Biogenic Sedimentary Structures of the Yellow River Delta in China and Their Composition and Distribution Characters

The biogenic sedimentary structures （i.e., the morphology and trace makers of burrows, tracks, trails and traces made by extant organisms） and their composition and distribution characters in different micro environments and sub environments of the Yellow River delta in China are described. Three ichnocoenosis can be recognized： （1） Steinichnus-like ichnocoenosis, includes F, Y-shaped traces, birds＇ footprints on bedding plane, and Y, U-shaped burrows in intrastratal bedding, produced by Coleoptera （Heteroceridae）, Orthoptera （Gryllotalpidae） and birds. It is majorly found at the delta plain point bar deposits, denoting the fresh water-related terrestrial environments. （2） Steinichnus-Psilonichnus-like ichnocoenosis, consitsis of Steinichnus-like traces on the bedding plane and Psilonichnus-like burrow which a vertical, irregularly J-, Y-, or U-shaped burrows, some of them with bulbous basal cells burrows in the intrastratal bedding, created by Coleoptera （Heteroceridae）, Orthoptera （Gryllotalpidae） and crabs. It is observed in the delta plain abandoned distributary channels, and the delta front tidal creek and subaquous distributary channels, indicating the brackish water environment. （3） Palaeophycus-like ichnocoenosis, includes the round entrance burrows or with craters-shaped loop-protrusionsand and the parallel forked trails on the bedding plane, and the U, J or vertical shaped feeding burrows are in the intrastratal bedding, majorly produced by the clam （bivalve molluscs）, gastropods and Nereis. It is present in the subaqueous interdistributary bay, reflecting the intertidal related environment.

Geomorphological Evolution Revealed by Aeolian Sedimentary Structure in Badain Jaran Desert on Alxa Plateau, Northwest China

The Badain Jaran Desert,located in the Alxa Plateau,Northwest China,features mega-dunes and a unique dune-lake alternation landscape.This paper presented the aeolian sediment structures of three representative dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert using ground-penetrating radar (GPR).We processed and analyzed the GPR data and investigated the feasibility of using integrated GPR and sedimentological data to reconstruct dunes structure,sedimentary environment and geomorphological evolution.The results show that the internal structures of star dune and transverse dune represent various stages of mega-dune evolution: the main deposition processes of mega-dune are similar to those of transverse dunes but have a more complicated mechanism of sand transport and deposition because of the superimposition of dunes;the upper section of the mega-dune has a structure similar to that of star dune,with vertical aggradations on top.Diffraction hyperbolae in the GPR profile indicates that the presence of ancient dunes characterized by calcareous cementation layers is involved in the maintenance of mega-dunes,and water levels,shown by continuous,sub-horizontal GPR reflections,are supposed to be closely related to mega-dunes and the interdune lakes.Outcrop of wet sand and horizontal stratifications on the GPR image indicate moisture potentials with different levels inside mega-dunes.The multiplex geomorphology in the Badain Jaran Desert is the result of global climatic undulation,the unique geographical location,the geological structural features,etc.

Crustal Structure of the Jurassic Quiet Zone in the West Pacific Ocean:Insights from 2D Multichannel Seismic Reflection Profiles

The Jurassic oceanic crust is the oldest existing oceanic crust on earth,and although distributed sparsely,carries essential information about the earth's evolution.The area around the Pigafetta Basin in the west Pacific Ocean(also known as the Jurassic Quiet Zone,JQZ)is one of a few areas where the Jurassic oceanic crust is present.This study takes full advantage of high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection profiles in combination with bathymetry,magnetic,and gravity data from the JQZ to examine the structure,deformation,and morphology of the Jurassic oceanic crust.Our results show the following insights:1)The Moho lies at 2–3 s in two-way travel time beneath the seafloor with the segmented feature.The gaps between the Moho segments well correspond to the seamounts on the seafloor,suggesting the upward migration of magma from the mantle has interrupted the pre-existing Moho.2)The oceanic crust is predominantly deformed by crustal-scale thrust faults,normal faults cutting through the top of basement,and vertical seismic disturbance zones in association with migration of thermal fluids.The thrust faults are locally found and interpreted as the results of tectonic inversion.3)Seafloor morphology in the JQZ is characterized by fault scarps,fold scarps,seamounts,and small hills,indicating the occurrence of active faults.4)The oceanic crust in the JQZ and East Pacific Rise has many structural and geometrical variations,such as the thickness of sediments,seafloor topography,basement morphology,fault size and type.

