Study of Sliding Mode Control of DC-DC Buck Converter

In this paper, a robust sliding mode controller for the control of dc-dc buck converter is designed and analyzed. Dynamic equations describing the buck converter are derived and sliding mode controller is designed. A two-loop control is employed for a buck converter. The robustness of the sliding mode controlled buck converter system is tested for step load changes and input voltage variations. The theoretical predictions are validated by means of simulations. Matlab/Simulink is used for the simulations. The simulation results are presented. The buck converter is tested with operating point changes and parameter uncertainties. Fast dynamic response of the output voltage and robustness to load and input voltage variations are obtained.

Design of Second Order Sliding Mode and Sliding Mode Algorithms:A Practical Insight to DC-DC Buck Converter

This paper presents a simple and systematic approach to design second order sliding mode controller for buck converters.The second order sliding mode control(SOSMC)based on twisting algorithm has been implemented to control buck switch mode converter.The idea behind this strategy is to suppress chattering and maintain robustness and finite time convergence properties of the output voltage error to the equilibrium point under the load variations and parametric uncertainties.In addition,the influence of the twisting algorithm on the performance of closed-loop system is investigated and compared with other algorithms of first order sliding mode control such as adaptive sliding mode control(ASMC),nonsingular terminal sliding mode control(NTSMC).In comparative evaluation,the transient response of the output voltage with the step change in the load and the start-up response of the output voltage with the step change in the input voltage of buck converter were compared.Experimental results were obtained from a hardware setup constructed in laboratory.Finally,for all of the surveyed control methods,the theoretical considerations,numerical simulations,and experimental measurements from a laboratory prototype are compared for different operating points.It is shown that the proposed twisting method presents an improvement in steady state error and settling time of output voltage during load changes.

Paralleled DC-DC Power Converters Sliding Mode Control with Dual Stages Design

This paper proposes the new cascaded series parallel design for improved dynamic performance of DC-DC buck boost converters by a new Sliding Mode Control (SMC) method. The converter is controlled using Sliding Mode Control method that utilizes the converter’s duty ratio to determine the skidding surface. System modeling and simulation results are presented. The results also showed an improved overall performance over typical PID controller, and there was no overshoot or settling time, tracking the desired output nicely. Improved converter performance and robustness were expected.

Modeling of Canonical Switching Cell Converter Using Genetic Algorithm

The working of Canonical switching cell(CSC)converter was studied and its equivalent circuit during ON and OFF states were obtained.State space model of CSC converter in ON and OFF states were developed using the Kirchhoff laws.The state space matrices were used to construct the transfer functions of ON&OFF states.The step response of the converter was simulated using MATLAB.The step response curve was obtained using different values of circuit components(L,C1,C2 and RL)and optimized.The characteristic parameters such as rise time,overshoot,settling time,steady state error and stability were determined using the step response curve.The response curve shows that there is no overshoot;the rise time and settling time are very low as expected for a converter and its stability is very high but the amplitude is very.The circuit was tuned to attain the expected amplitude using PID controller with the help of Genetic algorithm.The excellent results of circuits’characteristic parameters are very useful guideline for constructing such CSC converters for DC-DC conversions.The circuit characteristic parameters are useful in constructing such CSC converters for DCDC conversions in driving solar energy using solar panel.

A Novel Single Switch High Gain DC-DC Converter Topology for Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable energy with sources such as photovoltaic(PV)or fuel cells can be utilized for the generation of elec-trical power.But these sources generate fewer voltage values and therefore require high gain converters to match with DC bus voltage in microgrids.These high gain converters can be implemented with switched capacitors to meet the required DC bus voltage.Switched capacitors operate in a series and parallel combination during switch-ing operation and produce high static gain,limits reverse voltage that appears across the components.A novel converter is proposed that satisfies all the features such as high voltage gain,only one switch,forces less potential stress cross the components,ripple current is less.These features of the proposed converter are verified through MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Constant Ripple Current Control for Switching DC-DC Converter

The adapted DC-DC converters should be smaller in size and have a small output current ripple to meet the increasing demand for low voltages with high performance and high density micro processors for several microelectronic load applications. This paper proposes a DC-DC converter using variable on-time and variable switching frequency control enhanced constant ripple current control and reduced magnetic components. The proposed converter is realized by making the turn-offtime proportional to the on-time of the converter, according to the input and output voltage, thereby reducing the corresponding current ripple on output voltage in the continuous conduction mode. A Buck DC-DC converter using the proposed control strategy is analyzed in detail, along with some experimental results to show the performance and effectiveness of this converter.

