Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station

To reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants,the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent.As a new zero-carbon fuel,ammonia(NH_(3))can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy.Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term,the development of ammonia-coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants.This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia-coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20%to 10%(by heat ratio)at loads of 180-to 300-MW,respectively.The results show that,during ammonia-coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant,there was a more significant change in NO_(x) emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied.Moreover,ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone.Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions,the NH_(3) concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million(ppm).Compared with that under pure-coal conditions,the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased(by 0.12%-0.38%)under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h^(-1).Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.

Optimizing Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer:DCS Hybrid Modeling and Automation in Coal-Fired Power Plant Boilers

In response to escalating challenges in energy conservation and emission reduction,this study delves into the complexities of heat transfer in two-phase flows and adjustments to combustion processes within coal-fired boilers.Utilizing a fusion of hybrid modeling and automation technologies,we develop soft measurement models for key combustion parameters,such as the net calorific value of coal,flue gas oxygen content,and fly ash carbon content,within theDistributedControl System(DCS).Validated with performance test data,thesemodels exhibit controlled root mean square error(RMSE)and maximum absolute error(MAXE)values,both within the range of 0.203.Integrated into their respective automatic control systems,thesemodels optimize two-phase flow heat transfer,finetune combustion conditions,and mitigate incomplete combustion.Furthermore,this paper conducts an in-depth exploration of the generationmechanismof nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))and low oxygen emission reduction technology in coal-fired boilers,demonstrating a substantial reduction in furnace exit NO_(x) generation by 30%to 40%and the power supply coal consumption decreased by 1.62 g/(kW h).The research outcomes highlight the model’s rapid responsiveness,enabling prompt reflection of transient variations in various economic indicator parameters.This provides a more effective means for real-time monitoring of crucial variables in coal-fired boilers and facilitates timely combustion adjustments,underscoring notable achievements in boiler combustion.The research not only provides valuable and practical insights into the intricacies of two-phase flow heat transfer and heat exchange but also establishes a pioneering methodology for tackling industry challenges.

INTRODUCTION TO INCONEL ALLOY 740: AN ALLOY DESIGNED FOR SUPERHEATER TUBING IN COAL-FIRED ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS

Chinese utilities as well as those worldwide are facing increased demand for additional electricity, reduced plant emissions and greater efficiency. To meet this challenge will require increasing boiler temperature, pressure and coal ash corrosion resistance of the materials of boiler construction of future coal-fired boilers. A new nickel-based tube alloy, INCONEL^R alloy 740, is described aiming at meeting this challenge. Emphasis will be on describing the alloy＇ s mechanical properties, coal-ash and steam corrosion resistance. Microstructural stability as a function of temperature and time is addressed as well as some of the early methodology em- ployed to arrive at the current chemical composition.

NO_x emission model for coal-fired boilers using partial least squares and extreme learning machine

To implement a real-time reduction in NOx,a rapid and accurate model is required.A PLS-ELM model based on the combination of partial least squares(PLS)and the extreme learning machine(ELM)for the establishment of the NOx emission model of utility boilers is proposed.First,the initial input variables of the NOx emission model are determined according to the mechanism analysis.Then,the initial input data is extracted by PLS.Finally,the extracted information is used as the input of the ELM model.A large amount of real data was obtained from the distributed control system(DCS)historical database of a 1 000 MW power plant boiler to train and validate the PLS-ELM model.The modeling performance of the PLS-ELM was compared with that of the back propagation(BP)neural network,support vector machine(SVM)and ELM models.The mean relative errors(MRE)of the PLS-ELM model were 1.58%for the training dataset and 1.69%for the testing dataset.The prediction precision of the PLS-ELM model is higher than those of the BP,SVM and ELM models.The consumption time of the PLS-ELM model is also shorter than that of the BP,SVM and ELM models.

