Effects of Process Parameters on the Temperature Field in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Blade Precision Forging Process

Blade precision forging is a high temperature and large plastic deformation process. Process parameters have a great effect on temperature distribution in billet, so in this paper, by taking a Ti-6Al-4V alloy blade with a tenon as an object, the influence of process parameters on the temperature distribution in precision forging process was investigated using 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FEM （finite element method） code developed by the authors. The results obtained illustrate that： （1） the gradient of temperature distribution increases with increasing the deformation degree; （2） with increasing the initial temperature of the billet, the zones of high temperature become larger, and the gradient of temperature distribution hardly has any increase; （3） friction factors have little effect on the distribution of temperature field; （4） with increasing upper die velocity, temperature of the billet increases while the temperature gradient in billet decreases. The results are helpful to the design and optimization of the process parameters in precision forging process of Ti-alloy blade.

Hot-forging Die Cavity Surface Layer Temperature Gradient Distribution and Determinant

Based on the car front-wheel-hub forging forming process of numerical simulation, the temperature gradient expression of forging model cavity near the surface layer was got ten, which illustrates that the forging temperature gradient is related to forging die materials thermal conductivity, specific heat and impact speed, and the correlation coefficient is 0.97. Under the different thermal conductivity, heat capacity and forging speed, the temperature gradient was compared with each other. The paper obtained the relevant laws, which illustrates the temperature gradient relates to these three parameters in a sequence of thermal conductivity 〉 impact speed〉 specific heat capacity. To reduce thermal stress in the near-surface layer of hot forging cavity, the material with greater thermal conductivity coefficient and specific heat capacity should be used.

RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON A PRECISION FORGING PROCESS OF BLADE WITH A TENON

The blade precision forging process is a forming process with high temperature and large plastic deformation. Interaction of deformation and heat conduction leads to large uneven distribution of temperature. The unevenness of temperature distribution has a great effect on mechanical properties and the microstracture of materials. So it is necessary to consider the influence of temperature on the precision forging process of blades. Taking a blade with a tenon into consideration, a 3D mechanical model in precision forging is built up. The distribution laws of temperature field and the influence of the temperature on the equivalem stress in the process are obtained by using 3-D coupled thermo-mechanical FEM code developed by the authors Theresuits obtained illustrate that the influence of the temperature field on the blade forging process is considerable. The achievements of predicting microstructure and mechanical properties for forged blades is significant.

Experimental Research on the SizeMeasurement of the High Temperature ForgingBased on Multicolor CCD Technology

In order to determine the size measurement accuracy of the high temperature forging＇s multicolor CCD image by using computerprograms, this paper obtained the high temperature forging＇s CCD image by multicolor CCD camera and its fact size by thevernier caliper on the forging field, and then measured the size of the high temperature forging from its CCD image, compared thesize from the CCD image and the size from the vernier caliper, the result shows that the measurement accuracy satisfied theindustrial production.

Simulation-Based Investigation of Crack Formation in Forged MB15 Magnesium Alloy

In the process of riveting an MB15 forging die,cracks were discovered emerging along the longitudinal direction and near the riveting hole.Through fracture analysis,microscopic observation,energy spectrum analysis,metallographic examination,and hardness test,the properties and causes of the cracks are discussed.The results indicate that the cracking type is intergranular brittle cracking,occurring during the forging stage.Furthermore,the recrystallization at the crack site is found to be incomplete,which is attributed to the low deformation temperature.

Controlled Rolling and Cooling Process for Low Carbon Cold Forging Steel

Effect of controlled rolling and cooling process on the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel was investigated for different processing parameters of a laboratory hot rolling mill. The results show that the specimens with fast cooling after hot rolling exhibit very good mechanical properties, and the improvement of the mechanical properties can be attributed mainly to the ferrite-grain refinement. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing final cooling temperature within the range from 670 ℃ to 570 ℃ due to the finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite colony. The specimen with fast cooling after low temperature rolling shows the highest values of the mechanical properties. The effect of the ferrite grain size on the mechanical properties was greater than that of pearlite morphology in the present study. The mechanical properties of specimens by controlled rolling and cooling process without thermal treatment were greatly superior to that of the same specimens by the conventional rolling, and their tensile strength reached 490 MPa grade even in the case of low temperature rolling without controlled rolling. It might be expected to realize the substitution medium-carbon by low-carbon for 490 MPa grade cold forging steel with controlled rolling and cooling process.

