Systemic Activation of Defensive Enzymes and Protection in Tobacco Plantlets against <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i>Induced by Oligosaccharins

Oligosaccharins are potent biomolecules which activate defense responses and resistance in tobacco plants. However, it is not known the systemic behavior of defensive enzymes activated by these elicitors. In this work, the dynamic behavior of key defensive enzymes was evaluated in tobacco plant leaves previously treated through the roots with chitosan polymer (CH), chitosan (COS) and pectic (OGAS) oligosaccharides and Spermine (Sp). All macromolecules tested activated protein levels and defense enzymatic activity in tobacco leaves but with different response dynamics among them and depending on the biochemical variable evaluated. Defense response above control levels were detected since 12 hours after treatments and it consisted in a biphasic behavior with two peaks for PAL (EC 4.3.1.5) and β 1 - 3 glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) enzymatic activities. The highest enzymatic levels for these enzymes were achieved at 48 hours in plantlets elicited with COS and at 72 hours for those plants treated with chitosan polymer, while the highest POD (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was detected with CH between 48 and 72 hours. These results demonstrated systemic defense activation by oligosaccharins in tobacco whose dynamic of defense response is affected by the kind of oligosaccharins tested. When applying OGAS by foliar spray on tobacco, systemic resistance against Phytoththora nicotianae was induced and plantlets were protected with the low concentration tested by 46% under the bioassays conditions performed. Moreover, enzymatic determinations on roots and leaves previous to plant-pathogen interaction showed increments above 30% of control levels for PAL and POD activities. It means that oligosaccharins activate local and systemic defense responses in plants in the absent of pathogen infection.

Induced Systemic Resistance in Two Genotypes of <i>Brassica napus</i>(AACC) and <i>Raphanus oleracea</i>(RRCC) by <i>Trichoderma</i>Isolates against <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>

Two different species, Trichoderma viride TV10 and Trichoderma harzianum TH12 from 30 Trichoderma isolates were selected out based on their high growth inhibition of the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, which reached 84.44% and 100%, respectively. Their untreated culture filtrates (CF) and culture filtrates treated with heat (CFH) also were tested for growth inhibition of the pathogen in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological and molecular characterisation by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR provided consistent identification of these isolates. The degree of infection and disease index (DI) of S. sclerotiorum were examined in Brassica napus (AACC) and Raphanus alboglabra (RR) and Brassica alboglabra (CC). The results revealed that Raphanus alboglabra showed higher disease resistance than that of B. napus. Biotic elecitors T. harzianum TH12 and T. viride TV10 and their CF and CFH demonstrated the ability to cause induced systemic resistance (ISR) in B. napus and Raphanus alboglabra against sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) disease. Furthermore, a high ability to reduce the degree of infection and DI in B. napus with the biotic elicitors T. harzianum TH12 and T. viride TV10 was observed, with numbers reaching 7.22% to 6.67% and 17.78% to 11.67%, respectively. When CF were used, reached 20.00% to 16.67% and 33.33% to 23.33%, respectively;with CFH, values reached 35.00% to 21.67% and 37.78% to 28.33%, respectively. While in Raphanus alboglabra the degree of infection and DI reached 0.00% and 0.00% with all biotic elicitors treatments. These results show that biotic elicitor treatments significantly (P B. napus and Raphanus alboglabra ranked as most effective. This study showed for the first time the ability of genotype Raphanus alboglabra (RRCC) to demonstrate resistance against S. sclerotiorum with or without treatment by biotic elicitors and the ability of genotype B. napus (AACC) to demonstrate resistance to the pathogen after treatment with biotic elicitors.

A Review on Chemical Effects in Aqueous Solution induced by Plasma with Glow Discharge

Chemical effects in different aqueous solutions induced by plasma with glow discharge electrolysis (GDE) and contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) are described in this paper. The experimental and discharge characteristics are also reviewed. These are followed by a discussion of their mechanisms of both anodic and cathodic CGDE..

L-leap:accelerating the stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems

Presented here is an L-leap method for accelerating stochastic simulation of well-stirred chemically reacting systems, in which the number of reactions occurring in a reaction channel with the largest propensity function is calculated from the leap condition and the number of reactions occurring in the other reaction channels are generated by using binomial random variables during a leap. The L-leap method can better satisfy the leap condition. Numerical simulation results indicate that the L-leap method can obtain better performance than established methods.

Theoretical study of the intensity of chemically induce dynamic electron polarization of radical-triplet pairs

Considering the interaction between excited triplet molecule and doublet radical, based on the second-order perturbation theory and the motion equation of density matrix, the polarization intensity of RTPM were theoretically calculated with the overpopulated doublet spin states and quartet spin states of radical-triplet pairs as initial conditions respectively. The results of calculation indicate that the net emissive polarization and the net absorptive polarization on the radical result from the zero-field-splitting (zfs) and the multiplet A/E and E/A polarization result from hyperfine (hf) interactions of the triplet molecule. The hyperfine related A+A/E or E+E/A CIDEP on the radical were the overpopulation of the net absorptive or emissive polarization and multiplet A/E or E/A polarization..