Design and Simulation of a Solar Regulator Based on DC-DC Converters Using a Robust Sliding ModeController

The MPPT （maximum power point tracking） is one of the most important features of a regulator system that processes the energy produced by a photovoltaic generator. It is necessary, in fact, to design a controller that is able to set the output value of the voltage and ensure the working within the maximum power point. In this paper, we propose the application of the robust sliding mode control technique to a DC-DC buck converter which is combined with a classical P ＆ O （perturbation and observation） algorithm to enhance the solar system efficiency. Dynamic equations describing the boost converter are derived and a sliding mode controller for a buck converter is designed. It is shown that, this control approach gives good results in terms of robustness toward load and input voltage variations. The effectiveness of the proposed work is verified by the simulation results under PowerSim environment.

一种适合宽范围输出的双向DC-DC变换器

提出一种适合宽范围输出的双向DC-DC变换器。该变换器结构与传统LLC双向DC-DC变换器类似,但通过开关管复用以及将谐振电感增加绕组复用为一个反激变压器,构造了多种工作模式。变换器采用PWM调制,正向功率传输时有中、低两种电压增益模式,反向功率传输时有高、中、低三种电压增益模式,所有模式中均可实现全负载范围内的软开关状态。对各模式的工作原理、增益公式推导进行了详细的描述。最后以满足4-5节12 V蓄电池的充放电为前提,给出变换器设计和控制方法,并搭建了相应参数的实验样机。实验结果验证了该变换器分析的有效性。

一种多模式宽输出三桥臂DC-DC变换器

针对传统LLC谐振变换器重载工作时电压增益低,难以实现宽范围输出,同时低增益工作时开关频率高,开关管损耗大、电路效率低的问题,结合全桥LLC拓扑结构和线性-谐振(L-R)调制方法,提出一种多模式宽输出三桥臂DC-DC变换器。所提变换器在全桥LLC变换器的基础上增加一组L桥臂,通过将谐振电感复用为储能电感,在谐振传递能量前对谐振腔预先储能,从而提高传统谐振模式的电压增益。所提变换器采用脉冲宽度调制-脉冲频率调制(PWM-PFM)策略,具有高、中和低3种电压增益模式,拓宽了输出电压范围,且具有在全负载范围内软开关、环流小的优点。详细介绍了3种模式下变换器的工作原理,利用时域法推出增益公式,并对器件参数和闭环控制方法进行设计,最后通过搭建一台输入400 V,输出125~500 V的实验样机验证了理论的可行性。

Quasi-Square Wave Mode Phase-Shifted PWM LCC Resonant Converter for Regulated Power Supply

This paper presents an improved self sustained oscillating controller circuit using LCC components for improving the overall efficiency of the system. It has a micro controller based active controller, which controls the performance from no-load up to full-load. The steady state characteristics are developed and a design example is given in detail. The proposed controller allows zero current switching at any loading condition which results in a reasonable reduction of power loss during switching with a promising efficiency. Analytical and experimental results verify the achievement the design specifications.

Experimental Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cascode Gallium Nitride(GaN)Devices for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters

Wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors,such as silicon carbide(SiC)and gallium nitride(GaN),exhibit superior physical properties and demonstrate great potential for replacing conventional silicon(Si)semiconductors with WBG technology,pushing the boundaries of power devices to handle higher blocking voltages,switching frequencies,output power levels,and operating temperatures.However,tradeoffs in switching performance and converter efficiency when substituting GaN devices for Si and SiC counterparts are not well-defined,especially in a cascode configuration.Additional research with further detailed investigation and analysis is necessitated for medium-voltage GaN devices in power converter applications.Therefore,the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of emerging 650/900 V cascode GaN devices on bidirectional dc-dc converters that are suitable for energy storage and distributed renewable energy systems.Dynamic characteristics of Si,SiC,and cascode GaN power devices are examined through the double-pulse test(DPT)circuit at different gate resistance values,device currents,and DC bus voltages.Furthermore,the switching behavior and energy loss as well as the rate of voltage and current changes over the time are studied and analyzed at various operating conditions.A 500 W experimental converter prototype is implemented to validate the benefits of cascode GaN devices on the converter operation and performance.Comprehensive analysis of the power losses and efficiency improvements for Si-based,SiC-based,and GaN-based converters are performed and evaluated as the switching frequency,working temperature,and output power level are in-creased.The experimental results reveal significant improvements in switching performance and energy efficiency from the emerging cascode GaN devices in the bidirectional converters.

