Robust Nonlinear Current Sensorless Control of the Boost Converter with Constant Power Load

The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. A PWM-based current-sensorless robust sliding mode controller is developed that requires only the measurement of the output voltage. An extended state observer is developed to estimate a lumped uncertainty signal that comprises the uncertain load power and the input voltage, the converter parasitics, the component uncertainties and the estimation of the derivative of the output voltage needed in the implementation of the controller. A linear sliding surface is used to derive the controller, which is simple in its design and yet exhibits excellent features in terms of robustness to external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and parasitics despite the absence of the inductor’s current feedback. The robustness of the controller is validated by computer simulations.

Application of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy

Against the backdrop of global energy shortages and increasingly severe environmental pollution,renewable energy is gradually becoming a significant direction for future energy development.Power electronics converters,as the core technology for energy conversion and control,play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and stability of renewable energy systems.This paper explores the basic principles and functions of power electronics converters and their specific applications in photovoltaic power generation,wind power generation,and energy storage systems.Additionally,it analyzes the current innovations in high-efficiency energy conversion,multilevel conversion technology,and the application of new materials and devices.By studying these technologies,the aim is to promote the widespread application of power electronics converters in renewable energy systems and provide theoretical and technical support for achieving sustainable energy development.

Negative Stiffness Mechanism on An Asymmetric Wave Energy Converter by Using A Weakly Nonlinear Potential Model

Salter's duck,an asymmetrical wave energy converter(WEC)device,showed high efficiency in extracting energy from 2D regular waves in the past;yet,challenges remain for fluctuating wave conditions.These can potentially be addressed by adopting a negative stiffness mechanism(NSM)in WEC devices to enhance system efficiency,even in highly nonlinear and steep 3D waves.A weakly nonlinear model was developed which incorporated a nonlinear restoring moment and NSM into the linear formulations and was applied to an asymmetric WEC using a time domain potential flow model.The model was initially validated by comparing it with published experimental and numerical computational fluid dynamics results.The current results were in good agreement with the published results.It was found that the energy extraction increased in the range of 6%to 17%during the evaluation of the effectiveness of the NSM in regular waves.Under irregular wave conditions,specifically at the design wave conditions for the selected test site,the energy extraction increased by 2.4%,with annual energy production increments of approximately 0.8MWh.The findings highlight the potential of NSM in enhancing the performance of asymmetric WEC devices,indicating more efficient energy extraction under various wave conditions.

Hydrodynamic Performance of An Integrated System of Breakwater and A Multi-Chamber OWC Wave Energy Converter

A multi-chamber oscillating water column wave energy converter(OWC-WEC)integrated to a breakwater is investigated.The hydrodynamic characteristics of the device are analyzed using an analytical model based on the linear potential flow theory.A pneumatic model is employed to investigate the relationship between the air mass flux in the chamber and the turbine characteristics.The effects of chamber width,wall draft and wall thickness on the hydrodynamic performance of a dual-chamber OWC-WEC are investigated.The results demonstrate that the device,with a smaller front wall draft and a wider rear chamber exhibits a broader effective frequency bandwidth.The device with a chamber-width-ratio of 1:3 performs better in terms of power absorption.Additionally,results from the analysis of a triplechamber OWC-WEC demonstrate that reducing the front chamber width and increasing the rearward chamber width can improve the total performance of the device.Increasing the number of chambers from 1 to 2 or 3 can widen the effective frequency bandwidth.

Analysis of Modeling the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Industrial Static Converters and Impacts on Operators Using Maxwell’s Equations

The study of Electromagnetic Compatibility is essential to ensure the harmonious operation of electronic equipment in a shared environment. The basic principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility focus on the ability of devices to withstand electromagnetic disturbances and not produce disturbances that could affect other systems. Imperceptible in most work situations, electromagnetic fields can, beyond certain thresholds, have effects on human health. The objective of the present article is focused on the modeling analysis of the influence of geometric parameters of industrial static converters radiated electromagnetic fields using Maxwell’s equations. To do this we used the analytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic field emitted by a filiform conductor, to model the electromagnetic radiation of this device in the spatio-temporal domain. The interactions of electromagnetic waves with human bodies are complex and depend on several factors linked to the characteristics of the incident wave. To model these interactions, we implemented the physical laws of electromagnetic wave propagation based on Maxwell’s and bio-heat equations to obtain consistent results. These obtained models allowed us to evaluate the spatial profile of induced current and temperature of biological tissue during exposure to electromagnetic waves generated by this system. The simulation 2D results obtained from computer tools show that the temperature variation and current induced by the electromagnetic field can have a very significant influence on the life of biological tissue. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathematical models to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields. The findings have direct implications for workplace safety, potentially influencing standards and regulations concerning electromagnetic exposure in industrial settings.

