To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national...To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national accounts （SNA） and data from the latest forest resources inventory in China. The study calculated the value of forest carbon stocks at a total of RMB 817.13 × 10^9 yuan in 2003 and RMB 839.93×10^9 yuan in 2008, with an average annual increase of 0.55 % from an increase in physical carbon sinks. The total value of forest carbon sinks in 2003 and 2008 was RMB 26.73×10^9 yuan and RMB 29.77×10^9 yuan, respectively, with an average annual growth of 2.18 %. From 2003 to 2008, both stock and flow value of forest carbon sinks increased, but the total net flow value of carbon sinks decreased. The growth rate for the environmentally adjusted Gross Domestic Product （eaGDP） for China＇s forest carbon sinks was 17.23 %, outstripping the average growth rate of 9.5 % for the GDP during the same period. The study alsoindicates that China＇s forest carbon sinks affects the GDP in the range of 0.25-0.26 %, and its economic potential is not relatively huge.展开更多
Links between institutional sectors and economic activities with National Accounting System of Mexico are studied used accounting multipliers. Key sectors had changed to strategic or leading as oil and gas extraction ...Links between institutional sectors and economic activities with National Accounting System of Mexico are studied used accounting multipliers. Key sectors had changed to strategic or leading as oil and gas extraction and dairy product manufacturing, i.e., Mexico went from a producer of goods to a service provider country, losing value added in their production chains. The mixed income is leading/independent economic activity for woman whose income is between 1 and 5 minimum wages. This is really important in the domestic economy through its impact on solidarity activities： providing care and support and providing food. Moreover, non-financial corporations and households of 10 or more minimum wages for income investing in strategic sectors such as retail trade and wholesale and manufacturing products derived from oil and coal. This is evidence of two Mexicos： the traditional and industrialized.展开更多
With common borders of the population, total area, and GDP （PPP-based） of Economic Cooperation Organization （ECO） member states are estimated as 416 million persons, 7.9 million m2, and US$2.7 trillion respective...With common borders of the population, total area, and GDP （PPP-based） of Economic Cooperation Organization （ECO） member states are estimated as 416 million persons, 7.9 million m2, and US$2.7 trillion respectively （2010 data）. Although heterogeneous in the extent, there is economic development, overall, with serious energy and transport-transit relations among countries that is reflected in growing trade turnover year-by-year. However, there are still rather unused resources and capacity in such areas of cooperation among countries as exchange of energy, transport services, agricultural and industrial goods, use of opportunities for tourism, promoting investment and innovation processes and other areas. Certainly, maximum and optimal use of these resources calls for availability of analytical means capable of accounting for relations both within member states and among them. The implementation of computable general equilibrium （CGE） modeling in each member state would thus be of great significance in resolution of these problems both in terms of accounting for input-output linkages within the countries as well as enabling impact of main trading partners and goods and services among countries. The analysis carried out indicates that there are a number of problems in application of CGE model in most of the member states. As such, input-output tables are not compiled in some countries, while in others despite the fact that these tables are compiled, there are no attempts to build the model, yet in other countries, even if the CGE model is implemented, there are difficulties in taking into account the real results in the face of serious problems related to improving national accounts system database. Summarizing these problems, it is possible to conclude that to ensure the application of a CGE model,there is a great need to work out procedures of compilation of a social accounts matrix （SAM） that lies on the basis of this model, for which the relevant statistics of a member state must be improved. Considering the above-mentioned, the presented research, makes procedures and proposals on compilation of SAM, improves statistical data for researching the extent of application of CGE Model in ECO member states, and identifies the degree of availability and organization of relevant data to develop input-output tables and respective SAM.展开更多
There is a broad acceptance to depicting the relationship between ecosystems and human well-being using the concept of ecosystem services,emanating in large from the findings and research published in the Millennium E...There is a broad acceptance to depicting the relationship between ecosystems and human well-being using the concept of ecosystem services,emanating in large from the findings and research published in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005.While the generic concept of ecosystem services provides an excellent platform for discussion,the ongoing lack of clarity surrounding the definition,clas sification and measurement of ecosystem services,is emerging as a barrier to more extensive collaboration across disciplines.This paper applies the principles of national accounting to bring additional rigor and consistency to the discussion on ecosystem services.In this paper we revisit four fundamental aspects of the System of National Accounts(SNA)that underpin the measurement of the economy,namely,the definition of economic units;the definition of production;the recording of transactions and the recording assets.By considering each of these aspects in the context of the United Nations'System of Environmental-Economic Accounting,the paper presents a framework to describe the relationship between ecosystems and human aativity that can then be used to consistently define,classify,measure and account for ecosystem services.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Social Science Research Project(11&ZD042)Forestry Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of the State Forestry Administration in China(200904003)DAAD-K.C.Wong Postdoctoral Fellowship Programme,Germany
文摘To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national accounts （SNA） and data from the latest forest resources inventory in China. The study calculated the value of forest carbon stocks at a total of RMB 817.13 × 10^9 yuan in 2003 and RMB 839.93×10^9 yuan in 2008, with an average annual increase of 0.55 % from an increase in physical carbon sinks. The total value of forest carbon sinks in 2003 and 2008 was RMB 26.73×10^9 yuan and RMB 29.77×10^9 yuan, respectively, with an average annual growth of 2.18 %. From 2003 to 2008, both stock and flow value of forest carbon sinks increased, but the total net flow value of carbon sinks decreased. The growth rate for the environmentally adjusted Gross Domestic Product （eaGDP） for China＇s forest carbon sinks was 17.23 %, outstripping the average growth rate of 9.5 % for the GDP during the same period. The study alsoindicates that China＇s forest carbon sinks affects the GDP in the range of 0.25-0.26 %, and its economic potential is not relatively huge.