Prediction of multiscale laminae structure and reservoir quality in fine-grained sedimentary rocks:The Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks have become a research focus as important reservoirs and source rocks for tight and shale oil and gas.Laminae development determines the accumulation and production of tight and shale oil and gas in fine-grained rocks.However,due to the resolution limit of conventional logs,it is challenging to recognize the features of centimeter-scale laminae.To close this gap,complementary studies,including core observation,thin section,X-ray diffraction(XRD),conventional log analysis,and slabs of image logs,were conducted to unravel the centimeter-scale laminae.The laminae recognition models were built using well logs.The fine-grained rocks can be divided into laminated rocks(lamina thickness of<0.01 m),layered rocks(0.01-0.1 m),and massive rocks(no layer or layer spacing of>0.1 m)according to the laminae scale from core observations.According to the mineral superposition assemblages from thin-section observations,the laminated rocks can be further divided into binary,ternary,and multiple structures.The typical mineral components,slabs,and T2spectrum distributions of various lamina types are unraveled.The core can identify the centimeter-millimeter-scale laminae,and the thin section can identify the millimeter-micrometer-scale laminae.Furthermore,they can detect mineral types and their superposition sequence.Conventional logs can identify the meter-scale layers,whereas image logs and related slabs can identify the laminae variations at millimeter-centimeter scales.Therefore,the slab of image logs combined with thin sections can identify laminae assemblage characteristics,including the thickness and vertical assemblage.The identification and classification of lamina structure of various scales on a single well can be predicted using conventional logs,image logs,and slabs combined with thin sections.The layered rocks have better reservoir quality and oil-bearing potential than the massive and laminated rocks.The laminated rocks’binary lamina is better than the ternary and multiple layers due to the high content of felsic minerals.The abovementioned results build the prediction model for multiscale laminae structure using well logs,helping sweet spots prediction in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag and fine-grained sedimentary rocks worldwide.

SEDIMENTARY MACRO-STRUCTURES AND FORMING MECHANISM OF DEBRIS FLOW

The discussion on sedimentary macro-structures and their forming mechanics of debris flow is based on thedata of present processes and ancient deposits of Dongchuan in Yunnan Province, Wudu in Gansu Province and Fuxin inLiaoning Province. Non-cohesive debris flow, which is 1. 3 -1. 7 t/m3 in density, follows hydraulic fluid and flow model. In the hydraulic fluid of flood, electrolytic water combines clay into pulp to transport solid debris. The sedimentary structures show fluid processes as stone-line structure, imbricated structure and stone supporting-sustructure. A part of non-cohesive debris flow with a density of 1. 7 -1. 9t/m3 follows granular model. Debris is in the action of friction, collision and dispersion which forces as debris moving upward to form reverse graded load. The sedimentary structures of granular flow show reverse graded bedding, reverse-normal graded bedding, imbricated verticalstructure and circling linear structure.Cohesive debris flow, which is 1. 9 - 2. 3 t/m3 in density, follows structural two phase flow (viscoplastic) model. The sedimentary structures of cohesive debris flow show reverse graded-chaotic structure,bottom mud-chaotic structure and outwedging structure.