Capture Performance of A Multi-Freedom Wave Energy Converter with Different Power Take-off Systems

Among the wave energy converters (WECs), oscillating buoy is a promising type for wave energy development in offshore area. Conventional single-freedom oscillating buoy WECs with linear power take-off (PTO) system are less efficient under off-resonance conditions and have a narrow power capture bandwidth. Thus, a multi-freedom WEC with a nonlinear PTO system is proposed. This study examines a multi-freedom WEC with 3 degrees of freedom: surge, heave and pitch. Three different PTO systems (velocity-square, snap through, and constant PTO systems) and a traditional linear PTO system are applied to the WEC. A time-domain model is established using linear potential theory and Cummins equation. The kinematic equation is numerically calculated with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The optimal average output power of the PTO systems in all degrees of freedom are obtained and compared. Other parameters of snap through PTO are also discussed in detail. Results show that according to the power capture performance, the order of the PTO systems from the best to worst is snap through PTO, constant PTO, linear PTO and velocity-square PTO. The resonant frequency of the WEC can be adjusted to the incident wave frequency by choosing specific parameters of the snap through PTO. Adding more DOFs can make the WEC get a better power performance in more wave frequencies. Both the above two methods can raise the WEC’s power capture performance significantly.

Carbon emission reduction:Contribution of photovoltaic power and practice in China

As a clean and renewable form of energy,photovoltaic(PV)power generation converts solar energy into electrical energy,reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions.Amidst the global transition towards cleaner forms of energy,countries all around the world are vigorously developing PV technology.

Period-doubling bifurcation in two-stage power factor correction converters using the method of incremental harmonic balance and Floquet theory

In this paper, period-doubling bifurcation in a two-stage power factor correction converter is analyzed by using the method of incremental harmonic balance （IHB） and Floquet theory. A two-stage power factor correction converter typically employs a cascade configuration of a pre-regulator boost power factor correction converter with average current mode control to achieve a near unity power factor and a tightly regulated post-regulator DC-DC Buck converter with voltage feedback control to regulate the output voltage. Based on the assumption that the tightly regulated postregulator DC-DC Buck converter is represented as a constant power sink and some other assumptions, the simplified model of the two-stage power factor correction converter is derived and its approximate periodic solution is calculated by the method of IHB. And then, the stability of the system is investigated by using Floquet theory and the stable boundaries are presented on the selected parameter spaces. Finally, some experimental results are given to confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

Carrier phase shifted SPWM based on current sourced multi-modular converter for active power filter

A novel current-source active power filter (APF) based on multi-modular converter with carrier phase-shifted SPWM (CPS-SPWM) technique is proposed. With this technique, the effect of equivalent high switching frequency con-verter is obtained with low switching frequency converter. It is very promising in current-source APF that adopt super-conducting magnetic energy storage component.

Effect of Different Raft Shapes on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Attenuator-Type Wave Energy Converter

A numerical simulation method based on CFD has been established to simulate the fully coupled motion for an atten-uator-type wave energy converter(WEC).Based on this method,a detailed parametric analysis has been conducted to investigate the design of the rafts.The effects of different parameters(wave parameters,structural parameters and PTO parameters)on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the attenuator-type WEC were studied in detail.The results show that in terms of wave parameters,there is an optimal wave period,which makes the relative pitching angle amplitude of the WEC reach the maximum,and the increase of wave height is conducive to the relative pitching angle amplitude of wave energy.Under different wave conditions,the relative pitch angle of the parallelogram raft device is the maximum.In terms of structural parameters,the parallelogram attenuator-type device has the optimal values in different relative directions,different distances and different apex angle,which makes the relative motion amplitude of the device reach the maximum,and the spacing and the apex angle have influence on the motion frequency of the device,while the relative direction has almost no influence on it.In terms of PTO parameters,there is an optimal damping coefficient,which makes the power generation efficiency of the WEC reach the maximum.The research results provide a valuable reference for future research and design of the attenuator-type WEC.

