Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a...Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a need to look at ways that can augment conventional Vehicular Management Information Systems (VMIS) in transforming business processes through Telematics. This paper aims to contextualise the role that telematics can play in transforming the Insurance Ecosystem in Zimbabwe. The main objective was to investigate the integration of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) with vehicle tracking solutions provided by technology companies like Econet Wireless in Zimbabwe, aiming to align customer billing with individual risk profiles and enhance the synergy between technology and insurance service providers in the motor insurance ecosystem. A triangulation through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review, supported by Information Systems Analysis and Design techniques was conducted. The study adopted a case study approach, qualitatively analyzing the complexities of the Telematics insurance ecosystem in Zimbabwe, informed by the TOGAF framework. A case-study approach was applied to derive themes whilst applying within and cross-case analysis. Data was collected using questionnaires, and interviews. The findings of the research clearly show the importance of Telematics in modern-day insurance and the positive relationship between technology and insurance business performance. The study, therefore revealed how UBI can incentivize positive driver behavior, potentially reducing insurance premiums for safe drivers and lowering the incidence of claims against insurance companies. Future work can be done on studying the role of Telematics in combating highway crime and corruption.展开更多
With the aging of the country’s population structure,the problem of social pensions is becoming more and more serious.As for the issue of social pension,the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease are a special group,and t...With the aging of the country’s population structure,the problem of social pensions is becoming more and more serious.As for the issue of social pension,the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease are a special group,and the issue of care services for these elderly has attracted widespread attention from society.However,judging from the current level of social security provided to the elderly with dementia in the country,there is a serious imbalance between supply and demand.Therefore,this problem needs to be solved urgently and is of great significance for further improving the country’s social pension security system.Routine care is limited to hospitals and mainly focuses on the patient’s condition.Patients fail to receive comprehensive care services and the effect is not ideal.Therefore,in order to improve patients’cognitive function and quality of life,and learn from international experience,a“community-institution-home”three-dimensional linkage care model based on long-term care insurance can be established.The application of this model can effectively solve and further improve the country’s elderly care and social security system.展开更多
Asia is the major producing area of aquatic products.In order to maintain the stability of fishery,some Asian countries have established a mutual insurance system,which,however,shows distinctive features in different ...Asia is the major producing area of aquatic products.In order to maintain the stability of fishery,some Asian countries have established a mutual insurance system,which,however,shows distinctive features in different countries as a result of their different historical,economic and social conditions.This paper introduced the development status and characteristics of the fishery mutual insurance system in some Asian countries,such as Japan,South Korea,India,etc.,and then summarized their experiences and what we can learn from their experiences from the perspectives of legislation,governmental support,mutual insurance associations,and credit.展开更多
Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems....Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce br...The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China's long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.展开更多
In order to establish modern agriculture and reduce harmful effects of natural disasters to agriculture, developing agricultural insurance and improving agricultural management system are essential. This paper firstly...In order to establish modern agriculture and reduce harmful effects of natural disasters to agriculture, developing agricultural insurance and improving agricultural management system are essential. This paper firstly elaborated the feasibility and importance of improving agricultural economy, and analyzed some reasons which restricted China agricultural insurance developing speed, and then gave some improving suggestions in the end.展开更多
This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting ...This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting the indices of the work level scientificly, constructed the index system to evaluate the work level of the rural endowment insurance and the index system was expressed in the form of math equation. In this way, an objective standard used to evaluate the work level of rural endowment insurance was establised.展开更多