钨渗铜复合材料热锻处理及组织性能研究

【目的】解决钨渗铜复合材料中钨晶粒的异常生长和气孔等缺陷,提高钨铜合金的力学性能。【方法】对钨渗铜材料进行了热锻(HF)处理,研究了热锻处理对合金组织性能的影响。【结果】结果表明,热锻后钨渗铜复合材料孔隙减少,钨相和铜相的分布更加均匀,W-W邻接度降低,硬度由298 HV提升至338 HV,摩擦磨损系数由0.45降低至0.28。热锻温度为700℃时,钨渗铜复合材料拉伸性能最优,其室温抗拉性能度增长48.06%,高温抗拉强度显著提升。【结论】热锻能有效改善钨渗铜材料的组织,提高其力学性能。

热处理对原位自生TiB/Ti-55531复合材料锻坯的组织和拉伸性能的影响

针对真空自耗电弧熔炼及近等温热塑性变形所获原位自生2vol%TiB/Ti-55531复合材料锻坯,研究了固溶、时效热处理工艺参数对其显微组织和拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明:2vol%TiB/Ti-55531复合材料及其基体合金锻坯经固溶热处理后,Ti B增强相尺寸形貌变化不大,弥散分布于β相基体的细针状α相回溶,晶界及局部择优取向的细针状α相长大成为条棒状初生α相,导致材料的塑性提高、强度降低。固溶态Ti-55531基体及其复合材料经时效热处理后,条棒状初生α相持续粗化,并有细针状次生α相析出,使得其综合力学性能明显优化。随着固溶温度从α+β两相区增加至β单相区,其固溶时效态组织中条棒状初生α相基本消失,细针状次生α相的数量明显增加,导致材料的强度提高、塑性降低。随时效温度的增加,复合材料及其基体合金显微组织中沿晶界分布的长条棒状初生α相变化不大,分布于β相基体的细针状次生α相粗化,使其强度降低、塑性增加。

退火温度对多向锻造Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织演变和拉伸行为的影响

为调节Ti−6Al−4V锻件显微组织和力学性能,进行一系列退火处理。结果表明:锻态和退火态组织均呈现由等轴初生α相(αp)和转变β相(βt)组成的双态组织。随着退火温度的升高,次生α相(αs)从β相中析出。组织中没有明显的织构,晶体取向均匀分布。同时,强度呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,而塑性没有明显的变化。在860℃退火处理时,由于析出的细小αs相含量较高,合金具有强度和塑性的良好匹配。所有断口表面均包含大量韧窝,为典型的韧性断裂特征。在断口附近发现微裂纹、微孔洞和扭结αp/αl相(等轴αp相和片层α相)特征。

挤压工艺对冷锻用6061合金棒材组织的影响

本文采用热挤压、冷锻造及高低倍观察等方式研究了合金成分、挤压温度及挤压速度对冷锻毛坯组织的影响。结果表明:合金中添加Cr和Mn合金元素能显著改善挤出棒材的内部晶粒组织形貌;采用高温高速的挤压工艺可以使低Cr和Mn合金挤出棒材整个截面呈完全细晶状态,满足了冷锻工艺对原材料品质的需求,同时也大幅提升了挤压生产效率,是最经济、有效的工业化生产方案。

TA15钛合金相变温度与锻造温度符合性确认

针对TA15钛合金相变温度与两相区(α+β)锻造加热温度符合性问题,对TA15钛合金棒料及锻件进行了多批次对比性的工艺验证,结果表明:TA15棒料相变点测定有效区间在992~996℃,根据相变点选取原则,将两相区(α+β)锻造加热温度(955±5)℃进行固化并进行试验,锻件形状、尺寸、力学性能、高低倍组织、超声检测等全部达到了规定的技术要求。

油温对液压减振器流体特性的影响

为适应液压设备动力机构运行于极端工况环境的可靠性与安全性要求,设计了一种可以测试液压孔口与缝隙高低温流体动力性能的测试系统。研究结果表明:在30℃温度下,HM46材料在各类减振器中Cd参数表现出一定程度偏差,当温度升高到80℃时形成了更小的差异性;随着减振器长径比增大后,Cd呈现持续降低,引起通流能力减弱的情况。可以将本文结果作为液压元件处于不同温度区间中的动态性能分析依据。该研究有助于提高冶金坯料在锻机下的成形速度,进而获得高性能的试样,为后续冶金材料的制备奠定基础。

汽车半轴热锻模工况仿真及机器人电弧增材制造路径生成

为了确定热锻模具修复方案,使用有限元仿真软件模拟汽车半轴摆碾成形过程,生成机器人电弧增材制造路径。当连锻次数达到20次后,模具进入热平衡状态,中心圆台表层温度稳定在788℃,表层与540℃等温线相对深度约为28mm,应力场510MPa以上的模具增材层约为26.3mm,确定使用温度场划分模具增材制造区域。利用MATLAB提取540℃以上的点云部位,逆向建立3D模型,进行路径规划并在焊接机器人上运行。

基于结构光技术的高温锻件三维尺寸实时在位测量系统

针对我国高温锻件检测系统缺乏和测量方案不完善的问题,开发出基于结构光技术的锻件三维尺寸在位测量系统。该文设计结构光投影仪的光栅参数优化设计算法以及功率可调节光源系统,并配合三相机摄影设备搭建针对高温锻件三维尺寸实时在位测量系统。同时建立完整的在位检测方法流程,阐述参数标定、特征提取、对比度实时调节以及特征匹配的技术细节。实验结果证明,锻件三维尺寸摄影测量系统可适用于锻件热态测量且尺寸测量精度优于2mm,能够满足对高温锻件高精度尺寸测量的应用需。