Barrellite and Pillarrite: A Description and a Mode of Formation of a Novel Post-Sedimentary Twin Structures from As-Subbiyah, North of Kuwait Bay, Kuwait

I report on the occurrence of a pair of novel and related post-sedimentary structures that form in the Neogene cross-bedded red sandstones in the As-Subbiyah area, north of Kuwait Bay, Kuwait. I named them barrellite and pillarrite. Barrellite forms as vertical tubes of concentric sheaths of siltstone with partially hollow interior or intervening homogeneous and structure-less sandstone. It stands as barrels above the background sandstone. Pillarrite forms as discrete, vertical and solitary spines of homogeneous sandstone and siltstone, or inside barrellite masses from which successive siltstone sheaths were stripped. The structures range in diameter from one-centimeter poke marks to one-meter-wide barrels and hunks, and their vertical length exceeds two meters. Barrellite, pillarrite and their complex intergrowths develop near thin quartz veins and chaotic zones, and form with them complex geometrical relationships. The dual structures are genetically related and fall within the general class of tubular structures in sedimentary rocks. I consider them as a special type of sand injectites. The mode of formation of these structures is enigmatic. They develop in a geological setting that displays evidence of a widespread and vigorous oil field brine. I suggest a tentative scenario for their formation, involving flushing of the brine through hydraulic fracturing of the sedimentary succession above the Ebharah Oil Field reservoir in the As-Subbiyah area. The brine plucks mineral and rock fragments and mixes with them along its paths, producing a heterogeneous slurry. Ultimately, the slurry solidifies as barrellite and pillarrite, chaotic zones and quartz veins. The vertical nature of the structures, circular and internal concentric arrangements, as well as the homogenous lithology inside their masses mimic characteristics of flow and deposits in vertical and horizontal pipelines.

Basic Types and Structural Characteristics of Uplifts:An Overview of Sedimentary Basins in China

The uplift is a positive structural unit of the crust. It is an important window for continental dynamics owing to its abundant structural phenomena, such as fault, fold, unconformity and denudation of strata. Meanwhile, it is the very place to store important minerals like oil, natural gas, coal and uranium. Giant and large-scale oil and gas fields in China, such as the Daqing Oilfield, Lunnan-Tahe Oilfield, Penglai 19-3 Oilfield, Puguang Gas Field and Jingbian Gas Field, are developed mainly on uplifts. Therefore, it is the main target both for oil and gas exploration and for geological study. The uplift can be either a basement uplift, or one developed only in the sedimentary cover. Extension, compression and wrench or their combined forces may give rise to uplifts. The development process of uplifting, such as formation, development, dwindling and destruction, can be taken as the uplifting cycle. The uplifts on the giant Precambrian cratons are large in scale with less extensive structural deformation. The uplifts on the medium- and small-sized cratons or neo-cratons are formed in various shapes with strong structural deformation and complicated geological structure. Owing to changes in the geodynamic environment, uplift experiences a multi-stage or multi-cycle development process. Its geological structure is characterized in superposition of multi-structural layers. Based on the basement properties, mechanical stratigraphy and development sequence, uplifts can be divided into three basic types-the succession, superposition and destruction ones. The succession type is subdivided into the maintaining type and the lasting type. The superposition type can be subdivided into the composite anticlinal type, the buried-hill draped type, the faulted uplift type and the migration type according to the different scales and superimposed styles of uplifts in different cycles. The destruction type is subdivided into the tilting type and the negative inverted type. The development history of uplifts and their controlling effects on sedimentation and fluids are quite different from one another, although the uplifts with different structural types store important minerals. Uplifts and their slopes are the main areas for oil and gas accumulation. They usually become the composite oil and gas accumulation zones （belts） with multiple productive formations and various types of oil and gas reservoirs.