Introduction: Several Nigerians are completely denied access to adequate health care because of cultural, temporal and financial factors with inequity. Objectives: To ascertain the household perceptions, willingness t...Introduction: Several Nigerians are completely denied access to adequate health care because of cultural, temporal and financial factors with inequity. Objectives: To ascertain the household perceptions, willingness to pay, benefit package preferences, and health systems readiness for Insurance Scheme. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 400 heads of households and 43 health workers in Enugu, Southern Nigeria. Results: Awareness of NHIS among the heads of household was 56.8%, while it was 86% among the health workers. Awareness of NHIS among heads of households was significantly associated to both educational level (X<sup>2</sup> = 16.083, P = 0.001), and occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 5.694, P = 0.017). More males (61.6%) had correct perceptions of NHIS compared to females (58.6%), but not statistically significant (X<sup>2 </sup>= 0.336, P = 0.562). Majority of households respondents 89% are willing to pay for NHIS. Willingness to pay was significantly associated to occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 5.169, df = 1, P = 0.023), but willingness to pay mandatory 5% premium was not significantly associated to occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 0.884, P = 347). Only 11.6% of the health facilities are enlisted as providers in the scheme. Conclusion: Willingness to pay was high, but majority are not ready to pay 5% premium of their earnings. Awareness creation programmes should be improved for the public, and more health facilities enlisted for wider coverage.展开更多
The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that g...The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.展开更多
Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urba...Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urban and rural residents need to move. However the urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole cannot be simply understood as an unified system of urban and rural endowment insurance, simply cannot understand the endowment insurance system for urban and rural areas is the same as or standard is the same. In our country, because of the long-term existence and development of the urban and rural dual structure, the level of productivity, economic level, between urban and rural income levels there are significant differences in aspects, also directly caused a split between urban and rural social security system, including endowment insurance system. At present, our country's endowment insurance system takes the form of government subsidies combined with individual pay cost, which improve and perfect the endowment insurance system in China is in the form of the old-age insurance system in the direction of the long term hard work. On the one hand, government should continue to improve the system of town worker is basic endowment insurance, at the same time into the peasant workers' endowment insurance system, integrating the endowment insurance system for urban and rural worker; Through further, on the other hand, the new farming maintain is a new type of rural social endowment insurance system and “city ju bao”, urban social endowment insurance system integration, promote urban and rural residents endowment insurance system for better implementation.展开更多
The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and ...The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and practical significance. Birth insurance is an important part of social security system, has the protection of women's health, improve population quality, guarantee the importance of women's equal employment, and more attention from the whole society, but there exist many obstacles in the process of implementation and resistance. This article obtains from the national birth insurance fund balance of payments, by combining it with the ginseng of birth insurance, enjoy treatment number, per capita salary level, worker year, per capita average wage level is found hidden in the maternity insurance system in China problems and contradictions, in order to provide feasible Suggestions for maternity insurance system in China.展开更多
U.S. deposit insurance system has important and deep influence on the building and operating of the deposit insurance system for many countries in the world. Based on the analysis of the development stage and status q...U.S. deposit insurance system has important and deep influence on the building and operating of the deposit insurance system for many countries in the world. Based on the analysis of the development stage and status quo of the U.S. deposit insurance system, this paper suggests that China should learn from the experience of U.S. deposit insurance system, to build and perfect the laws of deposit insurance system, and the mandatory, the scope, the insurance premium, and the top insurance amount of the deposit insurance system should be stated, and the deposit insurance agencies should maintain their independence and restrain the moral hazard. Only in that way can the deposit insurance system of China be built and perfected.展开更多
On April 17th,2020,Government of India has reviewed the extant Foreign Direct Investment policy for curbing opportunistic acquisitions due to the COVID-19 pandemic shows that overseas investment may face some uncertai...On April 17th,2020,Government of India has reviewed the extant Foreign Direct Investment policy for curbing opportunistic acquisitions due to the COVID-19 pandemic shows that overseas investment may face some uncertain political risks.As a natural barrier against risks,the insurance system should play an important role in protecting investors and financial institutions from economic losses.Compared with the following developed countries’models,the United States,Japan and German,the history and status quo of overseas investment insurance system are first discussed,and second the necessity of development.Then system’s deficiencies are basically analyzed from four aspects,namely insurance model,insurance coverage,single assurer and construction of specific legal rules.Lastly some relevant proposes of system construction are made respectively.展开更多