Improved H_∞ control for networked control systems with network-induced delay and packet dropout

The H_∞ performance analysis and controller design for linear networked control systems(NCSs) are presented.The NCSs are considered a linear continuous system with time-varying interval input delay by assuming that the sensor is time-driven and the logic Zero-order-holder(ZOH) and controller are event-driven.Based on this model,the delay interval is divided into two equal subintervals for H_∞ performance analysis.An improved H_∞ stabilization condition is obtained in linear matrix inequalities(LMIs) framework by adequately considering the information about the bounds of the input delay to construct novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals(LKFs).For the purpose of reducing the conservatism of the proposed results,the bounds of the LKFs differential cross terms are properly estimated without introducing any slack matrix variables.Moreover,the H_∞ controller is reasonably designed to guarantee the robust asymptotic stability for the linear NCSs with an H_∞ performance level γ.Numerical simulation examples are included to validate the reduced conservatism and effectiveness of our proposed method.

Drug-induced liver injury and COVID-19:Use of artificial intelligence and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method in clinical practice

BACKGROUND Liver injury is a relevant condition in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)inpatients.Pathophysiology varies from direct infection by virus,systemic inflammation or drug-induced adverse reaction(DILI).DILI detection and monitoring is clinically relevant,as it may contribute to poor prognosis,prolonged hospitalization and increase indirect healthcare costs.Artificial Intelligence(AI)applied in data mining of electronic medical records combining abnormal liver tests,keyword searching tools,and risk factors analysis is a relevant opportunity for early DILI detection by automated algorithms.AIM To describe DILI cases in COVID-19 inpatients detected from data mining in electronic medical records(EMR)using AI and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method(RUCAM).METHODS The study was conducted in March 2021 in a hospital in southern Brazil.The NoHarm©system uses AI to support decision making in clinical pharmacy.Hospital admissions were 100523 during this period,of which 478 met the inclusion criteria.From these,290 inpatients were excluded due to alternative causes of liver injury and/or due to not having COVID-19.We manually reviewed the EMR of 188 patients for DILI investigation.Absence of clinical information excluded most eligible patients.The DILI assessment causality was possible via the updated RUCAM in 17 patients.RESULTS Mean patient age was 53 years(SD±18.37;range 22-83),most were male(70%),and admitted to the non-intensive care unit sector(65%).Liver injury pattern was mainly mixed,mean time to normalization of liver markers was 10 d,and mean length of hospitalization was 20.5 d(SD±16;range 7-70).Almost all patients recovered from DILI and one patient died of multiple organ failure.There were 31 suspected drugs with the following RUCAM score:Possible(n=24),probable(n=5),and unlikely(n=2).DILI agents in our study were ivermectin,bicalutamide,linezolid,azithromycin,ceftriaxone,amoxicillin-clavulanate,tocilizumab,piperacillin-tazobactam,and albendazole.Lack of essential clinical information excluded most patients.Although rare,DILI is a relevant clinical condition in COVID-19 patients and may contribute to poor prognostics.CONCLUSION The incidence of DILI in COVID-19 inpatients is rare and the absence of relevant clinical information on EMR may underestimate DILI rates.Prospects involve creation and validation of alerts for risk factors in all DILI patients based on RUCAM assessment causality,alterations of liver biomarkers and AI and machine learning.

Genetic improvement of Trichoderma ability to induce systemic resistance

The beneficial applications of Trichoderma spp. in agriculture include not only the control of plant pathogens, but also the improvement of plant growth, micronutrient availability, and plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, it has been suggested that these fungi are able to increase plant disease resistance by activating induced systemic resistance (ISR) . The mode of action of these beneficial fungi in the Trichoderma -plant-pathogen interaction are many, complex and not completely understood. Numerous lytic enzymes have been characterized, the encoding genes (ech42 gluc78, nag1 from T. atroviride strain P1) cloned, and their role in biocontrol demonstrated. The corresponding biocontrol-related inducible promoters have been used in a reporter system based on the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene (goxA) to monitor biocontrol activity. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and hydrogen peroxide; this latter compound is known to have an antifungal effect and activate the plant defence cascade, thus increasing resistance to pathogen attack. T. atroviride P1 transformants with various promoters gox were tested as seed coating treatments on bean seeds planted in soil infested with a soilborne fungal pathogen. Successively, the emergent leaves were inoculated with a foliar pathogen to determine the effect of the GOX transformants on biocontrol and resistance to pathogen attack. Inoculations with the P1-GOX transformants not only reduced disease symptoms caused by a soil pathogen, but also the lesions of various foliar pathogens applied far from the Trichoderma colonization, thus activating ISR. A similar approach is being use to genetically improve T. harzianum T22, a rhizosphere competent and commercially marketed strain not transformed yet, by using four different gox gene constructs under the control of constitutive and inducible promoters. Plasmids have been introduced in Trichoderma by protoplasts co-transformation. hygromicin resistant progeny selected, and mitotically stable transformants analysed to confirm the presence of the novel enzyme activity. Progenies are being tested for biocontrol ISR inducing activity.

