Gene synthesis has provided important contributions in various fields including genomics and medicine. Current genes are 7 - 30 cents depending on the assembly and sequencing methods performed. Demand for gene synthes...Gene synthesis has provided important contributions in various fields including genomics and medicine. Current genes are 7 - 30 cents depending on the assembly and sequencing methods performed. Demand for gene synthesis has been increasing for the past few decades, yet available methods remain expensive. A solution to this problem involves microchip-derived oligonucleotides (oligos), an oligo pool with a substantial number of oligo fragments. Microchips have been proposed as a tool for gene synthesis, but this approach has been criticized for its high error rate during sequencing. This study tests a possible cost-effective method for gene synthesis utilizing fragment assembly and golden gate assembly, which can be employed for quicker manufacturing and efficient execution of genes in the near future. The droplet method was tested in two trials to determine the viability of the method through the accuracy of the oligos sequenced. A preliminary research experiment was performed to determine the efficacy of oligo lengths ranging from two to four overlapping oligos through Gibson assembly. Of the three oligo lengths tested, only two fragment oligos were correctly sequenced. Two fragment oligos were used for the second experiment, which determined the efficacy of the droplet method in reducing gene synthesis cost and speed. The first trial utilized a high-fidelity polymerase and resulted in 3% correctly sequenced oligos, so the second trial utilized a non-high-fidelity polymerase, resulting in 8% correctly sequenced oligos. After calculating, the cost of gene synthesis lowers down to 0.8 cents/base. The final calculated cost of 0.8 cents/base is significantly cheaper than other manufacturing costs of 7 - 30 cents/base. Reducing the cost of gene synthesis provides new insight into the cost-effectiveness of present technologies and protocols and has the potential to benefit the fields of bioengineering and gene therapy.展开更多
The combustion process of pulverized coal injected into blast furnace involves a lot of physical and chemical reactions. Based on the combustion behaviors of pulverized coal, the conception of coal effective calorific...The combustion process of pulverized coal injected into blast furnace involves a lot of physical and chemical reactions. Based on the combustion behaviors of pulverized coal, the conception of coal effective calorific value representing the actual thermal energy provided for blast furnace was proposed. A cost performance evaluation model of coal injection was built up for the optimal selection of various kinds of coal based on effective calorific value. The model contains two indicators: coal effective calorific value which has eight sub-indicators and coal injection cost which includes four sub-indicators. In addition, the calculation principle and application of cost performance evaluation model in a Chinese large-scale iron and steel company were comprehensively introduced. The evaluation results finally confirm that this novel model is of great significance to the optimal selection of blast furnace pulverized coal.展开更多
Since the mid 1980s, an increasing number of project management software packages (PMSP) have appeared in the market to support project management organizations. Currently there are more than 500 software tools availa...Since the mid 1980s, an increasing number of project management software packages (PMSP) have appeared in the market to support project management organizations. Currently there are more than 500 software tools available. They vary widely both in their prices and capabilities. Despite the wide spread of PMSP, project-based organizations are left unguided as to how they should select the most appropriate software tool for their intended business use. The aim of this paper was to develop an evaluation/scoring module suitable for comparing different project management software packages to help select the most appropriate package. The evaluation model is based on the ISO/IEC evaluation criterion that takes into consideration all the necessary features and characteristics required in project management software. The evaluation model will provide software users and project organizations with a useful tool to compare various packages available in the market and select the best that suits their business needs.展开更多
目的在决策树模型的基础上对宫颈癌化疗的药物进行药物经济学评价,确定期望成本最低、效果最佳的宫颈癌化疗方案,以期为临床宫颈癌化疗药物的合理搭配提供决策依据。方法采用决策树模型对顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体,拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体和顺铂...目的在决策树模型的基础上对宫颈癌化疗的药物进行药物经济学评价,确定期望成本最低、效果最佳的宫颈癌化疗方案,以期为临床宫颈癌化疗药物的合理搭配提供决策依据。方法采用决策树模型对顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体,拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体和顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体+贝伐珠单抗三种用药方案治疗宫颈癌进行成本-效果分析,成本参数来源于九江市第三人民医院药品信息系统,同时根据本项目的随机对照研究所获取的化疗效果参数评估三种化疗方案短期内的经济性,决策树模型模拟的干预时间为12周。采用Treeage Pro 2011软件进行概率敏感性分析(成本-效果可接受曲线)和单因素敏感性分析(旋风图),对研究结果进行稳健性验证。结果基础分析结果表明,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体的增量成本-效果比为12329.8,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体+贝伐珠单抗的增量成本-效果比为36290.9,拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体的增量成本-效果比为19113.7。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体的治疗成本和临床有效率对研究结果有最显著影响;当患者的个人意愿支付价格低于7376.6元时,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体干预方案更具有经济性;当患者个人意愿支付价格高于7376.6元后,使用拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体治疗宫颈癌更具有经济性。结论若以2022年人均可支配收入作为患者个人意愿支付价格,宫颈癌患者选用顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体方案治疗最具有经济性。展开更多
This material aspires to start to evaluate every sorts of corporate cost form the view of modem corporation. Traditionally, there are material costs together with depreciation, salary cost, personal cost, financial co...This material aspires to start to evaluate every sorts of corporate cost form the view of modem corporation. Traditionally, there are material costs together with depreciation, salary cost, personal cost, financial cost, and other cost. For managerial purposes, this paper distinguishes between standard and nonstandard cost. Special attention is devoted to responsibility costs and division of costs. In this modem age, however it is a question whether the understanding of cost should be so narrow and limited to money that a corporation spends during the course of its production, or whether it should include also the constitution of negative externalities--the damages the company causes to the environment. Therefore, the final part of this contribution part deals with function of cost and attempts to provide an evaluation of basic sorts of cost in modem corporation from a broader societal perspective.展开更多
