Research on power-supply cost of regional power system under carbon-peak target

With the establishment of the carbon-peak target by 2030,the direction of carbon emission reduction in China’s energy system has been further clarified.As the industry with the largest proportion of carbon emissions in China,the lowcarbon transformation of the electric power industry is critical to realize the carbon-peak target.Current research mostly focuses on technical analysis or system cost accounting of the carbon-peak realization path at the national level.There is a lack of targeted research on regional power systems with complex inter-regional power flow exchange and limited energy resource development.Simultaneously,the calculation of the system cost lacks the perspective of the life cycle and ignores the inertia of the stock and change inertia of incremental disturbance.From the perspective of the life cycle,this study proposes a calculation model of power supply cost for regional power systems according to the carbon-peak target,analyzes the realization path of the carbon target from an economic perspective,and provides references for the path selection and policy formulation of system transformation.

Guaranteed Cost Controller Design of Networked Control Systems with State Delay

这份报纸为联网的控制系统(NCS ) 的一个类涉及州反馈的保证费用控制器设计与州延期。NCS 的一个新模型在导致网络的延期的考虑下面被提供。为为 NCS 的一个保证费用控制器的存在的一个 suffcient 条件被一套线性矩阵不平等(LMI ) 介绍。一个方法，它能转变对非凸凸，被使用。因此，一个数字算法被建议获得更低的界限。通过一个例子的理论分析显示出方法的有效性。

Guaranteed cost control with constructing switching law of uncertain discrete-time switched systems

A guaranteed cost control problem for a class of linear discrete-time switched systems with norm-bounded uncertainties is considered in this article. The purpose is to construct a switching rule and design a state feedback control law, such that, the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the closed-loop cost function value is not more than a specified upper bound for all admissible uncertainties under the constructed switching rule. A sufficient condition for the existence of guaranteed cost controllers and switching rules is derived based on the Lyapunov theory together with the linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. Furthermore, a convex optimization problem with LMI constraints is formulated to select the suboptimal guaranteed cost controller. A numerical example demonstrates the validity of the proposed design approach.

Delay-independent robust guaranteed-cost control for uncertain linear neutral systems

This article concerns the delay-independent guaranteed-cost control problem via memoryless state feedback for a class of neutral-type systems with structural uncertainty and a given quadratic cost function. New delay-independent conditions for the existence of the guaranteed-cost controller are presented in the term of LMIs. An algorithm involving optimization is proposed to design a controller achieving an optimal guaranteed-cost, such that, the system can be stabilized for all admissible uncertainties. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Decentralized robust guaranteed cost control for a class of interconnected singular large-scale systems with time-delay and parameter uncertainty

The decentralized robust guaranteed cost control problem is studied for a class of interconnected singular large-scale systems with time-delay and norm-bounded time-invariant parameter uncertainty under a given quadratic cost performance function. The problem that is addressed in this study is to design a decentralized robust guaranteed cost state feedback controller such that the closed-loop system is not only regular, impulse-free and stable, but also guarantees an adequate level of performance for all admissible uncertainties. A sufficient condition for the existence of the decentralized robust guaranteed cost state feedback controllers is proposed in terms of a linear matrix inequality （LMI） via LMI approach. When this condition is feasible, the desired state feedback decentralized robust guaranteed cost controller gain matrices can be obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Guaranteed cost control for T-S fuzzy systems with time-varying delays

This paper deals with the problem of guaranteed cost control for nonlinear systems with time-varying delays which is represented by Takagi-Sugeno （T-S） fuzzy models with time-varying delays.The derivatives of time-varying delay are not necessary to be bounded.Based on the free weighting matrix method,sufficient conditions for the existence of fuzzy guaranteed cost controller via state feedback are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）.A minimizing method is also proposed to search the suboptimal upper bound of the guaranteed cost function.The results are delay-dependent but contain delay-independent criteria as a special case.A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and less conservativeness of our work.

Non-fragile hybrid guaranteed cost control for a class of uncertain switched linear systems

This paper focuses on the problem of non-fragile hybrid guaranteed cost control for a class of uncertain switched linear systems. The controller gain to be designed is assumed to have additive gain variations. Based on multiple-Lyapunov function technique, the design of non-fragile hybrid guaranteed cost controllers is derived to make the corresponding closed-loop system asymptotically stable for all admissible uncertainties. Furthermore, a convex optimization approach with LMIs constraints is introduced to select the optimal non-fragile guaranteed cost controllers. Finally, a simulation example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Optimal guaranteed cost control for fuzzy descriptor systems with time-varying delay

Based on the delay-independent rule, the problem of optimal guaranteed cost control for a class of Takagi-Sugeno （T-S） fuzzy descriptor systems with time-varying delay is studied. A linear quadratic cost function is considered as the performance index of the closed-loop system. Sufficient conditions for the existence of guaranteed cost controllers via state feedback are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）, and the design of an optimal guaranteed cost controller can be reduced to a convex optimization problem. It is shown that the designed controller not only guarantees the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop fuzzy descriptor delay system, but also provides an optimized upper bound of the guaranteed cost. At last, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the perfect performance of the optimal guaranteed cost controller.