Design and Experimentation of FPGA-Based Soft-Switched Interleaved Boost Converter for Telecommunication System

This paper proposes the design and experimentation of digital control of soft-switched interleaved boost converter using FPGA for Telecommunication System. The switching devices in the proposed converter are turned on and off with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) respectively. The circuit is operated in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) with various load ranges having duty cycle of more than 50%. The proposed converter is studied by developing the simulation module in MATLAB/SIMULINK. A PI controller is designed and implemented in FPGA to obtain a regulated DC output for line and load variations. Simulation and experimentation results are verified with a prototype development of the proposed converter. The results indicate that the converter performance is enhanced with closed loop control.

Multi-Phase QR ZCS Switched-Capacitor Bidirectional Power Converter for PV System Application

The multi-phase implementation in the QR （quasi resonant） ZCS （zero current switching） SC （switched capacitor） bidirectional DC-DC converter structure has been proposed to reduce current ripple, switching loss and significantly increase the converter efficiency and power density. This approach provides a more precise output voltage to obtain voltage conversion ratios from the double-mode versus half-mode to n-mode versus 1/n mode. This is accomplished by adding a different number of switched-capacitors and power MOSFET switches with a small series connected resonant inductor for forward and reverse schemes. The size and cost can be reduced when the proposed converter has been designed with the coupled inductors. The simulation and experimental results have been used to demonstrate the performance of the two-phase with and without coupled inductor interleaved QR ZCS SC converters for bidirectional power flow control application, and an extending structure for N-phase is mentioned.

一种非隔离型高增益三端口DC-DC变换器

针对光伏储能联合供电系统输出电压低、供电可靠性差等问题,提出了一种具备多种工作模式的非隔离型高增益三端口DC-DC变换器。变换器的3个端口共地,分别连接光伏发电单元、储能单元和负载,通过改进二次型结构提升电压增益,并降低开关器件应力。变换器具有5种工作模式,可满足离网光储发电系统的各种工况需求。此外,变换器对光伏端口和储能端口之间没有电压约束,能够适应更多的应用场合。详细分析了变换器在各工作模式下的工作原理和稳态特性,并与现有同类变换器进行了工作特性对比。根据光伏储能联合供电系统的控制要求和变换器在不同工况下的功率流动情况,研究了相应的模式运行与切换控制策略。最后,搭建了一台300 W的实验样机进行验证。

一种DC-DC升压变换器的动态建模及其数字补偿

针对广泛应用于核电子设备的稳压电源中的非理想型直流—直流(DC-DC)升压变换器进行了研究,提出了一种新的DC-DC变换器设计方案。首先,采用平均状态空间技术对非理想升压变换器进行动态建模,通过对状态方程进行状态平均,以到变换器的连续时间传递函数作为设计有效控制器的前提;然后,通过采用数字再设计和直接数字设计两种方法,对DC-DC升压变换器的数字控制器进行了设计,从而实现变换器的闭环控制和动态响应。仿真实验结果表明,提出的DC-DC升压变换器及其数字补偿设计不仅实现了预期的动态电压调节性能,而且在输入电压动态变化范围、瞬态响应时间和响应带宽方面相比于目前先进的设计方案具有优势。

An Improved Modulation Strategy for Single-phase Three-level Neutral-point-clamped Converter in Critical Conduction Mode

Two-level totem-pole power factor correction(PFC)converters in critical conduction mode(CRM)suffer from the wide regulation range of switching frequency.Besides,in highfrequency applications,the number of switching times increases,resulting in significant switching losses.To solve these issues,this paper proposes an improved modulation strategy for the single-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped(NPC)converter in CRM with PFC.By optimizing the discharging strategy and switching state sequence,the switching frequency and its variation range have been efficiently reduced.The detailed performance analysis is also presented regarding the switching frequency,the average switching times,and the effect of voltage gain.A 2 k W prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy and analysis results.Compared with the totem-pole PFC converter,the switching frequency regulation range of the three-level PFC converter is reduced by 36.48%and the average switching times is reduced by 45.10%.The experimental result also shows a 1.2%higher efficiency for the three-level PFC converter in the full load range.