With the continuous development and advancement of science and technology,WEB-based online insurance system has become an inevitable choice to adapt to the development trend of the times.On the basis of establishing a...With the continuous development and advancement of science and technology,WEB-based online insurance system has become an inevitable choice to adapt to the development trend of the times.On the basis of establishing a system,it is necessary to manage the safe operation structure,thus effectively establishing complete supervision and maintenance.The system ensures that the management level of insured information security technology can be optimized.This paper briefly analyzes the framework of the WEB-based online insurance system and discusses the security mode and system implementation.展开更多
The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole's process etxcou...The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole's process etxcountered bottlenecks. Come to the conclusion after analysis, the basic old-age insurance system across the country plan as a whole facing same questions, such as the regional income is different, the regional replacement rate of endowment insurance system is different, the "fragmentation" phenomenon of regional endowment insurance system, impact both fairness and efficiency of the basic endowment insurance system.展开更多
The basic medical insurance system for urban residents is an important part of China's social security system.This article analyzes the problems which existing in the basic medical insurance system for urban resident...The basic medical insurance system for urban residents is an important part of China's social security system.This article analyzes the problems which existing in the basic medical insurance system for urban residents and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures.展开更多
1990s, Germany is facing a serious problem of population aging, in 1995, of the population over the age of 60 in Germany, the proportion of the total population is as high as 21%, the proportion is expected to rise to...1990s, Germany is facing a serious problem of population aging, in 1995, of the population over the age of 60 in Germany, the proportion of the total population is as high as 21%, the proportion is expected to rise to 36% in 2030. The growing demand for long-term care services by the rapid aging of population is the basic background of the introduction of the long-term care insurance system in Germany.展开更多
The participation of migrant workers in medical insurance of urban workers is a formal institutional arrangement. However,in reality,the insurance participation rate of migrant workers is low and the medical insurance...The participation of migrant workers in medical insurance of urban workers is a formal institutional arrangement. However,in reality,the insurance participation rate of migrant workers is low and the medical insurance taken by the migrant workers is not sufficient,which seriously hinders the process of the citizenization of migrant workers. The main reason lies in the unbalanced supply and demand of the current system. With the continuous advancement of the citizenization process,the rural migrant workers' demand for medical insurance has changed.However,our research found that the supply of medical insurance system for migrant workers is seriously inadequate,the system and the institutional environment are disconnected,the internal contradictions of the system are increasing,and a large amount of potential profits are accumulated under the current system. Potential profit is the motive force to promote institutional innovation and promote the reform of current system to strike a balance.展开更多
文摘Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a need to look at ways that can augment conventional Vehicular Management Information Systems (VMIS) in transforming business processes through Telematics. This paper aims to contextualise the role that telematics can play in transforming the Insurance Ecosystem in Zimbabwe. The main objective was to investigate the integration of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) with vehicle tracking solutions provided by technology companies like Econet Wireless in Zimbabwe, aiming to align customer billing with individual risk profiles and enhance the synergy between technology and insurance service providers in the motor insurance ecosystem. A triangulation through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review, supported by Information Systems Analysis and Design techniques was conducted. The study adopted a case study approach, qualitatively analyzing the complexities of the Telematics insurance ecosystem in Zimbabwe, informed by the TOGAF framework. A case-study approach was applied to derive themes whilst applying within and cross-case analysis. Data was collected using questionnaires, and interviews. The findings of the research clearly show the importance of Telematics in modern-day insurance and the positive relationship between technology and insurance business performance. The study, therefore revealed how UBI can incentivize positive driver behavior, potentially reducing insurance premiums for safe drivers and lowering the incidence of claims against insurance companies. Future work can be done on studying the role of Telematics in combating highway crime and corruption.
