Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

Robust frame synchronization method for FDD-LTE systems

The primary synchronization signal and the secondary synchronization signal are respectively used to fulfill the subframe and frame synchronization in the long term evolution （LTE） systems. Based on the assumption that the channel frequency response of the primary synchronization signal symbol is nearly the same as that of the secondary synchronization symbol in frequency division duplex-LTE （FDD-LTE）, a new synchronization method is proposed. The frame synchronization success probability is simulated in different wireless channel models and the Mento-Carlo method is used in the simulation. Simulation results show that if the LMMSE channel estimation is adopted, the proposed method is robust at a low signal noise ratio （SNR） scenario and works well when cartier frequency offset and fast Fourier transform （FFT） window timing offset are considered in practical applications. The frame synchronization success probability can still exceed 99% with an SNR of 0 dB when the maximum Doppler shift is very large, which means that this robust frame synchronization method can be applicable in most mobile situations. Simulation results also show that the success probability of the proposed frame synchronization method is higher than that of the method which fulfills the frame synchronization through correlating the received secondary synchronization symbol with local sequences in practical applications.

Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems

Frame and frequency synchronization are essential for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. The frame offset owing to incorrect start point position of the fast Fourier transform （FFT） window, and the carrier frequency offset （CFO） due to Doppler frequency shift or the frequency mismatch between the transmitter and receiver oscil ators, can bring severe inter-symbol interference （ISI） and inter-carrier interference （ICI） for the OFDM system. Relying on the relatively good correlation charac-teristic of the pseudo-noise （PN） sequence, a joint frame offset and normalized CFO estimation algorithm based on PN preamble in time domain is developed to realize the frame and frequency synchronization in the OFDM system. By comparison, the perfor-mances of the traditional algorithm and the improved algorithm are simulated under different conditions. The results indicate that the PN preamble based algorithm both in frame offset estimation and CFO estimation is more accurate, resource-saving and robust even under poor channel condition, such as low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and large normalized CFO.

FPGA Implementable Frame Synchronization Algorithm for Burst Mode GMSK

In time division multiple access (TDMA) communication systems, correctly estimating the synchronization parameters is very important for reliable data transfer. The algorithms used for frequency/phase and symbol timing estimates are generally accepted as knowing the start of signal (SoS) parameter. Therefore, within these parameters, the SoS parameter is of particularly great importance. In this study, a reduced version of the SoS estimation algorithm introduced by Hosseini and Perrins is presented to estimate SoS for Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulated signals in burst format over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. The reduced algorithm can be implemented on FPGA by using half the number of complex multipliers that would be required by the double correlation method and is robust to carrier frequency/phase errors. Simulations performed under 0.1 normalized frequency offset conditions show that the proposed algorithm has a probability of false lock which is less than 7×10-2, even at 0 dB SNR level.

Comparison of Three Schemes for Intermediate Data Rate Frame Synchronization

Based on the frame structure of intermediate data rate （IDR） modem for satellite communication, a new method for searching frame synchronization called group frame synchronization is proposed. At the same time, a candidate scheme in the classical frame synchronization and two candidate schemes in the group frame synchronization are presented, and the circuits for each scheme are designed in order to abstract the frame alignment signals from received data. Their implementation complexity and performances are also computed and given. Based on the analysis and performance comparison, a reasonable scheme is chosen and then verified through software simulation and hardware impletentation.

Theoretical analysis of pilotless frame synchronization for LDPC code using Gaussian approximation

The pilotless frame synchronization approach and implementations of LDPC code are the crucial issue of LDPC decoder. The Maximum-A-Posteriori probability( MAP) decoder has a perfect frame synchronization error rate( FSER) performance. In this paper,a theoretical derivation of the FSER performance of pilotless frame synchronization for LDPC code is presented. The FSER performance by theoretical analysis coincides well with that by simulation in additive white Gaussian channel and Rician fading channel. So it is estimated the FSER performance of an LDPC code by theoretical analysis can be used instead of the simulations which are much more time-consuming.

A frame synchronization solution for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

To improve frame synchronization precision, a scheme named training symbol correlation （TSC） is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （ OFDM ） system. Based on the solution from Schmidl and Cox, a timing metric related to TSC scheme is put forward and examined. The specific method to select a threshold value provides more precise detection results, which can be shown by performance comparison between the two schemes through Monte Carlo simulation. Taking IEEE 802.1 la WLAN standard as an example, the proposed approach is superior to the most popular Schmidl scheme in terms of BER.

Prediction of the Inductance in a Synchronous Linear Permanent Magnet Generator

This paper presents calculations of the varying inductances profile for a synchronous linear surface mounted permanent magnet generator in an ABC reference system. Calculations are performed by utilizing the reluctance term, known from analytic calculations and finite element method simulations. With the inductance term identified, the voltage difference between the generator’s no load and load voltage can be calculated and an external circuit can be designed for optimal use of the generator. Two different operation intervals of the linear generator are considered and the results are discussed. The result indicates that time costly finite element simulations can be replaced with simple analytical calculations for a surface mounted permanent magnet linear generator.