Structural Characteristics and Formation Dynamics: A Review of the Main Sedimentary Basins in the Continent of China

The formation and evolution of basins in the China continent are closely related to the collages of many blocks and orogenic belts. Based on a large amount of the geological, geophysical, petroleum exploration data and a large number of published research results, the basement constitutions and evolutions of tectonic-sedimentary of sedimentary basins, the main border fault belts and the orogenesis of their peripheries of the basins are analyzed. Especially, the main typical basins in the eight divisions in the continent of China are analyzed in detail, including the Tarim, Ordos, Sichuan, Songliao, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Qiadam and Qiangtang basins. The main five stages of superimposed evolutions processes of basins revealed, which accompanied with the tectonic processes of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, Tethyan and Western Pacific domains. They contained the formations of main Cratons （1850-800 Ma）, developments of marine basins （800-386 Ma）, developments of Marine- continental transition basins and super mantle plumes （386-252 Ma）, amalgamation of China Continent and developments of continental basins （252-205 Ma） and development of the foreland basins in the western and extensional faulted basin in the eastern of China （205~0 Ma）. Therefore, large scale marine sedimentary basins existed in the relatively stable continental blocks of the Proterozoic, developed during the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic, with the property of the intracontinental cratons and peripheral foreland basins, the multistage superimposing and late reformations of basins. The continental basins developed on the weak or preexisting divisional basements, or the remnant and reformed marine basins in the Meso-Cenozoic, are mainly the continental margins, back-arc basins, retroarc foreland basins, intracontinental rifts and pull-apart basins. The styles and intensity deformation containing the faults, folds and the structural architecture of regional unconformities of the basins, responded to the openings, subductions, closures of oceans, the continent-continent collisions and reactivation of orogenies near the basins in different periods. The evolutions of the Tianshan-Mongol-Hinggan, Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling-Dabie-Sulu, Jiangshao-Shiwandashan, Helanshan-Longmengshan, Taihang-Wuling orogenic belts, the Tibet Plateau and the Altun and Tan- Lu Fault belts have importantly influenced on the tectonic-sedimentary developments, mineralization and hydrocarbon reservoir conditions of their adjacent basins in different times. The evolutions of basins also rely on the deep structures of lithosphere and the rheological properties of the mantle. The mosaic and mirroring geological structures of the deep lithosphere reflect the pre-existed divisions and hot mantle upwelling, constrain to the origins and transforms dynamics of the basins. The leading edges of the basin tectonic dynamics will focus on the basin and mountain coupling, reconstruction of the paleotectonic-paleogeography, establishing relationship between the structural deformations of shallow surface to the deep lithosphere or asthenosphere, as well as the restoring proto-basin and depicting residual basin of the Paleozoic basin, the effects of multiple stages of volcanism and paleo- earthquake events in China.

Analysis of occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources and its relation to control structures in Zibo City, China

According to the geothermal geological conditions, the geothermal resources in Zibo can be divided into sedimentary basin type and tectonic basin type. The main thermal reservoirs of sedimentary basin type are the Neogene Guantao Formation and the Paleogene Dongying Formation.The thermal reservoirs of tectonic basin type are mainly the Ordovician Majiagou Group. The characteristics of reservoir, cap, pass and source of thermal resource types in different areas are elaborated. Based on the analysis of the wellforming conditions of the existing geothermal wells in the area, combined with the geothermal anomaly areas and hydrogeochemistry, it was discovered that the fault structures in the area, especially the deep faults such as Yuwangshan fault, Wangmushan fault, Zhangdian fault and Chaomizhuang graben, play an important role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of tectonic basin-type geothermal resources in Zibo City.

Comparison of the Pore Structure of Ultralow-Permeability Reservoirs Between the East and West Subsags of the Lishui Sag Using Constant-Rate Mercury Injection

In this study, the differences in reservoir parameters, such as pore radius, throat radius, and pore-throat ratio, between the east and west subsags of the Lishui Sag are analyzed by using data obtained from a constant-rate mercury injection experiment. Furthermore, the quality of the reservoirs in the two subsags is systematically evaluated. Results show that the throat radius of the Lishui west subsag is larger than that of the east subsag, and this parameter has a positive correlation with reservoir quality. However, the pore-throat ratio of the east subsag is larger than that of the west subsag, which has an inverse relationship with reservoir quality. The main reasons for this reservoir difference can be attributed to sedimentation and diagenesis. The sedimentary facies types of the Lishui east subsag are the fan delta, shore lake, shallow lake, and shore shallow lake;their sandstone composition maturity is low;the clay mineral content is high;and the rock has undergone strong diagenesis. Therefore, the physical conditions of the reservoir are poor. However, the sandstones in the Lishui west subsag have weak cementation and compaction, mainly with an intergranular pore structure type, which leads to good connectivity between pores. Therefore, the storage performance and seepage capacity of the Lishui west subsag are better than those of the east subsag;the west subsag is the main area of oil and gas accumulation, as confirmed in the process of exploration and development.