Harmonic Analysis of Hoist Drive System FED by Power Converter and Cycloconverter

There are a lot of large capacity nonlinear loads in power systems in coal mine, such as, hoist supply system fed by power converter and cycloconverter. The harmonics generated by those nonlinear loads are very serious. The model for harmonic analysis of power electronic converter and cycloconverter is established, and a novel method for harmonic analysis is proposed in this paper. The suggested method has advantages of less memory capacity need, fast estimation and high accuracy. The comput-ing results are good agreed with the measuring results. The suggested method is much useful for the harmonic prediction of power system in coal mine.

A new high-performance AC/DC power factor correction switching converter based on one-cycle control technology and active floating-charge technology

A new family of converters,high-performance AC/DC power factor correction(PFC) switching converters with one-cycle control technology and active floating-charge technology,was derived and experimentally verified.The topology of a single-phase CCM and DCM Boost-PFC switching converter was also analyzed.Its operating prniciples and control methods were expounded.Based on these,a new type of AC/DC switching converter circuits for PFC combined with one-cycle control technology was presented herein.The proposed AC/DC switching converter significantly helps improve the converter efficiency and its power factor value.

On the Sequential Control of ITER Poloidal Field Converters for Reactive Power Reduction

Sequential control applied to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Re- actor （ITER） poloidal field converter system for the purpose of reactive power reduction is the subject of this investigation. Due to the inherent characteristics of thyristor-based phase-controlled converter, the poloidal field converter system consumes a huge amount of reactive power from the grid, which subsequently results in a voltage drop at the 66 kV busbar if no measure is taken. The installation of a static var compensator rated for 750 MVar at the 66 kV busbax is an essential way to compensate reactive power to the grid, which is the most effective measure to solve the problem. However, sequential control of the multi-series converters provides an additional method to improve the natural power factor and thus alleviate the pressure of reactive power demand of the converter system without any additional cost. In the present paper, by comparing with the symmetrical control technique, the advantage of sequential control in reactive power consumption is highlighted. Simulation results based on SIMULINK are found in agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Open-circuit Fault-tolerant Control Strategy Based on Five-level Power Converter for SRM System

Switched reluctance motor power converters are prone to open-circuit faults because it need to withstand large voltages and currents.Due to the small number of traditional asymmetrical half bridge topology switches,it is difficult to carry out fault tolerant control when power converters has an open-circuit fault,resulting in larger output torque ripple.This paper presents a five-level power converter based on the traditional asymmetric half-bridge power converter.The five-level topology has more switching states and can work in multi-level mode.Based on the topology,different excitation and demagnetization voltages can be choose at different speeds.A fault-tolerance strategy is developed to decrease the influence of the open-circuit fault.The five-level power converter has four switches per phase,and two of them will be used in one of the operating mode.So the remaining two of the switches can be used for safe backup,enabling fault-tolerant control when an open-circuit occur.Since each phase of the five-level power converter proposed in this paper is independent of each other,a reasonable control strategy can be used to avoid the unbalance of the midpoint potential.Finally,the topology and fault-tolerant strategy proposed in this paper are verified by simulation and experiment.

A LOW POWER TIME-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER FOR ALL-DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP

Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) is a key block used as the phase/frequency detector in an All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop (ADPLL). Usually, it occupies a large proportion of ADPLL's total power consumption up to about 30% to 40%. In this paper, the detailed power consumption of different components in the TDC is analyzed. A Power Management Block (PMB) is presented for the TDC to reduce its power consumption. A 24-bits TDC core with the proposed PMB is implemented in HJTC 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that up to 84% power reduction is achieved using our proposed technique.