文摘With the aging of the country’s population structure,the problem of social pensions is becoming more and more serious.As for the issue of social pension,the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease are a special group,and the issue of care services for these elderly has attracted widespread attention from society.However,judging from the current level of social security provided to the elderly with dementia in the country,there is a serious imbalance between supply and demand.Therefore,this problem needs to be solved urgently and is of great significance for further improving the country’s social pension security system.Routine care is limited to hospitals and mainly focuses on the patient’s condition.Patients fail to receive comprehensive care services and the effect is not ideal.Therefore,in order to improve patients’cognitive function and quality of life,and learn from international experience,a“community-institution-home”three-dimensional linkage care model based on long-term care insurance can be established.The application of this model can effectively solve and further improve the country’s elderly care and social security system.
文摘Asia is the major producing area of aquatic products.In order to maintain the stability of fishery,some Asian countries have established a mutual insurance system,which,however,shows distinctive features in different countries as a result of their different historical,economic and social conditions.This paper introduced the development status and characteristics of the fishery mutual insurance system in some Asian countries,such as Japan,South Korea,India,etc.,and then summarized their experiences and what we can learn from their experiences from the perspectives of legislation,governmental support,mutual insurance associations,and credit.
基金Supported by the Philosophy Social Science Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province (10D061)
文摘Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.
文摘The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China's long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.
文摘In order to establish modern agriculture and reduce harmful effects of natural disasters to agriculture, developing agricultural insurance and improving agricultural management system are essential. This paper firstly elaborated the feasibility and importance of improving agricultural economy, and analyzed some reasons which restricted China agricultural insurance developing speed, and then gave some improving suggestions in the end.
文摘This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting the indices of the work level scientificly, constructed the index system to evaluate the work level of the rural endowment insurance and the index system was expressed in the form of math equation. In this way, an objective standard used to evaluate the work level of rural endowment insurance was establised.
文摘Introduction: Several Nigerians are completely denied access to adequate health care because of cultural, temporal and financial factors with inequity. Objectives: To ascertain the household perceptions, willingness to pay, benefit package preferences, and health systems readiness for Insurance Scheme. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 400 heads of households and 43 health workers in Enugu, Southern Nigeria. Results: Awareness of NHIS among the heads of household was 56.8%, while it was 86% among the health workers. Awareness of NHIS among heads of households was significantly associated to both educational level (X<sup>2</sup> = 16.083, P = 0.001), and occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 5.694, P = 0.017). More males (61.6%) had correct perceptions of NHIS compared to females (58.6%), but not statistically significant (X<sup>2 </sup>= 0.336, P = 0.562). Majority of households respondents 89% are willing to pay for NHIS. Willingness to pay was significantly associated to occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 5.169, df = 1, P = 0.023), but willingness to pay mandatory 5% premium was not significantly associated to occupation (X<sup>2</sup> = 0.884, P = 347). Only 11.6% of the health facilities are enlisted as providers in the scheme. Conclusion: Willingness to pay was high, but majority are not ready to pay 5% premium of their earnings. Awareness creation programmes should be improved for the public, and more health facilities enlisted for wider coverage.
文摘The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.
文摘Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urban and rural residents need to move. However the urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole cannot be simply understood as an unified system of urban and rural endowment insurance, simply cannot understand the endowment insurance system for urban and rural areas is the same as or standard is the same. In our country, because of the long-term existence and development of the urban and rural dual structure, the level of productivity, economic level, between urban and rural income levels there are significant differences in aspects, also directly caused a split between urban and rural social security system, including endowment insurance system. At present, our country's endowment insurance system takes the form of government subsidies combined with individual pay cost, which improve and perfect the endowment insurance system in China is in the form of the old-age insurance system in the direction of the long term hard work. On the one hand, government should continue to improve the system of town worker is basic endowment insurance, at the same time into the peasant workers' endowment insurance system, integrating the endowment insurance system for urban and rural worker; Through further, on the other hand, the new farming maintain is a new type of rural social endowment insurance system and “city ju bao”, urban social endowment insurance system integration, promote urban and rural residents endowment insurance system for better implementation.
