A Tri-Salt Composite Electrolyte with Temperature Switch Function for Intelligently Temperature-Controlled Lithium Batteries

The intense research of lithium-ion batteries has been motivated by their successful applications in mobile devices and electronic vehicles.The emerging of intelligent control in kinds of devices brings new requirements for battery systems.The high-energy lithium batteries are expected to respond or react under different environmental conditions.In this work,a tri-salt composite electrolyte is designed with a temperature switch function for intelligently temperature-controlled lithium batteries.Specifically,the halide Li_(3)YBr_(6)together with LiTFSI and LiNO_(3)works as active fillers in a low-melting-point polymer matrix(polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether(PEGDME)and polyethylene oxide(PEO)),which is further filled into the pre-lithiated alumina fiber skeleton.Above 60°C,the composite electrolyte exists in the liquid state and fully contacts with the working electrodes on the liquid–solid interface,effectively minimizing the interfacial resistance and leading to high discharge capacity in the cell.The electrolyte is changed into a solid state below 30°C so that the ionic conductivity is significantly reduced and the interface resistance is increased dramatically on the solid–solid interface.Therefore,by simply adjusting the temperature,the cell can be turned“ON”or“OFF”intentionally.This novel function of the composite electrolyte has enlightening significance in developing intelligently temperature-controlled lithium batteries.

On Impulse Switching Functions of Inverters as an Orthogonal System

The paper deals with impulse switching function which are used as exciting functions of one- and multidimensional state-space models of power electronic converters. Obviously, these functions are harmonic but using power converters they can be strongly non-harmonic, sometimes piecewise constants with zero spaces between them. Then, one deals with power series of time pulses. The impulse switching functions which are orthogonal ones can be derived from these series. The new impulse switching functions are created using Z-transform, inverse Z-transform and numerical series/sequences. The impulse switching functions created this way can be used for both steady- and transient state investigation of converters.

Robust admissibility analysis of uncertain switched singular systems:a switched Lyapunov function approach

The robust admissibility analysis of a class of uncertain discrete-time switched linear singular（SLS） systems for arbitrary switching laws is addressed. The parameter uncertainty is assumed to be norm-bounded. First, by using the switched Lyapunov function approach, some new sufficient conditions ensuring the nominal discrete-time SLS system to be regular, casual and asymptotically stable for arbitrary switching laws are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Then, the robust admissibility condition for the uncertain discrete-time SLS systems is presented. The obtained results can be viewed as an extension of previous works on the switched Lyapunov function approach from the regular switched linear systems to the switched linear singular cases. Numerical examples show the reduced conservatism and effectiveness of the proposed conditions.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR NEW DISCRETE TRACKING-DIFFERENTIATORS

In this paper,some kinds of linear and nonlinear tracking-differentiators are designed by using suitable exponent functions instead of switch functions,and the stability of these tracking-differentiators is proved.From the result of simulations,it is manifest that the tracking speeds of these kinds of linear and nonlinear tracking-differentiators are very high,and their design procedures are simple.

Admissibility analysis and control synthesis for switched linear singular systems

The problem of admissibility analysis and control synthesis of discrete-time switched linear singular （SLS） systems for arbitrary switching laws is solved. By using the switched Lyapunov function approach, some new sufficient conditions under which the SLS system is admissible for arbitrary switching laws are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）. Based on the admissibility results, control synthesis is then to design switched state feedback and static output feedback controllers, guaranteeing that the resulting closed-loop system is admissible. The presented results can be viewed as the extensions of previous works on switched Lyapunov function approach from the regular switched systems to singular switched cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate the reduced conservatism and effectiveness of the proposed conditions.

Observer-based robust H-infinity control for uncertain switched systems

The problem of observer-based robust H-infinity control is addressed for a class of linear discrete-time switched systems with time-varying norm-bounded uncertainties by using switched Lyapunov function method. None of the individual subsystems is assumed to be robustly H-infinity solvable. A novel switched Lypunov function matrix with diagonal-block form is devised to overcome the difficulties in designing switching laws. For robust H-infinity stability analysis, two linear-matrix-inequality-based sufficient conditions are derived by only using the smallest region function strategy if some parameters are preselected. Then, the robust H-infinity control synthesis is studied using a switching state feedback and an observer-based switching dynamical output feedback. All the switching laws are simultaneously constructively designed. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the validity of the results.

Robust stability and stabilization for uncertain discrete-time switched singular systems with time-varying delays

The problems of robust stability and stabilization via memoryless state feedback for a class of discrete-time switched singular systems with time-varying delays and linear fractional uncertainties are investigated.By constructing a novel switched Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional,a delay-dependent criterion for the unforced system to be regular,causal and uniformly asymptotically stable is established in terms of linear matrix inequalities（LMIs）.An explicit expression for the desired memoryless state feedback stabilization controller is also given.The merits of the proposed criteria lie in their less conservativeness and relative simplicity,which are achieved by considering additionally useful terms（ignored in previous methods） when estimating the upper bound of the forward difference of the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and by avoiding utilizing any model augmentation transformation.Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed methods.

