Erosion processes in karst landscapes of the Russian plain northern taiga,based on digital elevation modeling

This paper considers the problems of the potential development of erosion processes in the natural landscapes of northern taiga in the Russian plain. It is considered that in forest ecosystems, erosion processes are slow and are weakly reflected in the terrain. However, the situation changes radically if the vegetation cover integrity is violated, which is inevitable with the modern methods of developing northern territories. Furthermore, global changes in average annual temperatures and the occurrence of karst processes may be the reason behind the development of erosion processes. The authors suggest a method for determining territories with a varying occurrence probability of erosional processes, based on digital elevation modelling. The territory of the Pinezhsky Nature Reserve(Arkhangelsk region) was chosen as the test plot. Direct field studies were previously used to detect exogenous geological processes in this territory. The authors were the first to suggest digital elevation modelling as a method that allows determining the potential danger of erosion in karst landscapes of the northern taiga. The geomorphometric studies resulted in the determination of areas with the greatest and lowest occurrence probability of erosion processes in the Pinezhsky Nature Reserve. It was established that the most significant erosion type was linear erosion, represented by incised river valleys and karst ravines. Sheet erosion is less significant and occurs as sinkholes, local declines, and chasms over the valleys of subterranean rivers.

High leaf area index expands the contrasting effect of climate warming on Western Siberia taiga forests activity before and after 2000

The taiga vegetation in Western Siberia has been seriously threatened by climate warming in recent decades.However,how vegetation in different growing states and climate conditions responds to climate changes differently is still unclear.Here we explore the vegetation activity trends in Western Siberia taiga forests using the annual rate of change in leaf area index(LAI)during 1982–2018 so as to answer two questions:(1)how did climate warming affect taiga vegetation activity in the recent last decades?(2)Did the growing state of taiga forest affect its response to climate warming?Our results revealed that climate warming promoted taiga vegetation activity in Western Siberia before 2000.However,continuous warming caused excessive evapotranspiration and led to decreased vegetation activity after 2000.Moreover,the intensity of vegetation growth response to warming was positively related to canopy height and LAI,indicating that both the positive and negative effects of warming were more significant in taiga forests in better growing state.Since these forests generally have higher productivity and play more important roles in ecosystem functioning(e.g.,carbon sink and biodiversity conservation),our results highlight their vulnerability to future climate change that need more research attention.

利用叶面积指数分析气候变化下阿尔泰山泰加林的生长稳定性及其影响因素

阿尔泰山泰加林是西西伯利亚泰加林的南缘,受到全球变化的影响日益加剧,然而在气候变化背景下影响泰加林生长稳定性的关键因子尚不明确。利用叶面积指数(LAI)遥感数据,采用LAI基尼系数作为表征生长稳定性的指标,分析了1982—2018年间阿尔泰山泰加林生长稳定性的变化,并建立多元线性模型分析了气候条件及变化状况、植被生产力、植被高以及植被类型等因素的影响。结果表明:(1)阿尔泰山地区近38年间潜在蒸散量(PET)所表征的热量条件年际增加趋势显著,稳定性较低,饱和水汽压差(VPD)表征的水分条件年际变化趋势较小,泰加林生长稳定性在气候方面主要受到PET的影响;(2)泰加林生长稳定性在高海拔地区较低,低海拔地区较高,且主要受平均叶面积指数(Mean LAI)所表征的植被生产力的影响,对密林(Mean LAI>2.091)而言,生产力越大、稳定性越低,对疏林(Mean LAI≤2.091)而言,生产力越大、稳定性越高,生物因素影响甚至大于气候因素。在气候变化的影响下,稳定性较低的高海拔地区泰加林未来的生长可能会衰退,而生产力较高的泰加林承担着更多的生态系统功能,稳定性降低将导致其面临的威胁也更大。阿尔泰山泰加林作为区域重要的生态安全屏障,未来的保护应当将重心倾向于高海拔及高生产力的泰加林,以减缓气候变化对区域生态安全的影响。

桦树新害虫泰加亚孔蛾生物学特性

国内外首次发现泰加亚孔蛾Subclemensia taigae Kozlov, 1987危害白桦Betula platyphylla和棘皮桦Betula dahurica。采用室内饲养和野外定点观察,结合灯诱、色板引诱等方法对其生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:该虫在河北宽城1 a发生1代,在越冬虫鞘内以蛹于下层枯枝落叶层中越冬;翌年5月下旬成虫陆续羽化,到6月中旬结束,成虫期到6月底;5月底可见幼虫潜叶危害,8月中旬幼虫切下潜斑构筑潜斑虫鞘,陆续切叶危害,吐丝粘连切下的叶边缘形成切叶虫鞘,并陆续坠地爬行到越冬场所,在虫鞘内继续取食内壁叶肉,9月下旬幼虫切除虫鞘边缘,构筑越冬虫鞘,在其内陆续化蛹越冬;幼虫期有蜂类寄生天敌5种;成虫有趋光性,对绿色和黄色有强趋向性,可用来进行成虫监测。

