L-shell x-ray fluorescence relative intensities for elements with 62≤Z≤83 at 18 keV and 23 keV by synchrotron radiation

The relative intensities of L-subshell x-ray fluorescence(XRF)for elements with atomic numbers 62≤Z≤83 were measured at two excitation energies,18 keV and 23 keV,using a synchrotron radiation source at a beamline of the Synchrotron Light Center for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East(SESAME),Jordan.The experimentally measured results of the relative intensities were compared with the calculated results using the subshell fluorescence yield and the Coster-Kronig transition probabilities recommended by Campbell and the values based on the Dirac-Hartree-Slater model by Puri.The experimental and theoretical results are in agreement.In this work,L XRF relative intensities for the elements Sm,Gd,Tb,Er,Ta,W,Re,Hg,Pb and Bi at energies of 18 keV and 23 keV were measured.

Characterization of metal element distributions in the rat brain following ischemic stroke by synchrotron radiation microfluorescence analysis

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide,and effective treatment strategies in the chronic phase of this disease remain insufficient.Homeostasis of metals in the brain plays an important role in maintaining normal brain function.However,the dynamic spatial distributions of iron,zinc,calcium,potassium,and copper in a rat brain following ischemic stroke and the association between structural distribution and function remain to be elucidated.In this study,we used a synchrotron radiation-based micro-X-ray fluorescence technique to image element mapping changes in special rat brain regions after ischemic stroke,showing the distribution characteristics of iron,zinc,calcium,potassium,and copper.We demonstrated,for the first time,the consistent dynamic spatial distributions of metal elements at a series of time points(3 h,4.5 h,6 h,12 h,1 d,3 d,5 d,7 d,10 d,14 d,28 d)after brain ischemia,which revealed that the homeostasis of iron,zinc,calcium,potassium,and copper in the brain was disturbed with distinctive change trends,providing clear insights in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of stroke from a novel perspective,thus laying the foundation of further developing new drug targets for stroke treatment.

The Study Internal Structure of the Annual Layers in Lake Sediments Using Synchrotron Radiation with X-ray Focusing Optics

1 Introduction Annually laminated(varve)sedimentary deposits are considered as one of the most important archives,since they offer precise temporal information(years)in combination with high time resolutions.Bottom sediments of the lakes contain detailed geochemical information on

Scan system for arbitrary-shaped samples at the synchrotron radiation facility

X-ray fluorescence(XRF) scan methodology is important for elemental mapping of samples at a synchrotron radiation facility. To save the experiment time and improve the experiment efficiency, one should develop an efficient XRF scan method. In this paper, a new scan mode is presented. It can map arbitrary-shaped areas withou stopping the motors. The control and data acquisition system integrates motor controlling, detector triggering, and data acquisition and storage. The system realizes the arbitrary-shaped 2D-mapping and fluorescence data acquisition synchronously. SR-XRF mapping has been performed with a standard gold mask to verify the validity of this method a beamline BL15U1 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The results show that this method reduces the tota scan time and improves the experiment efficiency.

Analysis of nickel distribution by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence in nickel-induced early- and late-phase allergic contact dermatitis in Hartley guinea pigs

Background: Nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD) is a global health problem. More detailed knowledge on the skin uptake of haptens is required. This study aimed to investigate the penetration process and distribution of nickel in skin tissues with late phase and early phase of Ni-ACD to understand the mechanisms of metal allergy. Methods: Forty Hartley guinea pigs were divided into four groups according to the NiSO4 sensitizing concentration and the NiSO4 challenged concentration: the 5% NiSO4-group, 5% to 10%(sensitization-challenge;late phase group);10% NiSO4-group, 10% to 10%(sensitization-challenge;early-phase group);and the positive and negative controls. Pathological biopsies were performed on each group. The depth profile of nickel element concentration in the skin of guinea pigs was detected by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-μ-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES). Results: In each section, the nickel element concentration in both the 5% NiSO4-group and 10% NiSO4-group was significantly higher than that in the negative control group. In the upper 300-μm section of skin for the early phase group, the nickel element concentration was significantly higher than that in the lower section of skin. In deeper sections (>200 μm) of skin, the concentration of nickel in the early phase group was approximately equal to that in the late phase group. The curve of the late phase group was flat, which means that the nickel element concentration was distributed uniformly by SR-μ-XRF. According to the XANES data for the 10% NiSO4 metal salt solution, structural changes occurred in the skin model sample, indicating that nickel was not present in the Ni^2+ aqueous ionic state but in the nickel-binding protein. Conclusions: This study showed that the distribution of the nickel element concentration in ACD skin tissue was different between the early phase and late phase groups. The nickel element was not present in the Ni^2+ aqueous ionic state but bound with certain proteins to form a complex in the stratum corneum in ACD model tissue.

In situ analysis of trace elements in metalloproteins of human liver by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence

A method using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis to in situ determine trace elements during protein electrophoretically separating process was established. The distribution of elements in protein bands for human liver cytosolic sample separated by SDS-PAGE was analyzed a-long polyacrylamide gel. The results showed that the protein fraction of peak III in cvtosol was mainly composed of metal ion Zn-associated proteins, being in agreement with that given by atomic absorption spectrometry. Thus, it demonstrated the feasibility of this novel technique for in situ analysis of trace elements in protein bands.