Sliding mode control for mobile welding robot

The sliding mode controller of mobile welding robot is established in this paper through applying the method of variable structure control with sliding mode into the control of the mobile welding robot. The traditional switching function smooth method is improved by combining the smoothed switching function with the time-varying control gain. It is shown that the proposed sliding mode controller is robust to bounded external disturbances. Experimental results demonstrate that sliding mode controller algorithm can be used into seam tracking and the tracking system is stable with bounded uncertain disturbance. In the seam tracking process, the robot moves steadily without any obvious chattering.

Self-adjusting entropy-stable scheme for compressible Euler equations

In this work,a self-adjusting entropy-stable scheme is proposed for solving compressible Euler equations.The entropy-stable scheme is constructed by combining the entropy conservative flux with a suitable diffusion operator.The entropy has to be preserved in smooth solutions and be dissipated at shocks.To achieve this,a switch function,which is based on entropy variables,is employed to make the numerical diffusion term be automatically added around discontinuities.The resulting scheme is still entropy-stable.A number of numerical experiments illustrating the robustness and accuracy of the scheme are presented.From these numerical results,we observe a remarkable gain in accuracy.

Stabilization of a class of discrete-time switched systems via observer-based output feedback

In this paper, observer-based static output feedback control problem for discrete-time uncertain switched systems is investigated under an arbitrary switching rule. The main method used in this note is combining switched Lyapunov function （SLF） method with Finsler＇s Lemma. Based on linear matrix inequality （LMI） a less conservative stability condition is established and this condition allows extra degree of freedom for stability analysis. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the result.

Naxi-English Bilingual Word Alignment Based on Language Characteristics and Log-Linear Model

We propose a method that can achieve the Naxi-English bilingual word automatic alignment based on a log-linear model.This method defines the different Naxi-English structural feature functions,which are English-Naxi interval switching function and Naxi-English bilingual word position transformation function.With the manually labeled Naxi-English words alignment corpus,the parameters of the model are trained by using the minimum error,thus Naxi-English bilingual word alignment is achieved automatically.Experiments are conducted with IBM Model 3 as a benchmark,and the Naxi language constraints are introduced.The final experiment results show that the proposed alignment method achieves very good results:the introduction of the language characteristic function can effectively improve the accuracy of the Naxi-English Bilingual Word Alignment.

Non-Characteristic Harmonics Analysis of the ITER Pulsed Power Supply

The ITER pulsed power supply system will be operated in non-ideal conditions including an asymmetric firing angle, an unbalanced AC supply and an unbalanced AC side impedance of the transformer. In this study the switching functions approach is used to calcu- late non-characteristic harmonics in ITER, possibly caused by an AC-DC convertor in non-ideal conditions. A PSCAD simulation model is set up to study the non-characteristic harmonics in those non-ideal conditions. It is found that the non-characteristic harmonic does appear and the simulation result is in accordance with the calculating strategy.

On Boolean Functions Associated to Finite Aligned Spaces

Boolean or switching functions can be associated to finite aligned spaces in a way similar to the way they can be associated to finite topological spaces. We prove a characterization of switching functions associated to aligned spaces which is similar to the one we have given for switching functions associated to finite topological spaces.

Design of Fixed-Time Neural Controller for Uncertain Nonstrict-Feedback Systems with Smooth Switching Functions

The tracking problem of uncertain nonstrict-feedback nonlinear systems(UNFNS)is examined to develop a novel adaptive neural control scheme to ensure fixed-time convergence.In particular,the challenge associated with the unknown nonlinear function can be overcome through neural network(NN)based estimation.Therefore,an NN-based adaptive fixed-time control scheme is established with only one parameter,using the property of the basis function vector to address the algebraic loop problem.Furthermore,the singularity problem can be solved by incorporating a smooth switching function.A rigorous theoretical analysis is performed to demonstrate that the output signal can track the reference signal within a fixed time and that the signals in the control systems are bounded.Finally,numerical simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed methodology.

Analysis of Higher Order System with Impulse Exciting Functions in Z-Domain

This paper deals with mathematical modelling of impulse waveforms and impulse switching functions used in electrical engineering. Impulse switching functions are later investigated using direct and inverse z-transformation. The results make possible to present those functions as infinite series expressed in pure numerical, exponential or trigonometric forms. The main advantage of used approach is the possibility to calculate investigated variables directly in any instant of time;dynamic state can be solved with the step of sequences (T/6, T/12) that means very fast. Theoretically derived waveforms are compared with simulation worked-out results as well as results of circuit emulator LT spice which are given in the paper.