文摘The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and practical significance. Birth insurance is an important part of social security system, has the protection of women's health, improve population quality, guarantee the importance of women's equal employment, and more attention from the whole society, but there exist many obstacles in the process of implementation and resistance. This article obtains from the national birth insurance fund balance of payments, by combining it with the ginseng of birth insurance, enjoy treatment number, per capita salary level, worker year, per capita average wage level is found hidden in the maternity insurance system in China problems and contradictions, in order to provide feasible Suggestions for maternity insurance system in China.
文摘U.S. deposit insurance system has important and deep influence on the building and operating of the deposit insurance system for many countries in the world. Based on the analysis of the development stage and status quo of the U.S. deposit insurance system, this paper suggests that China should learn from the experience of U.S. deposit insurance system, to build and perfect the laws of deposit insurance system, and the mandatory, the scope, the insurance premium, and the top insurance amount of the deposit insurance system should be stated, and the deposit insurance agencies should maintain their independence and restrain the moral hazard. Only in that way can the deposit insurance system of China be built and perfected.
文摘On April 17th,2020,Government of India has reviewed the extant Foreign Direct Investment policy for curbing opportunistic acquisitions due to the COVID-19 pandemic shows that overseas investment may face some uncertain political risks.As a natural barrier against risks,the insurance system should play an important role in protecting investors and financial institutions from economic losses.Compared with the following developed countries’models,the United States,Japan and German,the history and status quo of overseas investment insurance system are first discussed,and second the necessity of development.Then system’s deficiencies are basically analyzed from four aspects,namely insurance model,insurance coverage,single assurer and construction of specific legal rules.Lastly some relevant proposes of system construction are made respectively.
文摘With the continuous development and advancement of science and technology,WEB-based online insurance system has become an inevitable choice to adapt to the development trend of the times.On the basis of establishing a system,it is necessary to manage the safe operation structure,thus effectively establishing complete supervision and maintenance.The system ensures that the management level of insured information security technology can be optimized.This paper briefly analyzes the framework of the WEB-based online insurance system and discusses the security mode and system implementation.
文摘The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole's process etxcountered bottlenecks. Come to the conclusion after analysis, the basic old-age insurance system across the country plan as a whole facing same questions, such as the regional income is different, the regional replacement rate of endowment insurance system is different, the "fragmentation" phenomenon of regional endowment insurance system, impact both fairness and efficiency of the basic endowment insurance system.
文摘The basic medical insurance system for urban residents is an important part of China's social security system.This article analyzes the problems which existing in the basic medical insurance system for urban residents and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures.
文摘1990s, Germany is facing a serious problem of population aging, in 1995, of the population over the age of 60 in Germany, the proportion of the total population is as high as 21%, the proportion is expected to rise to 36% in 2030. The growing demand for long-term care services by the rapid aging of population is the basic background of the introduction of the long-term care insurance system in Germany.
基金Supported by Special Innovation Project of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies in 2016:"Innovation of Medical Insurance System for Migrant Workers under the Background of Citizenization"(16TS23)
文摘The participation of migrant workers in medical insurance of urban workers is a formal institutional arrangement. However,in reality,the insurance participation rate of migrant workers is low and the medical insurance taken by the migrant workers is not sufficient,which seriously hinders the process of the citizenization of migrant workers. The main reason lies in the unbalanced supply and demand of the current system. With the continuous advancement of the citizenization process,the rural migrant workers' demand for medical insurance has changed.However,our research found that the supply of medical insurance system for migrant workers is seriously inadequate,the system and the institutional environment are disconnected,the internal contradictions of the system are increasing,and a large amount of potential profits are accumulated under the current system. Potential profit is the motive force to promote institutional innovation and promote the reform of current system to strike a balance.