Frame Detection Based on Cyclic Autocorrelation and Constant False Alarm Rate in Burst Communication Systems

Frame detection is important in burst communication systems for its contribu- tions in frame synchronization. It locates the information bits in the received data stream at receivers. To realize frame detection in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN） and frequency offset, a constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detector is proposed through exploitation of cyclic autocorrelation feature implied in the preamble. The frame detection can be achieved prior to bit timing recovery. The threshold setting is independent of the signal level and noise level by utilizing CFAR method. Mathematical expressions is derived in AWGN channel by considering the probability of false alarm and probability of detection, separately. Given the probability of false alarm, the mathematical relationship between the frame detection performance and EJNo of received signals is established. Ex- perimental results are also presented in accor- dance with analysis.

Analysis of Transforming dq Impedances of Different Converters to A Common Reference Frame in Complex Converter Networks

DQ impedance-based method has been widely used to study the stability of three-phase converter systems.As the dq impedance model of each converter depends on its local dq reference frame,the dq impedance modeling of complex converter networks gets complicated.Because the reference frames of different converters might not fully align,depending on the structure.Thus,in order to find an accurate impedance model of a complex network for stability analysis,converting the impedances of different converters into a common reference frame is required.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the transformation of dq impedances to a common reference frame in complex converter networks.Four different methods are introduced and analyzed in a systematic way.Moreover,a rigorous comparison among these approaches is carried out,where the method with the simplest transformation procedure is finally suggested for the modeling of complex converter networks.The performed analysis is verified by injecting two independent small-signal perturbations into the d and the q axis,and doing a point-by-point impedance measurement.

基于暂态响应时间分析与暂稳态模式识别的锁相环参数自适应方法

锁相环的设计对保障交流网络中设备安全运行有着重要意义,锁相环实现方法与参数设计对锁相环的响应时间、抗扰能力等控制特性起到重要影响。本文通过结合小信号频域模型与大信号状态空间模型,分析同步坐标系锁相环的暂稳态响应特性,得出各参数设计对于锁相环控制特性的影响;在理论分析基础上,提出了基于响应时间与暂稳态模式识别的锁相环参数自适应框架。仿真与实验结果验证了所提出的参数自适应方法可以通过实现参数动态调节,达到对锁相环暂态快速响应与稳态抗扰的设计要求。

双同步坐标系解耦滤波器复变量建模与分析

针对解耦双同步坐标系锁相环(DDSRF-PLL)传统实变量模型阶数较高、序分量响应不易观察、滤波性能评估困难等问题,提出了一种基于复变量的DDSRF-PLL建模方法。首先,建立了其复变量模型,分析了序分量响应特性,该复变量模型表明正序基波输出模型对负序基波分量实现负无穷大的衰减,同时可得到其他频率序分量的衰减增益;然后,基于提出的复变量模型,设计了二阶低通滤波器以显著增强解耦网络的滤波性能,并进一步分析了高阶低通滤波器的可行性与必要性。研究表明采用二阶低通滤波器即可满足大部分场景下的谐波抑制要求,且具有计算量小、模型阶数低、易于数字实现的优点。实验结果验证了所提复变量模型的正确性与有效性。

基于时延-多普勒域信号稀疏性的OTFS帧同步算法

针对单导频结构的正交时频空(orthogonal time frequency and space,OTFS)调制系统接收信号特性,提出了一种基于时延-多普勒域的帧同步算法,该算法无须在发送信号中插入前导码,而是利用单导频OTFS帧结构特征,通过计算接收信号在时延-多普勒域的稀疏度并结合单导频位置的变化对帧同步位置进行判断。仿真实验结果表明,所提方案在高信噪比下有一定性能优势,且随着移动速度的增加,所提方案相较于对比方案的性能优势更加明显,因此,更适合应用于高速甚至超高速移动通信场景中。

一种适用于散射通信的联合帧同步和频偏估计算法研究

针对对流层散射通信中存在的多径衰落以及收发两端频偏,对一种适用于对流层散射通信的联合帧同步和频偏估计算法进行了研究;设计了一种适用于对流层散射通信的新型同步帧结构,其在帧同步信息前增加了周期循环PN序列用于辅助判决,能够提高衰落信道下的信号起点捕获概率;采用基于FFT的部分相关频域捕获算法,搜索最大相关值和频偏索引,同时完成了帧同步和频偏估计;在多径衰落和频偏影响下实现了联合帧同步和频偏估计算法;仿真结果表明:在衰落速率5 Hz,频偏1000 Hz散射信道下,正确捕获到帧同步信息概率在-4 dB信噪比下仍可达到90%以上,且频偏估计偏差在0.4 Hz以内。