Feasibility Analysis on the Integrated Application of Solar Energy, Biogas, Coal-fired Boiler and Radiant Floor Heating for Rural Residence

The feasibility of adopting a balanced energy mix mode (domestic solar energy, biogas, coal-fired boiler and radiant floor heating) was proposed. Taking a typical rural residence in Zhengzhou City for example, the study through theoretical analysis and calculation showed that such a balanced energy mix is an economic way and efficient in saving energy and reducing air pollution, and elaborated the theoretical feasibility of popularizing such a heat supply mode in rural areas.

System Performance and Pollution Emission of Biomass Gas Co-Firing in a Coal-Fired Boiler

To reduce greenhouse gases emission and increase the renewable energy utilization portion in the world, the biomass gasification coupled with a coal-fired boiler power generation system is studied. It is a challenge to achieve optimum performance for the coupled system. The models of biomass gasification coupled with co-firing of coal in a boiler have been established. A comparative study of three kinds of biomass (Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets) has been done. The syngas produced in a 10 t/h gasifier is fed to a 330 MWe coal-fired boiler for co-combustion, and the co-firing performances have been compared with pure coal combustion case under the conditions of constant boiler load. Results show that co-firing decreases the furnace combustion temperature and raises the flue gas temperature for Food Rubbish and Straw, while, flue gases temperature decrease in case of Wood Pellets. At the same time NOx and SOx emissions have reduced. The system efficiencies at constant load for Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets are 83.25%, 83.88% and 82.56% when the optimum conditions of gasification and co-firing process are guaranteed.

Comprehensive evaluation for efficient development of coal-fired Industry boiler clearing

The Paper has introduced development of domesticand foreign coal-fired industry boiler and has implementedcomprehensive comparison for several substitution technologies（coal powder boiler, coal water mixture boiler, coal-fired boiler,gas-fired boiler and biomass boiler, etc.） of backward coal-firedindustrial boiler in technology, economy and environment, etc.;has evaluated comprehensive effect and adaptiveconditions of coal-fired industry boiler technology and has put forward suggestion forefficient development of coal-fired industry boiler clearing.

Modeling and Simulation Study on Reverse Swirl of Secondary Air in Large Tangentially Fired Boiler

Based on the porosity method and the improved non uniform QUICK scheme, this paper describes a three dimensional computer simulation to predict the flow characteristics in a tangentially fired boiler. The model is applied to a 600?MW boiler modeling under different operating conditions of reverse swirl of secondary air. The numerical results achieve reasonable agreement with experimental data. The calculated results of flow field, the pressure distribution, the relative diameter of tangential circle, angular momentum flux in furnace and the velocity distribution index in horizontal gas pass are analyzed in detail. And then the effects of the reverse swirl of secondary air on flue gas imbalance are discussed. Finally a reasonable operating condition of the reverse swirl of secondary air is presented.

Analysis of Prese nt Operating Situati on of Large Size Coal-F ired Utility Boilers

Large size utility boilers develop rapidly in China, both their reliability and economics have reached better level. The operating situations of various existing boilers on the basis of different coals are analyzed, it is held that, the notable energy imbalance of furnace exit, ever existing in the tangential firing boilers has been solved, with comparatively lower NOX emission concentration of gained. The higher NOX emission concentration and furnace slagging etc. problems existing in wall firing boilers are notable. The comprehensive analysis shows that, it is appropriate to choose lower furnace volume heat release rate and higher flame height in the type selection design of boilers, and sufficient margin should be kept in the selection of coal pulverizing mills.

Flexibility of a 300 MW Arch Firing Boiler Burning Low Quality Coals

Experimental investigations on the flexibility of a 300 MW Arch Firing (AF) coal-fired boiler when burning low quality coals is reported. Measurements of gas temperature and species concentration and char sampling using a water-cooled suction pyrometer were carried out along the furnace elevation. The carbon content and the size distribu-tions of the char samples were obtained. The char morphology was examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The char sampling was performed on this type of boiler for the first time. The results indicate that the flexibility of this boiler burning low quality coals under a moderate boiler load is better than its flexibility under a high boiler load. Because of the insufficient capacity of the coal pulverizers used,in case of low coal quality the pul-verized coal fineness will drastically decrease under high boiler loads. This causes an increase in the loss due to incom-plete mechanical and chemical combustion. This is the main cause of a low burnout degree of the pulverized coal and the decrease of the flexibility of this AF boiler under a high boiler load.