Crust Structures and Tectonic Evolution of Northeast China in Mesozoic

On the basis of geophysical analyses, the crust structure of Northeast China app ears to be three layers in section and to be three abnormal zones horizontally, which extend at NNE-NE direction. Mesozoic era was an important period to the c hanging of tectonic settings and geodynamic mechanism. Deep faults activated and volcanoes exploded violently in Mesozoic era. Moreo ver, a number of sedimentary basins associated with mountain sets in the region formed at that time. The main tectonic framework in the region displays three NN E-NE strike zones which are composed of mountains of volcanic rocks, sedimentar y basins and deep faults of Mesozoic respectively. The formation and evolution of them were controlled by crustal or lithospheric structure.

Basal Melt-out Structure in the Luoauan Formation and Its Significance

The Late Precambrian Luoquan Formation occurring on the southern margin of the North China platform is of important significance for the study of the tectonics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and regional stratigraphy of the North China and Yangtze platforms. The origin of diamictites of the formation has long been a subject of controversy. Recently a certain type of cross bedding structure has been recognized in the massive diamictite. Analysis of the process of deposition indicates that the structure was formed by the basal melt-out process of the glacier and, to some extent, its form is the manifestation of the primary structure of basal debris-rich glacial ice. The discovery of this sedimentary structure is inducive to the understanding and reconstruction of the features and environmental conditions for the development of the glaciers in the Luoquan Glacial Epoch.

煤层微观孔隙特征及沉积环境对孔隙结构的控制作用-以鄂尔多斯盆地8号煤层为例

寻找深部煤层气资源分布,亟待查明深部煤储层沉积环境和孔隙分布特征。为此,在开展鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩显微组分、核磁共振孔隙和电镜分析的基础上,查明了煤岩显微组分和孔隙分布特征,评价了鄂尔多斯盆地8号煤的煤沉积环境和孔隙结构特征之间的关系。结果表明:①研究区8煤层煤岩有机显微组分以镜质组为主,成煤早期植物类型应主要为木本植物,后期随着覆水程度增大而逐渐转变为木本+草本混生植物为主;②本溪期8号煤由早期为湿地森林沼泽逐步演化为后期开阔水域沼泽,沼泽水体相对滞留,沼泽环境稳定,利于有机质富集和煤层结构稳定;③研究区8煤大孔占比与结构保存指数(TPI)两者呈正相关,而与凝胶化指数(GI)呈负相关;④基质镜质体发育密集气孔群或稀疏带状气孔群,团块镜质体中发育少量气孔,结构镜质体中发育原始组织孔,多为矿物充填,均质镜质体气孔不发育。研究认为榆林地区煤层孔隙分布受到煤沉积环境和显微组分控制,开阔水域沼泽相的煤层孔隙结构呈现三峰,其中微孔和大孔发育最好,湿地森林沼泽相煤层孔隙结构呈现双峰,微孔发育好,大孔发育较差。

松辽盆地中-新生代构造-沉积演化及其对铀成矿地控制作用

松辽盆地为大型断-坳复合型沉积盆地,复杂的盆地演化和充填作用形成了盆地有利的铀成矿地质背景和成矿条件,控制了盆地大规模铀成矿作用,开展盆地构造-充填特征研究是深化盆地铀成矿机理研究的基础性工作。文章通过对松辽盆地构造-充填特征研究,总结了成盆动力学机制,初步恢复了原形盆地形态与特征,查明盆地构造-沉积演化特征与盖层建造类型。研究表明,松辽盆地主要经历早白垩世裂谷(断陷)与晚白垩世坳陷两个主要成盆阶段,形成下断上坳的充填结构,在垂向上发育三套上红下黑的成矿建造组合。将盆地中-新生代演化划分为6个阶段,其中古新统—始新统(E1—E2),盆地在挤压背景下发育全区隆升剥蚀,深部成矿流体大规模渗出改造成矿,是盆地的主成矿期。