IAEA微量生物标准参考物均匀性的SRXRF分析

用微米束同步辐射X射线荧光法 ( μ SRXRF)对国际原子能机构 (IAEA)研制的可用于核技术微量分析的两种固体微量生物标准参考物地衣IAEA 338和海藻IAEA 4 13样品中的各种微量元素进行了检测 ,并对这两种标准参考物的均匀性进行了检验。结果表明 :这两种微量固体生物标准参考物的均匀度达到了预定指标。

SRXRF Experiments and Analytical Methods of Mineral Individual Fluid Inclusions

This paper focuses on the micro-beam and trace element non-destructive experiment and analytical method of mineral fluid inclusions by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SRXRF） microprobe at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility （BSRF）. The experimental instrument, measurement process and calculating method are introduced. A set of oil- and gas-containing typical mineral fluid inclusions taken from the Tazhong and Lunnan oilfields in the Tarim Basin were analyzed non-destructively. The trace element contents in the fluid inclusions may provide guidance for oil and gas exploration and development.

Influence of crystal materials on the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis:a study of crystal and amorphous clinopyroxene

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analyses of crystal and amorphous clinopyroxene were compared. The results showed that using the synchrotron X-ray as a source of energy, the diffraction X-ray of crystal materials will seriously affect the X-ray fluorescence analysis. In order to avoid the influence of diffraction, the best way to solve it is to use the monochromatic source, or to have a collimating slit between sample and Si(Li) detector.

Synchrotron radiation XRF microprobe investigation of elemental distribution in femoral head slice with osteoporosis

This note deals with the scanning of femoral head slices from both normal and osteoporosis subjects using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) microprobe technique. The sample preparation and experimental apparatus are described in detail. The quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) of elemental distribution, such as Ca, P, K, Fe, Zn, Sr and Pb in bone slice tissue including cartilage, substantial compact and substantial spongy, is investigated. Combined with the correlation between P, K, Zn, Sr and Ca, the loss way of minerals and the physiological functions of some metal elements in bone are also discussed.

First X-ray fluorescence CT experimental results at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline

X-ray fluorescence CT is a non-destructive technique for detecting elemental composition and distribution inside a specimen. In this paper, the first experimental results of X-ray fluorescence CT obtained at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline （BL13W1） are described. The test samples were investigated and the 2D elemental image was reconstructed using a filtered back-projection algorithm. In the sample the element Cd was observed. Up to now, the X-ray fluorescence CT could be carried out at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline.

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves （CTLs）,which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were ＋6 （sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate）,＋5.2 （sulfonate）,＋2.2 （suloxides）,＋0.6 （thiols and thiothers）,＋0.2 （organic sulfides）.Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds （organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate） assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.

古琉璃着色元素的同步辐射X荧光分析

用同步辐射X射线荧光对陕西不同年代和地层出土的各色古琉璃釉中的主量和微量元素进行了分析,用SPSS统计软件对实验数据进行多元统计分析。结果表明,各色琉璃釉中主要着色元素是Fe、Cu和Co,琉璃中的多样釉色是由三种主要着色元素的含量决定。元素相关性分析表明,Fe和Co可能来自一种原料,而Cu可能来自另一种原料。

外源磷素对药用植物三七吸收砷的微区及形态分布特征影响

三七是中国特有的珍稀药用植物,其生长环境受地域、气候、土壤等条件的限制,仅云南省文山州三七产量高、品质好。但由于矿业开采、工业生产等因素使得土壤砷的背景值超标,逐渐威胁三七的正常生长及其产品质量。因此,如何降低三七砷污染是目前迫切需要解决的问题。磷与砷具有相似的结构和理化性质,利用磷与砷在土壤中的拮抗效应,达到控制土壤砷危害的效果。本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光方法(SRXRF)和高效液相色谱-原子荧光联用技术(HPLC-HG-AFS)相结合对参试三七植株进行分析测定,从细胞微区组织层面揭示药用植物三七在外源磷素作用下吸收As和P的相对含量分布规律和三七植株各部位的砷形态及含量特征,以及各部位的生物转运系数及富集系数的变化。结果表明:磷和砷在三七主根部的相对含量荧光分析中保持分布规律一致的特性,说明三七根部吸收磷和砷的点位相同;添加外源磷素处理可以有效降低三七各部位三价砷和五价砷的含量,最大降幅达50%,同时可以降低根部对砷的吸收富集系数;试验中仅添加五价砷元素,但在三七植株各部位均检出三价砷,说明三七体内存在着砷还原机制;其中茎部的三价砷的含量均高于五价砷,推测茎是三七体内砷还原反应的主要场所。