Nonfragile guaranteed cost control for Delta operator-formulated uncertain time-delay systems

With consideration that the controller parameters may vary from the designed value when the controller is realized, based on Lyapunov stability theory, a design method of nonfragile guaranteed cost control for a class of Delta operator-formulated uncertain time-delay systems is studied. A sufficient condition for the existence of the nonfragile guaranteed cost controller is given. A numeric example is then given to illustrate the effectiveness and the feasibility of the designed method. The results show that even if the parameters of the designed controller are of variations, the closed-loop system is still asymptotically stable and the super value of the cost function can also be obtained, while the closed-loop system will be unstable if the variations of the controller parameters are not considered when the controller is designed. The nonfragile guaranteed cost controller derived from the traditional shift operator method may cause the closed-loop system to be unstable, while the nonfragile guaranteed cost controller based on Delta operator method can avoid the unstable problem of the closed-loop system.

Robust reliable guaranteed cost control for uncertain singular systems with time-delay

The robust reliable guaranteed cost control for uncertain singular delay systems with actuator failures and a given quadratic cost function is studied. The system under consideration involves constant time-delay and norm-bounded parameter uncertainties. The purpose is to design state feedback controllers which can tolerate actuator failure, such that the closed-loop system is stable, and the specified cost function has an upper bound for all admissible uncertainties. The sufficient conditions for the solvability of this problem are obtained by a linear matrix inequality （LMI） method. Furthermore, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

Life cycle inventory for base metal ingots production in Japan including mining and mineral processing processes by cost estimating system database

CO2 emission levels of copper and zinc mines from which Japanese smelters import ore concentrates into Japan,were estimated by using a database called MLED. Eleven copper mines selected from data availability of mine site covered 84% of the total imported concentrates. Adding inventories of sea transportation and smelting processes to mine development process,total CO2 emission level for copper and zinc ingots produced in Japan were calculated. The results show that the emission share of mining and mineral processing processes for each mine is indicated around 30%-70% of total emission for ingots,which implies the importance of including the mining activities to the inventory of upper stream products.

A Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for the Selection of Low-Cost Green Building Materials and Components

The necessity of having an effective computer-aided decision support system in the housing construction industry is rapidly growing alongside the demand for green buildings and green building products. Identifying and defining financially viable low-cost green building materials and components, just like selecting them, is a crucial exercise in subjectivity. With so many variables to consider, the task of evaluating such products can be complex and discouraging. Moreover, the existing mode for selecting and managing, often very large information associated with their impacts constrains decision-makers to perform a trade-off analysis that does not necessarily guarantee the most environmentally preferable material. This paper introduces the development of a multi-criteria decision support system (DSS) aimed at improving the understanding of the principles of best practices associated with the impacts of low-cost green building materials and components. The DSS presented in this paper is to provide designers with useful and explicit information that will aid informed decision-making in their choice of materials for low-cost green residential housing projects. The prototype MSDSS is developed using macro-in-excel, which is a fairly recent database management technique used for integrating data from multiple, often very large databases and other information sources. This model consists of a database to store different types of low-cost green materials with their corresponding attributes and performance characteristics. The DSS design is illustrated with particular emphasis on the development of the material selection data schema, and application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) concept to a material selection problem. Details of the MSDSS model are also discussed including workflow of the data evaluation process. The prototype model has been developed with inputs elicited from domain experts and extensive literature review, and refined with feedback obtained from selected expert builder and developer companies. This paper further demonstrates the application of the prototype MSDSS for selecting the most appropriate low-cost green building material from among a list of several available options, and finally concludes the study with the associated potential benefits of the model to research and practice.

Rational Cost Estimation of Dedicated Software Systems

Dedicated software systems hold a character of individual solutions that entail particular problems with regard to their cost estimation. Thus for many years now objective and reliable approaches to the cost estimation of such systems have been sought out so that they could provide the possibility to make rational investment decisions concerning those systems. The purpose of this paper is to bring in the approach to cost estimation of dedicated software systems that has been recently growing in global popularity, using it as a background for presenting conclusions resulting from practical verification of author’s own model of dedicated software system cost estimation based on that approach.

