Strictly non-blocking 4×4 silicon electro–optic switch matrix

The first path-independent insertion-loss（PILOSS） strictly non-blocking 4×4 silicon electro–optic switch matrix is reported. The footprint of this switch matrix is only 4.6 mm×1.0 mm. Using single-arm modulation, the crosstalk measured in this test is-13 dB --27 dB. And a maximum crosstalk deterioration of 6d B caused by two-path interference is also found.

N×N Clos Digital Cross-Connect Switch Using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata(QCA)

Quantum dot cellular automata(QCA)technology is emerging as a future technology which designs the digital circuits at quantum levels.The tech-nology has gained popularity in terms of designing digital circuits,which occupy very less area and less power dissipation in comparison to the present comple-mentary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)technology.For designing the rou-ters at quantum levels with non-blocking capabilities various multi-stage networks have been proposed.This manuscript presents the design of the N×NClos switch matrix as a multistage interconnecting network using quantum-dot cellular automata technology.The design of the Clos switch matrix presented in the article uses three input majority gates(MG).To design the 4×4 Clos switch matrix,a basic 2×2 switch architecture has been proposed as a basic mod-ule.The 2×2 switching matrix(SM)design presented in the manuscript utilizes three input majority gates.Also,the 2×2 SM has been proposed usingfive input majority gates.Two different approaches(1&2)have been presented for designing 2×2 SM usingfive input majority gates.The 2×2 SM design based on three input majority gate utilizes four zone clocking scheme to allow signal transmis-sion.Although,the clocking scheme used in 2×2 SM using three input MG and in 2×2 SM approach 1 usingfive input MG is conventional.The 2×2 SM approach 2 design,utilizes the clocking scheme in which clocks can be applied by electricfield generators easily and in turn the switch element becomes physically realizable.The simulation results conclude that the 2×2 SM is suitable for designing a 4×4 Clos network.A higher order of input-output switching matrix,supporting more number of users can utilize the proposed designs.

Optical SDMA for applying compressive sensing in WSN

In order to apply compressive sensing in wireless sensor network, inside the nodes cluster classified by the spatial correlation, we propose that a cluster head adopts free space optical communication with space division multiple access, and a sensor node uses a modulating retro-reflector for communication. Thus while a random sampling matrix is used to guide the establishment of links between head cluster and sensor nodes, the random linear projection is accomplished. To establish multiple links at the same time, an optical space division multiple access antenna is designed. It works in fixed beams switching mode and consists of optic lens with a large field of view（FOV）, fiber array on the focal plane which is used to realize virtual channels segmentation, direction of arrival sensor, optical matrix switch and controller. Based on the angles of nodes＇ laser beams, by dynamically changing the route, optical matrix switch actualizes the multi-beam full duplex tracking receiving and transmission. Due to the structure of fiber array, there will be several fade zones both in the focal plane and in lens＇ FOV. In order to lower the impact of fade zones and harmonize multibeam, a fiber array adjustment is designed. By theoretical, simulated and experimental study, the antenna＇s qualitative feasibility is validated.

An all-optical matrix multiplication scheme with non-linear material based switching system

Optics is a potential candidate in information, data, and image processing. In all-optical data and information processing, optics has been used as information carrying signal because of its inherent advantages of parallelism. Several optical methods are proposed in support of the above processing. In many algebraic, arithmetic, and image processing schemes fundamental logic and memory operations are conducted exploring all-optical devices. In this communication we report an all-optical matrix multiplication operation with non-linear material based switching circuit.

A 4×2 switch matrix in QFN24 package for 0.5–3 GHz application

This paper presents a 4×2 switching matrix implemented in the Win 0.5 μm Ga As pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor process, it covers the 0.5–3 GHz frequency range. The switch matrix is composed of 4 SPDT switch whose two output ports can simultaneously select the input port and a 4 to 8 bit digital decoder,both the radio frequency（RF） part and the digital part are integrated into one single chip. The chip is packaged in a low cost QFN24 plastic package. On chip shunt, capacitors at the input ports are taken to compensate for the bonding wire inductance effect. The designed switch matrix shows a good measured performance： the insertion loss is less than 5.5 dB, the isolation is no worse than 30 dB, the return loss of input ports and output ports is better than –10 dB, the input 1 dB compression point is better than 25.6 dBm, and the OIP3 is better than 37 dBm. The chip size of the switch matrix is only 1.45×1.45 mm^2.

Power generation maximization of distributed photovoltaic systems using dynamic topology reconfiguration

The‘mismatch losses’problem is commonly encountered in distributed photovoltaic(PV)power generation systems.It can directly reduce power generation.Hence,PV array reconfiguration techniques have become highly popular to minimize the mismatch losses.In this paper,a dynamical array reconfiguration method for Total-Cross-Ties(TCT)and Series-Parallel(SP)interconnected PV arrays is proposed.The method aims to improve the maximum power output generation of a distributed PV array in different mismatch conditions through a set of inverters and a switching matrix that is controlled by a dynamic and scalable reconfiguration optimization algorithm.The structures of the switching matrix for both TCT-based and SP-based PV arrays are designed to enable flexible alteration of the electrical connections between PV strings and inverters.Also,the proposed reconfiguration solution is scalable,because the size of the switching matrix deployed in the proposed solution is only determined by the numbers of the PV strings and the inverters,and is not related to the number of PV modules in a string.The performance of the proposed method is assessed for PV arrays with both TCT and SP interconnections in different mismatch conditions,including different partial shading and random PV module failure.The average optimization time for TCT and SP interconnected PV arrays is 0.02 and 3 s,respectively.The effectiveness of the proposed dynamical reconfiguration is confirmed,with the aver-age maximum power generation improved by 8.56%for the TCT-based PV array and 6.43%for the SP-based PV array compared to a fixed topology scheme.

Building Reusable Remote Labs with Adaptable Client User-Interfaces

Nowadays remote laboratories suffer the absence of reusability.In addition,their construction and maintenance require time,money and skills.The system implementation of a specific remote lab is neither generic nor reusable.In this paper,a solution for a reusable remote lab dedicated for disparate types of scientific and engineering experiments is presented. The experiment designer needs only to connect the experiment components and equipment such as capacitors,resistors, transistors,function generators with a switch system of a lab server,then,she/he has to map this connection structure in a configuration data structure.Once a student starts the Web-based client user-interface and logs-in into the lab server, the menu structure of the graphical user-interface builds and initializes itself automatically,using information stored in a configuration data structure.This contribution discusses some hitherto used lab servers,some of their drawbacks,the desirable requirements on a universal remote lab,which simplify the building process of newer lab experiments consisting of experiment components and equipment as well as a client user-interface that could enable students to remotely access the experiment.