Development of 600 MW Class Coal Fired Boilers in China

This article introduces the present status anddevelopment of 600 MW class boilers in China. The statisticaldata indicate that most 600 MW generating units experiencedrelatively length" growing up" period. In this period, unitscould not operate stably , their unplanned outage times weremany and durations long, and availabilities low. On the basis oftesting and research and the summing-up of practice, it wasindicated slagging in the furnace, deviation of tine gas energy atthe exit of furnace, and overheating bursting of superheater andreheater etc, endangering the safety and economics ofoperation,main problems could be completely alleviated oravoided through design and type selection of boiler furnace andburners, coal characteristics and coal handling management,and optimization management of operation conditions etc.

Study and Application of W-Flame Boiler Startup Aided by Adjacent Hot Primary Air

In this paper,the designed features of a W-flame coal-fired boiler are introduced.A scheme of joint primary air for two boilers is made and technical measures are also taken based on corresponding analyses and studies.The scheme and the measures provide a reference for technicians to improve the efficiencies and reduce the startup costs of other similar large boilers.

600 MW超临界前后对冲锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟研究

为了研究旋流燃烧器在不同风量配比下的传热特性,基于CFD技术对某电厂600 MW超临界前后对冲锅炉进行模拟计算,从而得到不同风量下的冷态动力场、热态温度场及组分分布,并对所得数据进行处理分析。结果表明,中心风风速小于6 m/s时,中心风刚性较差,流场平均速度较低,无法抵抗回流的高温烟气;中心风风速大于8 m/s时则易造成回流区紊乱,影响动力场的均匀稳定。中心风增大5 m/s会使着火点位置延后约6%,同时煤粉点燃的最高温度升高约34%。这是由于中心风的刚性在不断增强,从而引导烟气回流区汇聚并形成高速气流场,快速引燃风粉混合物实现充分燃烧。

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Analysis of Reheat Steam Temperatures in a Double Reheat Coal-Fired Boiler

For the improvement of reheat steam quality and performance of double reheat coal-fired utility boiler under wide load operation, a variety of temperature regulation ways were utilized to adjust the energy distribution between different heating surfaces. In this paper, thermodynamic calculation based on the fundamental heat transfer theory was conducted for the analysis of temperature regulation strategy effects to steam temperature. In consideration of the specific overlapping heating surface arrangement, the compartment model was adopted to solve this problem. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to analysis the effect of each temperature regulating variables on the steam temperature and boiler efficiency;then the polynomial model was fitted to predict the primary and secondary steam temperature simultaneously. Results showed that the flue gas recirculation rate has a relatively significant influence on the steam temperature, the maximum temperature deviation between fitting value and calculation value is 3.85℃ in 75% THA;the quadratic model can well predict the steam temperature under different operation conditions in wide load change. The variation of flue gas baffle has a significant influence on the boiler efficiency, compared to the flue gas recirculation and angle of burner oscillation. The influence of various factors on the reheat steam temperature is flue gas baffle > flue gas recirculation > angle of burner oscillation.

全燃烟煤的W火焰锅炉改造数值模拟研究

对某350 MW的W火焰锅炉进行全燃烟煤改造数值模拟。分析同等级下对冲旋流燃烧锅炉与W火焰锅炉燃烧器相对位置,表明W火焰锅炉采用对冲燃烧方式理论上可行。采用数值模拟方法,分析了改造方案对炉内速度分布、温度分布、氧量分布及炉膛出口参数的影响。数值模拟结果表明,采用对冲旋流燃烧方式后,提高了锅炉下炉膛火焰充满程度,提升了煤粉燃尽率,飞灰及大渣可燃物含量由1.3%、2.64%分别降低至0.53%、0.43%,炉膛出口NO_(x)质量浓度由647 mg/m^(3)升高至812 mg/m^(3);侧墙及翼墙近壁区处于还原性气氛中,存在结焦和高温腐蚀风险,须在侧墙及翼墙区域增加贴壁风系统;与燃用烟煤的对冲旋流燃烧锅炉相比,改造方案燃尽风率较低,须进一步提高燃尽风风率。