基于两次窗口滑动运算的非等长帧同步字盲识别算法

在非合作通信场景下,针对现有的非等长帧同步字盲识别算法存在的抗误码性能不佳、识别速度慢和识别结果不完整的问题,提出一种基于两次窗口滑动运算的非等长帧同步字盲识别算法。首先,将比特流均匀切分为多个窗口,取前两个窗口做滑动同或运算得到扩展同步字(extended synchronization word,E-SW);然后,利用得到的E-SW与剩余窗口分别做滑动相关性运算,得到每个窗口对应的E-SW并组成E-SW集合;最后,对E-SW集合进行统计分析,筛选出未知同步字的码字内容。仿真结果表明,所提算法在误码率为10^(-2)时能实现98.7%的识别准确率,并且可以识别出未知同步字的完整码字内容。在相同准确率的情况下,所提算法比现有算法至少能多适应0.01的误码。此外,所提算法的识别速度较现有算法更快,且同样适用于等长帧协议。

永磁同步电机在细纱机上的节能应用

为降低棉纺企业的用电成本,对棉纺企业中用电需求量较大的环锭纺细纱机进行主传动系统节能改造,采用新型永磁同步电机替换原装三相异步电机,并将原主轴皮带传动改为联轴器直连驱动,同时对细纱机生产C 20 tex纱过程中的电机电流、温度以及细纱机能耗进行了测试与分析。测试结果表明:改进后细纱机主轴电机电流相较改进前降低了4 A~8 A;电机温度下降明显,其热损降低25%~40%;细纱机生产C 20 tex纱时每千克纱线耗电量下降约9%,有效达到了降低细纱机能耗的目的。

一种快速正交分量构造的单相并网逆变器控制

针对单相LCL型并网逆变器控制系统存在网侧电流跟踪性能差的问题,这里提出基于解耦双同步参考坐标系(DDSRF)的单相网侧电流正交分量构造方法,得到直流形式的网侧正负序电流d,q轴分量,并在正负序d,q坐标系下用比例积分(PI)控制器构建电流控制环路,以实现网侧电流无差跟踪。首先介绍所提DDSRF快速构造网侧电流正交分量的工作原理。其次,分析各电流控制环路PI控制器参数的设计方法。最后,在5 kW单相LCL型并网逆变器硬件平台进行实验验证,实验结果证明了所提控制系统的正确性。

同步触发和级联滤波的分幅相机皮秒高压脉冲研究

脉冲展宽分幅相机是脉冲展宽技术与微通道板(microchannel plate,MCP)分幅相机的结合体,其时间分辨率与皮秒高压脉冲呈非线性波动关系.采用同步触发模式和级联结构LC高通滤波器产生皮秒高压脉冲,将其与影响时间分辨率的阴极电压和漂移距离结合,应用于脉冲展宽分幅相机的时间分辨率研究中.结果表明,同步触发式多级Marx电路能产生半高宽优于1 ns的高压脉冲,随着级联LC高通滤波器从1阶增至7阶,产生皮秒高压脉冲的半高宽从558 ps降至409 ps,幅值从-3.6 kV降至-1.4 kV,上升沿斜率的非线性波动为5.03~10.25 V/ps;将其加载于MCP通道内的光电子倍增模型,获得的MCP分幅相机时间分辨率由206 ps提高至149 ps;而将其应用于脉冲展宽分幅相机,随着阴极电压和漂移距离增加,时间分辨率的非线性波动为3.8~39.4 ps.通过数据统计和对比发现,当同步触发Marx电路与3阶LC高通滤波电路相结合时,脉冲展宽分幅相机的时间分辨率能达到最优.

大跨高墩连续刚构桥0、1号块同步施工安全技术措施研究

针对当前高墩大跨连续刚构桥0号块与1号块分段悬臂施工效率低,存在安全风险大,有诸多安全隐患的问题,论文提出一种利用“三角托架+预埋钢牛腿”形式的托架进行施工,介绍该施工方式的施工流程,并针对施工过程中存在的安全隐患提出相应的安全技术措施,包括建立安全组织机构和安全制度、重视施工用电及施工设备使用安全、重视高空作业安全等,最终实现两个号块的同步施工。

受限空间下盾构隧道及顶管同步施工技术研究

城市地下市政基础设施建设时常会受到地面及地下的各种限制,这也是地下工程施工研究的重点方向。结合工程实例,针对城市空间受限、地下空间内管线复杂、地上空间涉及众多权属单位和既有建筑物的情况,本文对施工方案进行了优化研究,创新性地开创“盾构电力隧道+顶管法预制大直径混凝土管道后导洞双向同步施工”技术,创造性使用盾构顶管双向双重受力反力架,减少了盾构机停机时间,缩短了21天的施工工期;高效地利用城市地下空间,减少对周边环境的影响,使电缆路径选择和敷设更加便捷和经济,节省了至少100万元的施工成本。该技术在广州市南大干线500千伏电力隧道某项目中得到成功应用,取得了良好的社会和经济效益,可为类似工程实践提供参考,具有较好的推广与应用价值。