Laser-induced voltage effects in Ca_3Co_4O_9 thin films on tilted LaAlO_3(001) substrates grown by chemical solution deposition

Laser-induced voltage effects in c-axis oriented Ca3Co4O9 thin films have been studied with samples fabricated on 10°tilted LaAIO3 （001） substrates by a simple chemical solution deposition method. An open-circuit voltage with a rise time of about 10 ns and full width at half maximum of about 28 ns is detected when the film surface is irradiated by a 308-nm laser pulse with a duration of 25 ns. Besides, opemcircuit voltage signals are also observed when the film surface is irradiated separately by the laser pulses of 532 nm and 1064 nm. The results indicate that Ca3Co4O9 thin films have a great potential application in the wide range photodetctor from the ultraviolet to near infrared regions.

Expression of Inducible Co-stimulator in Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes in the Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The expression of inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the role in the pathogenesis of SLE was investigated. By using two-color immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric assay, the expression levels of ICOS in peripheal blood T lymphocytes from 33 patients with SLE and 16 healthy volunteers were detected. SLE diseases activity index (SLEDAI) of the patients with SLE was used to evaluate the disease activity. The correlation between the ICOS expression and SLEDAI was analyzed among the groups. The results showed that the expression levels of ICOS in T lymphocytes in active SLE group was markedly higher than those in the control and inactive SLE groups (both P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the expression levels of ICOS between the inactive SLE and the control groups (P>0.05). In active SLE and inactive SLE groups, positive linear correlation was found between the levels of the ICOS expression in T lymphocytes and SLEDAI (r=0.711, P=0.001; r=0.561, P=0.03). It was suggested that the expression of ICOS in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from the patients with active SLE was up-regulated and and ICOS might be related to the pathogenesis of SLE.

Shock Induced Chemical Reactions of Intermetallic Mixture of Nickel and Aluminum and Associated Transition States

In this paper, numerical simulation of shock-induced chemical reactions of intermetallic mixtures is discussed. Specifically, the paper focuses on intermetallic mixture of nickel and aluminum. To initiate the chemical reactions, the thermal input or the shockwave should supply the energy to take the reactants, mixture of nickel and aluminum, to the transition state. Thus, for any numerical simulation or analysis of the shock or thermally induced chemical reaction in a continuum scale or a meso scale, it is necessary to identify the transition state. The transition state for the intermetallic mixture of nickel and the aluminum is identified in this paper and a result of the numerical simulation of the shock-induced chemical reaction, in a continuum scale is presented. The numerical solutions clearly show the chemical reactions, release of heat energy, increase of the temperature and the formation of products, following the transition state and the resulting shock-induced chemical reaction of a binary intermetallic energetic mixture of nickel and aluminum. The studies also show that the collapse of porosity is a mechanism that takes the reactants to the transition state, in shock-induced chemical reactions of binary intermetallic mixtures.

Stochastic stability of networked control systems with network-induced delay and data dropout

This paper deals with the stochastic stability of networked control systems with the presence of network- induced delay and transmitted data dropout. Based on the Lyapunov approach, sufficient conditions for the mean-square stability of the networked control system are derived subject that the sequence of transmission interval is driven by an identically independently distributed sequence and by a finite state Markov chain, respectively. Stabilization controllers are constructed in terms of linear matrix inequalities correspondingly. An example is provided to illustrate our results.

Electromagnetically induced grating in a thermal N-type four-level atomic system

The electromagnetically induced grating effect in thermal and cold atoms has been studied theoretically. Studies have shown that, by adjusting the parameters, the first-order diffraction efficiency of the probe beam in the cold atomic system and the thermal atomic system is 34% and 31%, respectively, which is very close to the ideal diffraction efficiency of the sinusoidal grating. However, it is more difficult to prepare the cold atomic system than to prepare the thermal atomic system in the practical application, so the study of the electromagnetically induced grating effect in the thermal atomic system may be helpful for practical applications.

A kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in stochastically perturbed dynamical system

We investigate a kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in dynamical systems. Due to similar phenomenological structures of stable hyperbolic attractors excited by various physical realizations from a given stationary random process, a specific Poincar6 map is established for stochastically perturbed quasi-Hamiltonian system. Based on this kind of map, various point sets in the Poincar6＇s cross-section and dynamical transitions can be analyzed. Results from the customary Duffing oscillator show that, the point sets in the Poincare＇s global cross-section will be highly compressed in one direction, and extend slowly along the deterministic period-doubling bifurcation trail in another direction when the strength of the harmonic excitation is fixed while the strength of the stochastic excitation is slowly increased. This kind of transition is called the noise-induced point-overspreading route to noisy chaos.