Analysis of Light Load Efficiency Characteristics of a Dual Active Bridge Converter Using Wide Band-Gap Devices

In this paper, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) region of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with wide band-gap (WBG) power semiconductor device is analyzed. The ZVS region of a DAB converter varies depending on output power and voltage ratio. The DAB converters operate with hard switching at light loads, it is difficult to achieve high efficiency. Fortunately, WBG power semiconductor devices have excellent hard switching characteristics and can increase efficiency compared to silicon (Si) devices. In particular, WBG devices can achieve ZVS at low load currents due to their low parasitic output capacitance (Co,tr) characteristics. Therefore, in this paper, the ZVS operating resion is analyzed based on the characteristics of Si, silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). Power semiconductor devices. WBG devices with low Co,tr operate at ZVS at lower load currents compared to Si devices. To verify this, experiments are conducted and the results are analyzed using a 3 kW DAB converter. For Si devices, ZVS is achieved above 1.4 kW. For WBG devices, ZVS is achieved at 700 W. Due to the ZVS conditions depending on the switching device, the DAB converter using Si devices achieves a power conversion efficiency of 91% at 1.1 kW output. On the other hand, in the case of WBG devices, power conversion efficiency of more than 98% is achieved under 11 kW conditions. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the WBG device operates in ZVS at a lower load compared to the Si device, which is advantageous in increasing light load efficiency.

1064 nm InGaAsP multi-junction laser power converters

Laser photovoltaic devices converting 1064 nm light energy into electric energy present a promising prospect in wireless energy transmission due to the commercial availability of high power 1064 nm lasers with very small divergence. Besides their high conversion efficiency, a high output voltage is also expected in a laser energy transmission system. Meanwhile,1064 nm InGaAsP multi-junction laser power converters have been developed using p^+-InGaAs/n^+-InGaAs tunnel junctions to connect sub-cells in series to obtain a high output voltage. The triple-junction laser power converter structures are grown on p-type InP substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD), and InGaAsP laser power converters are fabricated by conventional photovoltaic device processing. The room-temperature I–V measurements show that the 1 × 1 cm^2 triplejunction InGaAsP laser power converters demonstrate a conversion efficiency of 32.6% at a power density of 1.1 W/cm^2, with an open-circuit voltage of 2.16 V and a fill factor of 0.74. In this paper, the characteristics of the laser power converters are analyzed and ways to improve the conversion efficiency are discussed.

A second order random wave model for predicting the power performances of a wave energy converter

The power performances of a point absorber wave energy converter(WEC)operating in a nonlinear multidirectional random sea are rigorously investigated.The absorbed power of the WEC Power-Take-Off system has been predicted by incorporating a second order random wave model into a nonlinear dynamic filter.This is a new approach,and,as the second order random wave model can be utilized to accurately simulate the nonlinear waves in an irregular sea,avoids the inaccuracies resulting from using a first order linear wave model in the simulation process.The predicted results have been systematically analyzed and compared,and the advantages of using this new approach have been convincingly substantiated.

Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control with Feedback Correction for Power Converters

As an open-loop model predictive control algorithm,finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)scheme in power converter system is based on assumption that responses of optimal control implemented on prediction model agree well with actual system.The influence of model parameter mismatches and environment disturbance on control performance of scheme is neglected.Then,based on feedback correction strategy in traditional model predictive control algorithm,we derive a finite control set model predictive control with feedback correction scheme(FCS-MPCFC)that allows us to adjust prediction model output at current instant by model prediction error at previous instant,and the closed-loop correction of prediction model output is achieved.Simulations comparison analyses on a two-level three-phase inverter with multi-type model parameter mismatches controlled by traditional and improved FCS-MPC scheme are presented.Experiments are carried out on DSP controller platform.

Recent Developments of Modulation and Control for High-Power Current-Source-Converters Fed Electric Machine Systems

The pulse-width-modulated(PWM)current-source converters(CSCs)fed electric machine systems can be considered as a type of high reliability energy conversion systems,since they work with the long-life DC-link inductor and offer high fault-tolerant capability for short-circuit faults.Besides,they provide motor friendly waveforms and four-quadrant operation ability.Therefore,they are suitable for high-power applications of fans,pumps,compressors and wind power generation.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review recent developments of key technologies on modulation and control of high-power(HP)PWM-CSC fed electric machines systems,including reduction of low-order current harmonics,suppression of inductor–capacitor(LC)resonance,mitigation of common-mode voltage(CMV)and control of modular PWM-CSC fed systems.In particular,recent work on the overlapping effects during commutation,LC resonance suppression under fault-tolerant operation and collaboration of modular PMW-CSCs are described.Both theoretical analysis and some results in simulations and experiments are presented.Finally,a brief discussion regarding the future trend of the HP CSC fed electric machines systems is presented.