砷胁迫下磷对三七砷的微区及亚细胞组织分布特征的影响

通过同步辐射X射线荧光分析(μ-SRXRF)和亚细胞组分分离技术相结合,从植株各部位微区及亚细胞组分层面揭示了药用植物三七在外源磷素作用下砷吸收累积的分布特征。结果表明:三七的根部和茎部是砷的主要富集部位,添加外源磷素可以有效降低三七根部、茎部和叶片的砷含量,降低幅度分别为47%、80%和33%;三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷的累积量不同,其中细胞液是砷的主要富集组分,具有一定的区隔化作用,但不能有效地减少砷对植物细胞新陈代谢的影响和毒害;外源磷素的加入可以显著降低三七不同部位亚细胞各组分中砷的累积量,其降低幅度由高到低依次为细胞液>细胞壁>细胞器,但分析表明,外源磷素的添加对三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷累积量占植株总砷累积量比例的影响不大。

Compositional Distribution and Growth Mode of Garnet Porphyroblasts during Deformation and Metamorphism

Although porphyroblast microstructures play an important role in structural and metamorphic studies, there are still controversies in the interpretation. The focus is how porphyroblasts grow during deformation and metamorphism. In this paper, we introduce a new approach, the Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence, to a hemi-quantitative interpretation of the growth mode of porphyroblasts. The analysis was done at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The specimens were sampled from metapelite of the Baoyintu Group, northern Urad Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia. The new method is successful for determining the microscopic distribution of trace elements in porphybroblasts. The results support the theory of deformation partition, which has been brought forth by Bell and his colleagues, and demonstrate the existence of porphyroblast growth phases and the growth mode of porphyroblasts by hemi-quantitative mineral chemical analysis. The porphyroblast grows stage by stage in the manner of the distribution of a roseleaf and is controlled by deformation. We call the growth stage of porphyroblast a growth phase.

Sodium and potassium in the bones of penguin and skua revealed by EPR and SR-XRF technique

Penguin and skua in the maritime Antarctic have high salt loadings in the body due to almost exclusive diet consumption of marine invertebrates.However,the storage and turnover of sodium and potassium in these animals are poorly investigated.Here we determined the concentration and microscopic distribution of the two elements in the bones of penguin and skua.The average concentrations of sodium and potassium in penguin bone were comparable with that in skua bone（0.18% and 0.82% for penguin bone;0.19% and 0.76% for skua bone in dry weight）.The ratios of sodium to calcium and potassium to calcium（0.0330 and 0.0075 for penguin,0.0335 and 0.0082 for skua in average by weight） were somewhat higher than the reported ratios for terrestrial animals,indicating these marine animals＇ bone enrichment of salt.The ratios of sodium to potassium in average by weight were 6.75 and 4.65 for penguin and skua,respectively.This value is much lower compared with the bulk sea water ratio of about 27.0,implying that potassium is favorable to reside in the bone rather than sodium.Both sodium and potassium were found to significant correlation with the content of organic materials in bone based upon the intensity of native signal determined by electron paramagnetic resonance（EPR）.It was estimated that almost all of potassium is kept within the organic phases,while about 30% of sodium is stored in organic phases and the other 70% within mineral phase.The microscopic distributions of potassium in the cross-section and/or surface were revealed by synchrotron radiation Xray fluorescence（SR-XRF） technique.The ratio of potassium to calcium based upon the SR-XRF intensity counter varied considerably from the surface to the interior,and on the surface the highest concentration of potassium was observed in the middle section with decreasing amounts toward the edge.This indirectly documented that exchange of potassium between fluid and bone organic phase maybe occur.

Compositional change in human enamel irradiated with MIR free electron laser

The purpose of this study was to investigate compositional changes in human enamel irradiated with the free electron laser (FEL). The exposure on dental enamel at the wavelength of 9.64 μm was observed with the Beijing free electron laser. The distribution of elements in the irradiated or non-irradiated enamel was measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) in Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). The results showed that the P/Ca ratio in the ablation region of enamel at the maximum wavelength of infrared absorption was obviously smaller than that at the non-maximum wavelength. In the ablation region the ratios of P/Ca and Ca/Sr were smaller than those in the non-ablation region. The distributions of P, Ca and Sr in the ablation region were heterogeneous due to the element change caused by FEL irradiation.

砷在药用植物三七根部组织及其亚细胞分布特征

采用同步辐射X射线荧光分析(SRXRF)与亚细胞分布研究相结合的方法,从细胞组织微区及亚细胞分布层面首次揭示了药用植物三七(Panax notoginseng)受砷(As)的毒害作用。研究结果表明,三七根部的As元素多集中在表皮组织中,且有向维管束运转的趋势;细胞液是As主要富集的亚细胞组分,用20 mg·L^(-1)As处理的三七细胞液中As含量约为不加As的200倍;分析三七主根亚细胞组分的As含量与营养液As浓度的曲线拟合方程,确定了营养液As浓度直接影响细胞液组分的As含量;各组分所占比例从大到小表现为:细胞液>细胞壁>细胞质,20 mg·L^(-1)As处理的细胞液中砷含量约占三组分总量的65.78%,达到最高比例,细胞壁和细胞器中则始终维持较低的砷浓度。

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.