PM10 emissions from industrial coal-fired chain-grate boilers

Industrial coal-fired boiler is an important air pollutant emission source in China. The chain-grate boiler is the most extensively used type of industrial coal-fired boiler. An electrical low-pressure impactor, and a Dekati？ Low Pressure Impactor were applied to determine mass and number size distributions of PM10 at the inlet and the outlet of the particulate emission control devices at six coalfired chain-grate boilers. The mass size distribution of PM10 generated from coal-fired chain-grate boilers generally displays a bimodal distribution that contains a submicron mode and a coarse mode. The PM in the submicron mode for burning with raw coal contributes to 33% ± 10 % of PM10 emissions, much higher than those for pulverized boilers. And the PM in the submicron mode for burning with briquette contributes up to 86 % of PM10 emissions. Multiclones and scrubbers are not efficient for controlling PM10 emission. Their average collection efficiencies for sub-micron particle and super-micron particle are 34% and 78%, respectively. Operating conditions of industrial steam boilers have influence on PM generation. Peak of the submicron mode during normal operation period is larger than the start-up period.

1025t/h旋流燃烧器煤粉炉降低NO_x生成的数值模拟

针对某电厂运行中NOx排放量过高的问题,通过对NOx生成机制以及电厂实际燃用煤质的分析,采用去除部分卫燃带以及将主燃区内部分三次风移至主燃区上方的空气分级燃烧技术,对炉内进行降低NOx排放的改造。利用数值计算软件对改造前后的炉内温度水平、组分分布及NOx生成规律进行研究。计算结果表明,改造后,主燃区内氧量降低,炉内整体温度分布水平下降,缺氧燃烧造成主燃区内还原性气氛增强,有效地抑制了燃烧过程中NOx的生成。改造后的试验结果也表明,上移三次风后,炉内NOx生成量显著降低。继续增大上移三次风量的比例,NOx排放浓度持续降低,但飞灰含碳量逐渐升高。综合改造后的试验结果,上移三次风比例为70%时,炉膛出口NOx浓度较改造前降低了40%且对炉内燃烧影响较小,改造效果较好。

径向浓淡旋流燃烧器气固流动特性的实验研究及其对燃烧的影响

在气固两相实验台上采用三维ＰＤＡ系统对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器及蜗壳燃烧器出口的气固流动特性进行了试验，发现前者在中心回流区边缘附近形成了较高的颗粒浓度，中心回流区中颗粒浓度也较大，后者在中心回流区及边缘附近颗粒浓度较小，壁面区域则较大。分析了两相流动特性对燃烧器性能的影响，并通过工业试验进行了验证，表明径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器是一种同时具有高效、稳燃、低污染、防止结渣和防止高温腐蚀的新一代旋流燃烧器。

关于加权组合旋流强度的研究

通过理论分析表明,传统的组合旋流强度定义不能充分体现组合旋流的流体动力学规律.在冷态实验中,用热线风速仪测量研究了旋流燃烧器喷口的流场特性.通过对实验结果的分析,严格证明了组合旋转射流的各层射流对流场的贡献并不相同.对射流的最大回流率而言,燃烧器内层的射流贡献大于外层的射流.在此基础上,提出了"加权组合旋流强度"的概念,使用权函数来体现各层风对流场特性影响的作用大小.实验数据的分析证明,加权组合旋流强度可以将实验范围内各工况的最大回流率分布拟合为一个线性的公式,相关系数的数值约为0 9,这优于使用传统的组合旋流强度拟合的公式.

新型低NO_x浓淡型双调风旋流燃烧器的研究

对新型低ＮＯｘ 浓淡型双调风旋流燃烧器的结构及特点进行了理论分析，并利用冷态等温模化技术进行了气固两相流动模拟实验；对沿周向的浓淡煤粉分布和稳燃环的工作机理进行了实验研究和理论分析，初步了解了低ＮＯｘ 燃烧和低负荷稳燃的机理。