A NEW CHEMICAL OSCILLATOR INDUCED BY SURFACTANT WITH GLUCOSE AS THE SUBSTRATE

A new Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator induced by Triton X-100 (a nonionic surfactant)with glucose as the organic substrate and Ce^(4+)as the catalyst has been reported in this paper.

Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistance to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most widely grown and consumed as fresh vegetable in the world.Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.is one of the most destructive diseases and affects more than 500 plant species.This study was conducted for“Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistant to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato”.The experiment was conducted at the Royal University of Agriculture and divided into two sections.The first section conducted under in vitro condition consists of four treatments T1 control treatment,T2 copper hydroxide,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 metalaxyl+mancozeb in Nagoya Laboratory,and had been starting from 11st May to 15th May 2020.Section two was conducted in a pot in net-house which started from 1st January 2019 to 19th February 2019 and 1st January to 19th February 2020 and arranged in RCBD(Randomized Completely Block Design)with six replications and nine treatments.T0 negative control,T1 inoculate but not treatment,T2 metalaxyl+mancozeb,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 copper hydroxide,T5 acibenzolar-S-methyl,T6 chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T7 acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T8 acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb.Data were collected on colonizing diameter in vitro.For pot experiment collected on disease incidence,incubation period Based on the result under in vitro condition metalaxyl+mancozeb highly inhibited germination of Sclerotium rolfsii when compared with another treatment.However,the application of copper hydroxide seems less effective compared with control.For in pot experiment,when treated after symptom of southern blight appeared to seem less effective on the severity of southern blight.In contrast,when applied as a protectant and curative when symptoms appeared only systemic fungicide azoxystrobin+difenoconazole significantly reduced the severity of Sclerotium rolfsii and delayed incubation period while compared with other treatments(p<0.05)and was followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb,whereas,copper hydroxide,acibenzolar-S-methyl,chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb were less effective(p>0.05).Based on the three experiments we can assume that fungicide is more effective in reducing the growth of the pathogen and delaying the incubation period of fungal colonization when compared with biological control and induced resistance.

Efficient Stochastic Simulation Algorithm for Chemically Reacting Systems Based on Support Vector Regression

随机的模拟算法(SSA ) 精确地与化学种类的小人口描绘空间地同类的搅动得好的化学上反应的系统并且适当地表示当因为它的计算复杂性，为更大的系统建模时，噪音，而是它经常被放弃。在这个工作，成双的支持向量回归基于随机的模拟算法(TS3A ) 被联合成双的支持向量回归和 SSA 建议，前者是在机器学习的一个著名柔韧的回归方法。数字结果显示这个建议算法能被用于大量化学上反应的系统并且在存在方法上与更少模仿的跑在效率和精确性上获得重要改进。

Design of comprehensive test system for detecting overlying strata mining-induced fractures on surface with radon gas

Based on radon gas properties and its existing projects applications, we firstly attempted to apply geo- physical and chemical properties of radon gas in the field of mining engineering, and imported radioac- tive measurement method to detect the development process of the overlying strata mining-induced fractures and their contained water quality in underground coal mining, which not only innovates a more simple-fast-reliable detection method, but also further expands the applications of radon gas detection technology in mining field. A 3D simulation design of comprehensive testing system for detecting strata mining-induced fractures on surface with radon gas (CTSR) was carried out by using a large-scale 3D solid model design software Pro/Engineer (Pro/E), which overcame three main disadvantages of ''static design thought, 2D planar design and heavy workload for remodification design'' on exiting design for mining engineering test systems. Meanwhile, based on the simulation design results of Pro/E software, the sta- bility of the jack-screw pressure bar for the key component in CTSR was checked with a material mechan- ics theory, which provided a reliable basis for materials selection during the latter machining process.

Fabrication of micro carbon pillar by laser-induced chemical vapor deposition

Argon ion laser was used as the induced light source and ethane(C2H4) was selected as the precursor gas,in the variety ranges of laser power from 0.5 W to 4.5 W and the pressure of the precursor gas from 225×133.3 Pa to 680×133.3 Pa,the experiments of laser induced chemical vapor deposition were proceeded for fabrication of micro carbon pillar.In the experiments,the influences of power of laser and pressure of work gas on the diameter and length of micro carbon pillar were investigated,the variety on averaged growth rate of carbon pillar with the laser irradiation time and moving speed of focus was discussed.Based on experiment data,the micro carbon pillar with an aspect ratio of over 500 was built through the method of moving the focus.