喀纳斯泰加林林下72种植物叶片的碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

喀纳斯泰加林由于常受火干扰的影响,形成了自身独特的生理生态和生态化学计量特征。为探究喀纳斯泰加林林下植物的化学计量特征,阐明其变化规律,对喀纳斯泰加林林下72种植物叶片的碳、氮和磷的化学计量特征进行了分析,为喀纳斯泰加林的可持续经营提供科学依据。结果表明,林下植物叶片的C、N和P质量分数变幅较大,均值分别为(401.26±104.91)、(9.51±4.74)、(5.51±1.73)mg·g−1,变异系数分别为51%,50%和31%;C꞉N、C꞉P、和N꞉P分别为(46.28±23.48)、(74.94±39.55)、(1.86±0.95)。元素之间的相关分析表明,C和P,N和P呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),C与N不存在显著相关关系(P>0.05)。从植物生长类型角度,草本植物对N、P的利用率比灌木高。就植物功能群而言,一二年生植物具有较低的C꞉P和N꞉P比值,生长速度快,寿命短;常绿灌木为了维持常绿和抵抗寒冷的冬季,保持了低矮的状态和较慢的生长速度,C꞉P和N꞉P最高。与全球和中国尺度的研究相比,喀纳斯泰加林林下植物的C、N、P含量和N꞉P较低,说明喀纳斯泰加林土壤缺N。林下植物叶片的N꞉P小于14,表明喀纳斯泰加林下林植物生长受到N的限制,与其他研究区域研究结果受N、P共同限制不同,这是由于喀纳斯泰加林遭受频繁的火干扰导致大量的N损失。

自然火干扰对新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观树种结构的影响

自然火干扰是森林生态系统的正常行为,是决定森林物种构成、群落结构和生物多样性的主要因素。该研究将新疆喀纳斯旅游区作为研究对象,把自然火干扰和树种结构作为不可分割的整体,就喀纳斯旅游区树种结构对自然火干扰的响应进行了分析。结果表明,受自然火干扰林分和长期未受干扰林分的树种结构之间存在明显的差异,自然火干扰对阔叶针叶树种比、树种丰富度(Ma)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)存在极显著的影响,受自然火干扰后,三者均表现出增大的特征。此外,所调查范围内曾发生8次自然火干扰事件,并且不同时期发生的自然火干扰对以阔叶针叶树种比为特质的季相结构和树种丰富度存在极显著的影响。自然火干扰是影响新疆喀纳斯旅游区季相结构和组成结构的主要因素之一。

喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落数量分类与排序

划分泰加林火成演替群落类型,定量分析其分布与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。以新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区泰加林火成演替群落为研究对象,基于369个森林群落样方及其历史火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(Two-wayindicatorspeciesanalysis,TWINSPAN)方法对科学实验区处于不同火成演替阶段的森林群落进行类型划分,并采用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落和主要物种进行排序,分析群落和物种分布与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落分布的影响。结果表明,(1)TWINSPAN将369个森林群落调查样方划分为8种群落类型。(2)RDA较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落分布与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔对火成演替群落的分布起较大的作用,其中:海拔、土壤体积含水量、土壤pH值和土壤全钾(K)、镁(Mg)含量与RDA第一排序轴存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),土壤电导率、土壤有机质和土壤铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量与RDA第一排序轴存在显著相关性(P<0.05),火干扰因子中的火后时间对森林群落分布也起较大的作用,火后时间与RDA第一排序轴存在显著相关性(P<0.05);坡度与RDA第二排序轴存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),坡位、土壤钙(Ca)、锰(Mn)含量与RDA第二排序轴存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。(3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落分布的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占41.5%,火干扰因子解释的部分占3.4%,二者交互作用解释的部分占42.6%,未能解释的部分占12.5%。喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有8种火成演替森林群落类型,其分布受环境因子和火干扰因子的双重控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。

中度火干扰对喀纳斯泰加林土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】自然火干扰作为泰加林中最主要的自然干扰,影响生态系统养分的循环,研究探讨火烧后随着时间的恢复土壤理化性质的变化规律,旨为火烧迹地的改造提供一定的科学依据。【方法】以喀纳斯泰加林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,探讨中度火干扰后不同恢复时间对土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】中度火干扰后土壤容重增加,土壤孔隙度降低。土壤有机碳、全钾、全氮含量则随着火后时间的恢复呈逐渐增加的趋势,火烧后达到44年时,土壤有机碳、全钾、全氮含量均显著高于火烧前水平。【结论】喀纳斯泰加林火烧迹地土壤有机碳、全钾、全氮含量在中度火干扰下,随着火后时间的恢复呈逐渐增加趋势。总体而言,表层0~10 cm土壤更易受到外界环境的影响。