A Novel Polymorphic Topology with Hybrid Control Strategy Based LLC Resonant Converter for Ultra-Wide Input Voltage Range Applications

To realize effective utilization of renewable energy sources,a novel polymorphic topology with hybrid control strategy based LLC resonant converter was analyzed and designed in this paper.By combining the merits of a full bridge LLC resonant converter,three-level half bridge LLC resonant converter,and variable frequency control mode,the converter realizes an intelligent estimation of input voltage by automatically changing its internal cir-cuit topology.Under this control strategy,different input voltages determine different operation modes.This is achieved in full bridge LLC mode when the input voltage is low.If the input voltage rises to a certain level,it operates in three-level half bridge LLC mode.These switches are digital and entirely carried out by the DSP(Digi-tal Signal Processor),which means that an auxiliary circuit is unnecessary,where a simple strategy of software modification can be utilized.Experimental results of a 500W prototype with 100V~600V input voltage and full load efficiency of up to 92%are developed to verify feasibility and practicability.This type of converter is suitable for applications with an ultra-wide input voltage range,such as wind turbines,photovoltaic generators,bioenergy,and other renewable energy sources.

Embedded Control of LCL Resonant Converter Analysis, Design, Simulation and Experimental Results

The Objective of this paper is to give more insight into CCM Operation of the LCL Converter to obtain op-timum design using state-space analysis and to verify the results using PSPICE Simulation for wide variation in loading conditions. LCL Resonant Full Bridge Converter (RFB) is a new, high performance DC-DC con-verter. High frequency dc-dc resonant converters are widely used in many space and radar power supplies owing to their small size and lightweight. The limitations of two element resonant topologies can be over-come by adding a third reactive element termed as modified series resonant converter (SRC). A three ele-ment resonant converter capable of driving voltage type load with load independent operation is presented. We have used embedded based triggering circuit and the embedded ‘C’ Program is checked in Keil Software and also triggering circuit is simulated in PSPICE Software. To compare the simulated results with hardware results and designed resonant converter is 200W and the switching frequency is 50 KHz.

Non-isolated Step-up DC-DC Converter Based on Switched Capacitor Cells

A non-isolated high gain step-up DC-DC converter for low power applications is suggested in this study.In the designed transformerless converter,the main switch current and voltage stress is reduced while maintaining high voltage gain.For instance,with a duty cycle of 0.5 a voltage gain equal to 5 is achieved while the normalized switch voltage stress is 0.4.Also,it decreases power losses of active and passive elements.In the proposed converter design,the switched-capacitor(SC)technique is used to obtain maximum voltage transfer gain using only one switch.The three modes of operation,i.e.,continuous conduction mode(CCM),boundary conduction mode(BCM),and discontinuous conduction mode(DCM),are studied in detail.The small signal analysis(SSA)of the designed converter is investigated,and its steady-state model is examined under CCM.Performance of the proposed converter proposed in this study is assessed and tested using a prototype.Efficiency of the converter is recorded above 94%in a wide range of output powers.Overall,compared to the other converters,the results suggest satisfactory performance of the designed converter.An issue of the proposed converter is that its input current is not smooth due to using the switched-capacitor cell in its structure.This issue is alleviated by using input filters.

Adaptive Nonlinear Sliding Mode Control for DC Power Distribution in Commercial Buildings

The developing populace and industrialization power demand prompted the requirement for power generation from elective sources.The desire for this pursuit is solid due to the ever-present common assets of petroleum deri-vatives and their predominant ecological issues.It is generally acknowledged that sustainable power sources are one of the best answers for the energy emergency.Among these,Photovoltaic(PV)sources have many benefits to bestow a very promising future.If integrated into the existing power distribution infrastructure,the solar source will be more successful,requiring efficient Direct Current(DC)-Alternating Current(AC)conversion.This paper mainly aims to improve control-lers’performance between AC/DC Energy sources and the DC loads using the Adaptive Nonlinear Sliding Mode(ANSM)control method.The proposed ANSM method efficiently controls power quality issues,such as transient response,powerflow reliability and Total Harmonics Distortion(THD).The proposed con-troller is applied for both AC/DC and DC/DC converters and the performance of the proposed controller is validated through simulation checking the above para-meters.The simulation results confirm ANSM configuration is more reliable and efficient than the existing fuzzy and sliding mode control methods.