Non-fragile guaranteed cost control of discrete-time fuzzy bilinear system

This paper focuses on the problem of non-fragile guaranteed cost control for a class of T-S discrete-time fuzzy bilinear systems（DFBS）.Based on the parallel distributed compensation（PDC） approach,the sufficient conditions are derived such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the cost function value is no more than a certain upper bound in the presence of the additive controller gain perturbations.The non-fragile guaranteed cost controller can be obtained by solving a set of bilinear matrix inequalities（BMIs）.The Van de Vusse model is utilized to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Influence of Choice of Structural System &In-Fill Masonry on the Embodied Energy &Cost of a Low-Rise Residential Urban-Building Indian Case Study

In the urban residential building stock, a major proportion is constituted by low-rise individual buildings. In addition to cost, quality and duration, energy consumed for the project needs to be accounted in the decision making process. Minimizing the cost of construction without compromising on the architectural and structural requirements is the primary objective of the residential buildings of stake-holders, especially the owners. The choice of structural system and the materials used for construction play a crucial role in this effort. This means that the use of expensive and/or voluminous materials such as cement, steel, masonry etc. is optimized. This could lead to significant reduction in embodied energy as well, if the choice of the structural system is prudently made. In this paper, an attempt has been made to quantify the cost and embodied energy benefits for a low-rise residential building by choosing two different structural systems, namely moment resisting framed (MRF) construction system and the partly load-bearing (PLB) system. The influence of choice of materials, contributing to reduction of cost and/or energy is discussed. It is clearly noticed that, when the structural system is re-configured as a PLB system from the existing MRF system there is significant reduction in cost and embodied energy without changing the architectural form.

Non-fragile guaranteed cost control for uncertain neutral large-scale interconnected systems

This paper focuses on the problem of non-fragile decentralized guaranteed cost control for uncertain neutral large-scale interconnected systems with time-varying delays in state,control input and interconnections.A novel scheme,viewing the interconnections with time-varying delays as effective information but not disturbances,is developed.Based on Lyapunov stability theory,using various techniques of decomposing and magnifying matrices,a design method of the non-fragile decentralized guaranteed cost controller for unperturbed neutral large-scale interconnected systems is proposed and the guaranteed cost is presented.The further results are derived for the uncertain case from the criterion of unperturbed neutral large-scale interconnected systems.Finally,an illustrative example shows that the results are significantly better than the existing results in the literatures.

Delay-dependent guaranteed cost control for uncertain systems with both state and input delays

This paper considers the guaranteed cost control problem for a class of uncertain linear systems with both state and input delays. By representing the time-delay system in the descriptor system form and using a recent result on bounding of cross products of vectors, we obtain new delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the existence of the guaranteed cost controller in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Two examples are presented which show the effectiveness of our approach.

Guaranteed Cost Consensus for High-dimensional Multi-agent Systems With Time-varying Delays

Guaranteed cost consensus analysis and design problems for high-dimensional multi-agent systems with time varying delays are investigated. The idea of guaranteed cost con trol is introduced into consensus problems for high-dimensiona multi-agent systems with time-varying delays, where a cos function is defined based on state errors among neighboring agents and control inputs of all the agents. By the state space decomposition approach and the linear matrix inequality(LMI)sufficient conditions for guaranteed cost consensus and consensu alization are given. Moreover, a guaranteed cost upper bound o the cost function is determined. It should be mentioned that these LMI criteria are dependent on the change rate of time delays and the maximum time delay, the guaranteed cost upper bound is only dependent on the maximum time delay but independen of the Laplacian matrix. Finally, numerical simulations are given to demonstrate theoretical results.

Investigative Study on Emissions Level and Cost Analysis of Diesel Powered and Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid Systems

In this work, a comparative study on emissions and cost implications of diesel powered and solar photovoltaic-diesel hybrid systems was carried out for three commercial banks. With the aid of HOMER Pro software, meteorological data, energy demand, system component data, capital and operating costs were used for analysis of the two systems. The results showed that in Bank A, the diesel generator alone releases 111,618 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide while the hybrid system releases 41,618 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide. For Bank B the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions released from the diesel generator in Bank B is 53,830 kg/yr, while the carbon dioxide released from the hybrid energy system is 24,082 kg/yr. For Bank C, the diesel generator alone released 177,799 kg/yr of Carbon dioxide and 129,060 kg/yr of carbon dioxide was released from the hybrid system. This suggests that the diesel generator alone releases more emissions when compared with the hybrid system in all the three banks. The Net present cost of energy and levelized cost of energy were used to find out the cost effectiveness of hybrid systems. The results showed that the levelized cost of energy for the generator alone and hybrid system, respectively in Bank A is $0.713 and $0.343. While for Bank B, it is $0.568 and $0.2553. Finally for Bank C, it was $0.731 and $0.556. Therefore, solar-diesel hybrid system has a comparatively low emission and can be considered as a more economical option for electricity generation.