Visual polysemy and synonymy:toward near-duplicate image retrieval

that are duplicate or near duplicate to a query image.One of the most popular and practical methods in near-duplicate image retrieval is based on bag-of-words(BoW)model.However,the fundamental deficiency of current BoW method is the gap between visual word and image’s semantic meaning.Similar problem also plagues existing text retrieval.A prevalent method against such issue in text retrieval is to eliminate text synonymy and polysemy and therefore improve the whole performance.Our proposed approach borrows ideas from text retrieval and tries to overcome these deficiencies of BoW model by treating the semantic gap problem as visual synonymy and polysemy issues.We use visual synonymy in a very general sense to describe the fact that there are many different visual words referring to the same visual meaning.By visual polysemy,we refer to the general fact that most visual words have more than one distinct meaning.To eliminate visual synonymy,we present an extended similarity function to implicitly extend query visual words.To eliminate visual polysemy,we use visual pattern and prove that the most efficient way of using visual pattern is merging visual word vector together with visual pattern vector and obtain the similarity score by cosine function.In addition,we observe that there is a high possibility that duplicates visual words occur in an adjacent area.Therefore,we modify traditional Apriori algorithm to mine quantitative pattern that can be defined as patterns containing duplicate items.Experiments prove quantitative patterns improving mean average precision(MAP)significantly.

New records of three species and one genus of the tribe Mesosini from China, with notes on Golsinda basicornis Gahan(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Coptops ocellifera Breuning, 1965, Ereis subfasciata Pic, 1925 and Leptomesosa langana（Pic,1917） are recorded from China for the first time, of which the genus Ereis Pascoe, 1865 is the first record from China. Golsinda basicornis Gahan, 1894 is a new province record from Guizhou, China. Mesocacia rugicollis Gressitt, 1940 is synonymized with Golsinda basicornis and the lectotype and paralectotypes of G. basicornis are designated.

A new species of the subgenus Meligethes Stephens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) from Sichuan, China

Meligethes （Meligethes） pallidoelytrorum, Chen et Kirejtshuk sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Sichuan, China. It can be readily distinguished from related species by the smoothed dorsal integument, diffused and sparse punctations on elytra and the very distinct tooth at base of the claw. Meligethes （Meligethes） lutra Solsky, 1876, syn. nov. and M. （M.） melleus Grouvelle, 1908, syn. nov. are proposed as the synonymies of M. （3l.）vulpes Solsky, 1876.

Current Knowledge of Mesozoic Coleoptera from Daohugou and Liaoning(Northeast China)

The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou （Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation） and Liaoning （Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation） deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga （Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia） and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae （suborder Archostemata） to superfamily Cleroidea （suborder Polyphaga： first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family）. The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaonlng is compiled.

A new synonym of Acompus rufipes(Wolff)(Heteroptera:Lygaeoidea:Rhyparochromidae)

The following new synonymy is proposed： Acompus rufipes （Wolff, 1804） = Heterogaster minimus Zou ＆ Zheng, 1981, syn. nov. Habitus photos and male genitalia illustrations of this species are presented.

Review of the Permian Camptoneuritidae(Insecta:Grylloblattida)

The Permian family Camptoneuritidae （Insecta： Grylloblattida） is reviewed. New synonymies are proposed： Camptoneuritidae Martynov, 1930 = Demopteridae Carpenter, 1950, syn. nov., = Jabloniidae Kukalova, 1964, syn. nov. Key to genera of Camptoneuritidae is given. All genera are redescribed and illustrated. Camptoneurites soyanensis sp. nov. from Soyana locality （Middle Permian, Kazanian Stage; Arkhangelsk Region, Russia） and Tyulkinia bashkuevi gen. et sp. nov. from Tyulkino locality （Lower Permian, Kungurian Stage; Perm Region, Russia） are described.

Study of the genus Oxaenanus Swinhoe(Lepidoptera:Erebidae:Herminiiae)from China,with description of a new species

Oxaenanus scopigeralis(Moore,1867),sp.rev.&comb.nov.,the type locality:India,is revalidated from a junior synonym of O.brontesalis(Walker,1858),the type locality:Borneo.The holotype,and male and female genitalia of O.scopigeralis are illustrated,and O.yunnana Zhang&Han,2016 from Yunnan,China is synonymized with O.scopigeralis.This species is newly recorded from Nepal.A new species,Oxaenanus hainana sp.nov.,closely related to O.scopigeralis,is described from Hainan,China by the weaker and fuzzier subterminal lines of both wings,shorter and slenderer cucullus,and more complicated vesica.

A Study of Paraphrase Strategies Employed by Chinese Students

Paraphrase means re-expressing the original meaning in different words,especially words that are easier and simpler to understand.It plays an important role in improving the studying quality.Many students just know the surface meaning and tend to neglect the implication.So their competence of dealing with problems independently is difficult to cultivate.This thesis aims to investigate paraphrasing strategies employed by Chinese college students.Based on the statistic results of questionnaire and interview,the author tries to sum up the paraphrasing strategies frequently used by students and the rare ones,to reflect the drawback and come up with effective suggestions in the hope of improving students' paraphrase ability and finally strengthening the their competence of language application.

Weitschatus stigmatus and Hoffeinsia foldii(Hemiptera:Coccomorpha)from Eocene ambers are conspecific

Based on a comparison of morphologies of the first-instar nymph of Hoffeinsia foldii Koteja,2008 and the adult male of Weitschatus stigmatus Koteja,2008 with those of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu,2022,the author considers that Weitschatus stigmatus is equivalent to Hoffeinsia foldii,syn.nov.(Weitschatidae).

Paleontology Knowledge Graph for Data-Driven Discovery

A knowledge graph(KG)is a knowledge base that integrates and represents data based on a graph-structured data model or topology.Geoscientists have made efforts to construct geosciencerelated KGs to overcome semantic heterogeneity and facilitate knowledge representation,data integration,and text analysis.However,there is currently no comprehensive paleontology KG or data-driven discovery based on it.In this study,we constructed a two-layer model to represent the ordinal hierarchical structure of the paleontology KG following a top-down construction process.An ontology containing 19365 concepts has been defined up to 2023.On this basis,we derived the synonymy list based on the paleontology KG and designed corresponding online functions in the OneStratigraphy database to showcase the use of the KG in paleontological research.

Taxonomic study of Ufens Girault from Xinjiang, China(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The genus Ufens Girault （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae） is reported from Xinjiang, including one newly recorded species for China, U. pallidus Owen, and U. foersteri （Kryger）, U. similis （Kryger）. Ufensia xinjiangensis Hu ＆ Lin is synonymized under U. foersteri. A key to males of six species of Ufens from China is provided. All the specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China （ICXU）.

Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia(Serville) and B. interior Hebard(Blattodea:Blaberidae)

Blaptica dubia(Serville, 1838) and B. interior Hebard, 1921 were considered to be cryptic species. The characteristics originally proposed for their identification are not reliable.Thus the relationship between the two species should be re-considered. As a comparative approach and to analyze intraspecific variability, morphological and morphometric methods were performed. Traditional and new characters such as wing shape and pronotum contour were utilized. We found significant differences between both species(p <0.05) in the shape of the wing, but there was an overlap of values. We did not find differences in the body measurements or in the shape and size of the pronotum between the species. The variability gradient does not allow an accurate identification of species neither with the male genitalia or the pronotal macula.Based on the obtained results, B. interior Hebard 1921 is considered to be a junior synonym of B. dubia(Serville, 1838).