大功率柴油机凸轮轴精锻技术研究

针对在模锻锤设备上难以实现精锻的关键与共性技术难题,提出了锻件精度预测与确定的基本原则,研发了优化和控制凸轮轴锻模结构与尺寸、金属冷却收缩率、始锻温度、终锻温度、热切边温度与热校正温度、锤击次数以及“锻造(滚挤制坯、终锻)→热切边→热校正”操作时间等多维度、多层级、多变量集成的精锻技术,将凸轮轴模锻件合格率由普通级96%提高到精密级98%以上,具有应用方面的有效性和广泛性。

脉冲压缩技术在高温锻件电磁超声检测中的应用

针对脉冲压缩技术应用于电磁超声检测时,检测系统频谱特性与调制信号带宽不匹配,导致脉冲压缩效果下降的问题,建立了电磁超声检测过程的场路耦合分析有限元模型,比较线性调频(LFM),Barker,LFM+Barker和调幅线性调频(AMLFM)+Barker共4种调制信号对脉冲压缩效果的影响。以高温锻件平底孔缺陷螺旋线圈电磁超声检测为例,对比和验证了同时宽的4种调制信号脉冲压缩技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:采用Barker信号激励时,获得的脉压信号主瓣信噪比最高,但由于时频积较小,空间分辨率差;采用LFM信号激励时,高温锻件中高频成分超声波衰减愈加严重,造成主瓣信噪比下降和波包宽度变大等问题;采用AMLFM+Barker激励时,由于子函数加窗导致主瓣宽度有所增加;基于LFM+Barker复合调制信号的脉冲压缩技术兼具高主瓣信噪比和高空间分辨率的优点。该研究可以为高温环境下铸锻件超声检测提供解决方法。

电液驱动绳钩成型过程动态模拟及参数匹配分析

绳钩用于集装箱中内部固定,其加工过程需2次折弯、1次加热及锻压等5个工序;目前绳钩制造仍采用人工方法,生产效率低,工作环境恶劣且劳动强度大。为此,设计了一种高精度电液折弯锻压绳钩加工机床,其折弯、锻压工艺由4个液压缸执行。基于显示动力学方法,考虑不同温度场的影响,研究了绳钩加工过程中不同工位折弯力和锻压力随时间的变化规律,并结合液压泵站工作压力,合理选用不同工位液压缸参数。经优化后的机床单件加工周期缩短至8 s,较传统人工加工方法节省时间90%。对优化绳钩加工机床的工艺节拍和提升机床生产效率具有工程指导意义。

B/Y复合微合金化高温钛合金显微组织及性能研究

研究了B/Y复合微量添加对高温钛合金凝固过程及显微组织的影响,分析了不同变形温度下高温钛合金的显微组织演变过程,测试了高温钛合金在室温和650℃下的拉伸性能。结果表明,B/Y微量复合添加使高温钛合金凝固过程中产生成分过冷,形成了包裹于β晶界的链状TiB增强相和晶界、晶内弥散分布的稀土氧化物颗粒,显著细化了原始β晶粒,抑制了β晶界的移动,使晶内析出的α片层长径比减小。不同温度轴向压缩变形后,高温钛合金饼坯不同位置处显微组织存在不均匀现象,TiB增强相促进了次生α相的球化。力学性能结果分析表明,两相区变形合金具有较好的强塑性匹配,B/Y复合添加后高温钛合金650℃拉伸强度得到明显提升。

提高热作模具钢H13退火组织均匀性的措施

某特钢厂在高端热作模具钢H13生产过程中,在对其退火组织进行检测时,发现个别批次未能达到北美压铸协会NADCA#207-2003的要求,评级为AS10~AS13不合格级别,金相组织在显微镜下呈现不同程度网状和链状碳化物分布,组织均匀性也较差。较差组织易造成模具在使用过程中早期开裂,同时降低冲击韧性导致使用寿命缩短。为解决组织差问题,分析了退火组织异常的原因,并进行了针对性工艺优化。通过控制电渣冶炼熔速降低铸锭合金偏析,保证夹杂物充分上浮析出,提升铸锭纯净度;优化高温均质化均热段温度和时间,促进偏析元素快速溶解并重新均匀分布,改善带状偏析;超细化热处理工艺细化晶粒尺寸和实现均匀分布,提升晶界结合强度;控制锻造变形方式和终锻温度,对铸态组织进行破碎,实现细化晶粒,提高材料致密性;优化热处理冷却方式,进一步降低二次碳化物析出量及成链状网状概率等一系列措施,退火组织碳化物尺寸、分布和均匀性得到明显改善,合格率达到99%以上。