文摘Gene synthesis has provided important contributions in various fields including genomics and medicine. Current genes are 7 - 30 cents depending on the assembly and sequencing methods performed. Demand for gene synthesis has been increasing for the past few decades, yet available methods remain expensive. A solution to this problem involves microchip-derived oligonucleotides (oligos), an oligo pool with a substantial number of oligo fragments. Microchips have been proposed as a tool for gene synthesis, but this approach has been criticized for its high error rate during sequencing. This study tests a possible cost-effective method for gene synthesis utilizing fragment assembly and golden gate assembly, which can be employed for quicker manufacturing and efficient execution of genes in the near future. The droplet method was tested in two trials to determine the viability of the method through the accuracy of the oligos sequenced. A preliminary research experiment was performed to determine the efficacy of oligo lengths ranging from two to four overlapping oligos through Gibson assembly. Of the three oligo lengths tested, only two fragment oligos were correctly sequenced. Two fragment oligos were used for the second experiment, which determined the efficacy of the droplet method in reducing gene synthesis cost and speed. The first trial utilized a high-fidelity polymerase and resulted in 3% correctly sequenced oligos, so the second trial utilized a non-high-fidelity polymerase, resulting in 8% correctly sequenced oligos. After calculating, the cost of gene synthesis lowers down to 0.8 cents/base. The final calculated cost of 0.8 cents/base is significantly cheaper than other manufacturing costs of 7 - 30 cents/base. Reducing the cost of gene synthesis provides new insight into the cost-effectiveness of present technologies and protocols and has the potential to benefit the fields of bioengineering and gene therapy.
基金Project(51134008)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012CB720401)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The combustion process of pulverized coal injected into blast furnace involves a lot of physical and chemical reactions. Based on the combustion behaviors of pulverized coal, the conception of coal effective calorific value representing the actual thermal energy provided for blast furnace was proposed. A cost performance evaluation model of coal injection was built up for the optimal selection of various kinds of coal based on effective calorific value. The model contains two indicators: coal effective calorific value which has eight sub-indicators and coal injection cost which includes four sub-indicators. In addition, the calculation principle and application of cost performance evaluation model in a Chinese large-scale iron and steel company were comprehensively introduced. The evaluation results finally confirm that this novel model is of great significance to the optimal selection of blast furnace pulverized coal.
文摘Since the mid 1980s, an increasing number of project management software packages (PMSP) have appeared in the market to support project management organizations. Currently there are more than 500 software tools available. They vary widely both in their prices and capabilities. Despite the wide spread of PMSP, project-based organizations are left unguided as to how they should select the most appropriate software tool for their intended business use. The aim of this paper was to develop an evaluation/scoring module suitable for comparing different project management software packages to help select the most appropriate package. The evaluation model is based on the ISO/IEC evaluation criterion that takes into consideration all the necessary features and characteristics required in project management software. The evaluation model will provide software users and project organizations with a useful tool to compare various packages available in the market and select the best that suits their business needs.
文摘目的在决策树模型的基础上对宫颈癌化疗的药物进行药物经济学评价,确定期望成本最低、效果最佳的宫颈癌化疗方案,以期为临床宫颈癌化疗药物的合理搭配提供决策依据。方法采用决策树模型对顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体,拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体和顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体+贝伐珠单抗三种用药方案治疗宫颈癌进行成本-效果分析,成本参数来源于九江市第三人民医院药品信息系统,同时根据本项目的随机对照研究所获取的化疗效果参数评估三种化疗方案短期内的经济性,决策树模型模拟的干预时间为12周。采用Treeage Pro 2011软件进行概率敏感性分析(成本-效果可接受曲线)和单因素敏感性分析(旋风图),对研究结果进行稳健性验证。结果基础分析结果表明,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体的增量成本-效果比为12329.8,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体+贝伐珠单抗的增量成本-效果比为36290.9,拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体的增量成本-效果比为19113.7。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体的治疗成本和临床有效率对研究结果有最显著影响;当患者的个人意愿支付价格低于7376.6元时,顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体干预方案更具有经济性;当患者个人意愿支付价格高于7376.6元后,使用拓扑替康+紫杉醇脂质体治疗宫颈癌更具有经济性。结论若以2022年人均可支配收入作为患者个人意愿支付价格,宫颈癌患者选用顺铂+紫杉醇脂质体方案治疗最具有经济性。
文摘This material aspires to start to evaluate every sorts of corporate cost form the view of modem corporation. Traditionally, there are material costs together with depreciation, salary cost, personal cost, financial cost, and other cost. For managerial purposes, this paper distinguishes between standard and nonstandard cost. Special attention is devoted to responsibility costs and division of costs. In this modem age, however it is a question whether the understanding of cost should be so narrow and limited to money that a corporation spends during the course of its production, or whether it should include also the constitution of negative externalities--the damages the company causes to the environment. Therefore, the final part of this contribution part deals with function of cost and attempts to provide an evaluation of basic sorts of cost in modem corporation from a broader societal perspective.