A deterministic model for homologous antibody dependant enhancement on influenza infection

Antibody dependant enhancement refers that viral infectivity was unexpectedly enhanced at low antibody concentration compared to when antibodies were absent,such as Dengue,Zika and influenza virus.To mathematically describe switch from enhancement to neutralisation with increase of antibody concentration,one hyperbolic tangent variant is used as switching function in existed models.However,switching function with hyperbolic tangent contains four parameters,and does not always increase with antibody concentration.To address this problem,we proposed a monotonically increasing Logistical function variant as switching function,which only contains position parameter and magnitude parameter.Analysing influenza viral titre estimated from 21 focus reduction assay(FRA)datasets from neutralisation group(viral titre lower than negative control on all serial dilutions)and 20 FRA dataset from enhancement group(viral titre higher than negative control on high serial dilution),switching function with Logistic function performs better than existed model independent of both groups and exhibited different behaviour/character;specifically,magnitude parameter estimated from enhancement group is lower,but position parameter estimated from enhancement group is higher.A lower magnitude parameter refers that enhancement group more rapidly switches from enhancement to neutralisation with increase of antibody concentration,and a higher position parameter indicates that enhancement group provides a larger antibody concentration interval corresponding to enhancement.Integrating estimated neutralisation kinetics with viral replication,we demonstrated that antibody-induced bistable influenza kinetics exist independent of both groups.However,comparing with neutralisation group,enhancement group provides higher threshold value of antibody concentration corresponding to influenza infectivity.This explains the observed phenomenon that antibody dependent enhancement enhances susceptibility,severity,and mortality to influenza infection.On population level,antibody dependant enhancement can promote H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus cooperate to sustain long-term circulation on human populations according to antigenic seniority theory.

H-infinity filtering for discrete-time switched linear systems under arbitrary switching

This paper is concerned with the problem of H-infinity filtering for discrete-time switched linear systems under arbitrary switching laws.New sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem are given via switched quadratic Lyapunov functions.Based on Finsler's lemma,two sets of slack variables with special structure are introduced to provide extra degrees of freedom in optimizing the guaranteed H-infinity performance.Compared to the existing methods,the proposed one has better performances and less conservatism.An example is given to illustrate its effectiveness.

Theoretical analysis of the harmonic characteristics of modular multilevel converters

To understand the operation principle of the modular multilevel converter(MMC)deeply,it is necessary to study the harmonic characteristics of the MMC theoretically.Besides,the analytical harmonic formulas of the MMC are useful in designing the main circuit,reducing the losses and improving the waveform quality.Based on the average switching function and the Fourier series harmonic analysis,this paper deduces the analytical expressions for such electrical quantities as the arm voltage,the arm current,the capacitor voltage,the capacitor current and the circulating current of the MMC.Finally,a digital model of a 21-level MMC-HVDC system is realized in PSCAD/EMTDC.The results of the analytical expressions coincide with the simulation results,which verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed analytical expressions.

L_2-gain Analysis and Anti-windup Design of Discretetime Switched Systems with Actuator Saturation

This paper investigates L2-gain analysis and anti-windup compensation gains design for a class of discrete-time switched systems with saturating actuators and L2 bounded disturbances by using the switched Lyapunov function approach.For a given set of anti-windup compensation gains,we firstly give a sufficient condition on tolerable disturbances under which the state trajectory starting from the origin will remain inside a bounded set for the corresponding closed-loop switched system subject to L2 bounded disturbances.Then,the upper bound on the restricted L2-gain is obtained over the set of tolerable disturbances.Furthermore,the antiwindup compensation gains aiming to determine the largest disturbance tolerance level and the smallest upper bound of the restricted L2-gain are presented by solving a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequality(LMI) constraints.A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.

The dichotomous role of TGF-β in controlling liver cancer cell survival and proliferation

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the major form of primary liver cancer and one of the most prevalent and life-threatening malignancies globally. One of the hallmarks in HCC is the sustained cell survival and proliferative signals, which are determined by the balance between oncogenes and tumor suppressors.Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β) is an effective growth inhibitor of epithelial cells including hepatocytes, through induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cellular senescence, or autophagy. The antitumorigenic effects of TGF-β are bypassed during liver tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms.Furthermore, along with malignant progression, TGF-β switches to promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. This dichotomous nature of TGF-β is one of the barriers to therapeutic targeting in liver cancer. Thereafter, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for discovering novel antitumor drugs that may specifically disable the growth-promoting branch of TGF-β signaling or restore its tumor-suppressive arm. This review summarizes how TGF-β inhibits or promotes liver cancer cell survival and proliferation, highlighting the functional switch mechanisms during the process.