删除方法的应用领域.

Influence of short-term experimental warming on heat-waterprocesses of the active layer in a swamp meadow ecosystemof the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Climate change is now evident in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP), with impacts on the alpine ecosystem, particularly on water and heat balance between the active layer and the atmosphere. Thus, we document the basic characteristics of changes in the water and heat dynamics in response to experimental warming in a typical alpine swamp meadow ecosystem. Data sets under open top chambers(OTC) and the control manipulations were collected over a complete year. The results show that annual(2008) air temperatures of OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 6.7 °C and 3.5 °C warmer than the control. Rising temperature promotes plant growth and development. The freeze-thaw and isothermal days of OTCs appeared more frequently than the control, owing to comparably higher water and better vegetation conditions. OTCs soil moisture decreased with the decrease of soil depth; however, there was an obviously middle dry aquifer of the control, which is familiar in QTP. Moreover, experimental warming led to an increase in topsoil water content due to poorly drained swamp meadow ecosystem with higher organic matter content and thicker root horizons. The results of this study will have some contributions to alpine cold ecosystem water-heat process and water cycle under climate change.