假泥裂:上扬子地区下三叠统飞仙关组灰岩薄层中的网纹沉积构造

【目的】上扬子地区西北缘下三叠统飞仙关组二段薄层灰岩中发育类似泥裂的沉积构造,由于前人对其成因和沉积环境存在误解,因此订正该沉积构造的特征及其环境意义很有必要。【方法和结果】通过野外调查及显微薄片观察发现该套灰岩单层厚度一般介于2~10 cm,呈薄板状或者渠槽状,显微薄片显示其为微晶颗粒灰岩,含大量腹足类、介形类、双壳类化石和粪球粒。槽模及渠模构造显示灰岩为频繁的风暴所致,薄板状灰岩中发育的假泥裂沉积构造在岩层顶底面呈不规则四边形或五边形,实为压溶作用形成的方解石脉分割所致,成岩期压实作用及构造作用是假泥裂构造形成的动力学诱因。【结论】飞仙关组中网纹构造的普遍存在预示着灰岩沉积于较深水环境,假泥裂的识别对奥陶系宝塔组网纹灰岩的成因具有借鉴意义。

牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩成分与纹层结构的关系

湖相细粒沉积岩的纹层发育,但纹层的厚度、密度、连续度等结构特征变化很大,这些变化与细粒沉积岩的沉积环境密切相关。利用图像分析的手段,对牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩纹层的厚度、密度、侧向连续性进行定量表征,并与细粒沉积岩的各种物质成分对比研究。结果表明:牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩的纹层厚度、密度、侧向连续性与长英质、黏土、碳酸盐等矿物质量分数基本没有相关性,纹层密度与有机碳含量具有一定的正相关性,长英质矿物与黏土矿物质量分数具有明显的正相关性;牛庄洼陷沙四上—沙三下亚段细粒沉积岩的沉积速率越低,越有利于有机碳含量的提高;长英质矿物与黏土矿物主要是洪水以表层流、层间流的形式一起搬运到深湖环境沉积下来的;湖泊表层碳酸盐矿物的产生与沉淀,与水体深度、沉积速率没有关系,也不存在湖相碳酸盐补偿界面(CCD)。

辫状河—曲流河河型转换前后砂体差异性研究——以东营凹陷东辛地区东二段为例

不同河流相砂体形态特征和分布规律差异较大,河型的转换主控了不同时期砂体平面分布特征、几何参数及纵向叠置关系,进而决定了不同河流相类型储层的油气勘探与开发策略。基于东营凹陷东辛地区东二段岩心、测井曲线、三维地震等资料,借助定量岩心沉积构造、定量地震地貌等方法,得出以下结论:1)东二段4,3,2砂组主要发育辫状河沉积,1砂组主要发育曲流河沉积。2)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河平均河道深度分别为17~52,20~59,19~52 m,平均河道宽度分别为1589~11602,2154~14597,1862~11923 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于1000~7000 m;1砂组曲流河平均河道深度为11~30 m,平均河道宽度为665~4221 m,定量地震地貌分析指示河道带宽度介于700~3000 m。3)东二段4,3,2砂组辫状河砂体垂向以接触叠置式、下切叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式、侧切接触式、对接接触式为主;1砂组曲流河砂体垂向以分隔叠置式为主,横向以独立接触式为主。明确砂体几何形态及时空切叠方式,为东辛地区东二段河流相砂岩储层的勘探与开发提供了实际支撑。