文摘Links between institutional sectors and economic activities with National Accounting System of Mexico are studied used accounting multipliers. Key sectors had changed to strategic or leading as oil and gas extraction and dairy product manufacturing, i.e., Mexico went from a producer of goods to a service provider country, losing value added in their production chains. The mixed income is leading/independent economic activity for woman whose income is between 1 and 5 minimum wages. This is really important in the domestic economy through its impact on solidarity activities： providing care and support and providing food. Moreover, non-financial corporations and households of 10 or more minimum wages for income investing in strategic sectors such as retail trade and wholesale and manufacturing products derived from oil and coal. This is evidence of two Mexicos： the traditional and industrialized.
文摘With common borders of the population, total area, and GDP （PPP-based） of Economic Cooperation Organization （ECO） member states are estimated as 416 million persons, 7.9 million m2, and US$2.7 trillion respectively （2010 data）. Although heterogeneous in the extent, there is economic development, overall, with serious energy and transport-transit relations among countries that is reflected in growing trade turnover year-by-year. However, there are still rather unused resources and capacity in such areas of cooperation among countries as exchange of energy, transport services, agricultural and industrial goods, use of opportunities for tourism, promoting investment and innovation processes and other areas. Certainly, maximum and optimal use of these resources calls for availability of analytical means capable of accounting for relations both within member states and among them. The implementation of computable general equilibrium （CGE） modeling in each member state would thus be of great significance in resolution of these problems both in terms of accounting for input-output linkages within the countries as well as enabling impact of main trading partners and goods and services among countries. The analysis carried out indicates that there are a number of problems in application of CGE model in most of the member states. As such, input-output tables are not compiled in some countries, while in others despite the fact that these tables are compiled, there are no attempts to build the model, yet in other countries, even if the CGE model is implemented, there are difficulties in taking into account the real results in the face of serious problems related to improving national accounts system database. Summarizing these problems, it is possible to conclude that to ensure the application of a CGE model,there is a great need to work out procedures of compilation of a social accounts matrix （SAM） that lies on the basis of this model, for which the relevant statistics of a member state must be improved. Considering the above-mentioned, the presented research, makes procedures and proposals on compilation of SAM, improves statistical data for researching the extent of application of CGE Model in ECO member states, and identifies the degree of availability and organization of relevant data to develop input-output tables and respective SAM.
文摘There is a broad acceptance to depicting the relationship between ecosystems and human well-being using the concept of ecosystem services,emanating in large from the findings and research published in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005.While the generic concept of ecosystem services provides an excellent platform for discussion,the ongoing lack of clarity surrounding the definition,clas sification and measurement of ecosystem services,is emerging as a barrier to more extensive collaboration across disciplines.This paper applies the principles of national accounting to bring additional rigor and consistency to the discussion on ecosystem services.In this paper we revisit four fundamental aspects of the System of National Accounts(SNA)that underpin the measurement of the economy,namely,the definition of economic units;the definition of production;the recording of transactions and the recording assets.By considering each of these aspects in the context of the United Nations'System of Environmental-Economic Accounting,the paper presents a framework to describe the relationship between ecosystems and human aativity that can then be used to consistently define,classify,measure and account for ecosystem services.