基于离散元数值模拟的构造变形机制分析方法——以准噶尔盆地南缘为例

受多期构造运动影响,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断褶皱带具横向东西分段、南北分带,纵向构造叠置的变形特征。但该区构造变形机制及样式的不同认识在一定程度上制约了油气勘探的深入。为探究准南缘新生代以来构造变形机制及其变形过程,本文利用高精度地震、钻井和岩石力学等资料,根据实际地质条件,重点考虑滑脱层的数量、强度及厚度变化,结合滑脱层纵向组合、横向分布范围及同沉积作用、先存构造等因素,共设计了10组模型,并采用离散元数值模拟方法开展了对比实验。实验结果表明,滑脱层强度、厚度及其组合主要控制冲断褶皱带构造纵向叠置关系及构造样式,滑脱层分布及同沉积作用主要控制其横向变形范围,先存构造主要影响后期构造的继承性发育。在此基础上,分段开展了多因素组合模拟实验并与实际地震剖面进行对比,重构了准南缘构造变形过程,揭示了新生代以来其构造变形机制,即先存断裂、古凸起、三套不同性质滑脱层纵向叠置关系和同沉积作用共同控制了西段构造的形成与演化,“下强上弱”“下薄上厚”两套纵向叠置滑脱层控制了中段构造的形成与演化,先存断裂及单套较弱滑脱层控制了东段构造的形成与演化。该方法可为类似的复杂构造变形区提供参考。

地震背景噪声HVSR法探测雄安地区场地响应和浅层沉积结构

雄安新区建设是国家战略和千年大计,探查与地震灾害密切相关的沉积结构和地震场地响应特征,可为雄安地区的城市抗震设防提供重要依据。但该地区相对缺少与场地条件相关的研究,一些浅部探察结果由于资料覆盖有限,精度不高。文中利用台间距为1km的短周期密集台阵,基于HVSR法处理台阵背景噪声,结果表明:区域内大部分地区场地的放大系数<5,场地放大作用不显著;场地共振频率和沉积层埋深具有明显的分区特征,西部场地共振频率主要为0.8~1.2Hz,沉积厚度较薄,范围为100~160m。中西部场地共振频率主要为0.5~0.8Hz,沉积层厚度较厚,范围为160~210m;三维沉积层模型与钻孔资料、浅层电阻率法的地质解释图基本吻合,沉积层的起伏特征与断裂带分布、地质构造单元均有较好的对应关系,结果表明容西断裂、容东断裂、牛西断裂、牛东断裂、徐水-大城断裂作为雄安地区次级地质构造单元边界,影响了近地表的沉积层结构。文中通过HVSR法得到了雄安地区的场地参数,如沉积层共振频率、场地放大系数,以及高精度的近地表三维沉积层模型。上述结果可为雄安地区今后的地震小区划和抗震设防提供重要参考。

大型红层缓倾岩层滑坡形成机制——以川北断渠滑坡为例

大型缓倾岩层滑坡在红层地区广泛分布,由于滑前迹象不明显,很难做到早期防范。为了探索此类滑坡的风险斜坡判识和早期识别,以四川北部南江县断渠滑坡为例,从孕灾地层沉积相和岩性组合特征、区域地质构造演化和层间剪切带发育特征等角度,分析了该滑坡的形成机制。该滑坡体积约为1153×10^(4)m^(3),主滑方向总体向南(170°),为一特大型缓倾岩层古滑坡。滑坡发育于侏罗系中统沙溪庙组上段和沙溪庙组下段交界部位,是岩性和岩相的转换面。沉积相的组合特征决定了斜坡上硬下软的坡体结构。滑坡位于四川盆地北缘新华向斜北西翼,受到了多期地质构造作用,米仓山南缘前陆盆地盖层底部楔入冲断构造模式产生了上部地层原地掀斜效应,增加了层间机械破碎作用,并且软硬2个系列地层交界处应力更易集中,在孕灾地层上下厚度约80 m范围内共计发育了数10条层间剪切带。在地下水大量参与下,破碎程度高且原岩含大量黏土矿物的层间剪切带被逐渐泥化,为滑坡下滑提供了力学条件。