Using a GIS Tool to Map the Spatial Distribution ofPopulation for 2010 in the State of Mexico, Mexico

The present document describes the experience of using a Geography Information System (GIS) tool to map the spatial distribution of the population of the State of Mexico, Mexico, for 2010. Prior to the development of the experience, dif- ferent projects, tools and products, which offered cartographic representations of the population, were presented, se- lecting one that was developed to function in Idrisi Taiga GIS. Likewise, the GIS tool and the process followed to apply it to a case study in the State of Mexico are described. The result is a raster image that shows the distribution of the population on the analyzed state, offering the possibility to identify the zones where the population concentrates and disperses and to produce an opinion from a geographic point of view on what the origin of these distribution patterns is. Among the conclusions from the analysis of results, distinguishable are the applications that the obtained image can have;for instance, the population can be estimated by basins or risk zones by only adding the values of the cells inside these zones. It is also concluded that the degree of detail expressed by the spatial distribution image of the population will depend on several factors, among them the scale and resolution of the input information and the resolution fixed for the output information.

论明词中的台阁体

台阁文学是中国文学史上一种呈规律性、周期性出现的文学现象。在明代永乐至成化年间,不仅诗文领域有台阁体,词坛上亦有台阁体,而且基本成员多有交叉。主要成员有位居台阁的杨士奇、杨荣、黄淮、胡广、陈循、倪谦、邱濬,以及藩邸词人朱有燉、朱高炽和太子时期的朱瞻基等。其题材内容主要包括述恩礼、咏节庆、纪祥瑞;基本特征主要表现为吉祥喜庆的调名选择、"曲终奏雅"的结构模式、雍容和雅的艺术风格。

Soil respiration in paludified forests of European Russia

Soil respiration studies in paludified forests of the European part of Russia are quite rare in comparison with those of open peat bogs,which make long-term observations in this region highly relevant.In this study,soil CO2 emissions were measured by the close chamber method in different microlandscapes of paludified forests.For four summer seasons with different environments,soil respiration ranged from 1078 to 248 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified spruce forest site with coarse woody debris to 659–820 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified boggy pine forest.The most intensive soil respiration was observed during the hot summer of 2013 and the lowest in the hot and humid summer of 2016.Annual total soil CO2 emissions in paludified forests in 2015–2016 were approximately 2000–3000 g CO2 m-2.During the year,the lowest CO2 emission values were observed from November to April(14–84 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1)and the maximum were in July and August(522–1205 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1).The contributions of CO2 emissions in the cold November–April period were 6–8.5%.The impacts of temperature on soil respiration were higher(r2=0.45–0.57)than those of groundwater levels(r^2=0.17–0.49).Soil respiration in the paludified spruce forest and in the pine bog generally were higher than emissions from ecosystems with similar hydrothermal conditions in the boreal zone.

火干扰对喀纳斯泰加林土壤化学性质的影响

为喀纳斯泰加林的可持续经营管理提供理论指导,以其39a和49a的火烧迹地为研究对象,通过样地调查和分析,研究不同林火烈度和火后恢复时间对土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮含量随林火烈度的增强呈递减趋势,随火后恢复时间延长呈增加趋势;土壤全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量随林火烈度与恢复时间的变化无明显规律。喀纳斯泰加林火烧迹地的土壤养分恢复到火前水平其高烈度林火比中、低烈度林火需要更长的时间,0~10cm的土层比10~25cm土层对林火烈度的响应更强烈。

日本NHK大河剧50年兴衰嬗变的阐释与分析

采取对收视率与内容分析相结合的双重手段,研究大河剧50年来的受众策略变化对其收视的影响,为国内电视媒体更准确地接收并处理受众反馈信息,提供了一个有借鉴价值的范例,并以此丰富国内电视节目在受众策略方面的研究。

火干扰对喀纳斯泰加林土壤有机碳的影响

为了研究不同火干扰烈度对喀纳斯泰加林土壤有机碳含量及碳储量的影响,以喀纳斯泰加林同一火烧时间不同火干扰烈度的火烧迹地为研究对象,对不同土层(0~10 cm,10~25 cm)有机碳含量进行测定并估算其碳储量,采用单因素方差分析及LSD多重比较进行差异显著性分析。结果表明,相同火干扰烈度下0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳及碳储量均大于10~25 cm土层。0~10 cm土层中碳储量表现为:未火烧>轻度火干扰>中度火干扰>重度火干扰,在10~25 cm土层中碳储量表现为:轻度火干扰>中度火干扰>未火烧>重度火干扰。0~10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量以及10~25 cm土层的有机碳含量损失程度会随着火干扰烈度的增加而增加。10~25 cm土层碳储量会在轻度和中度火干扰后出现增加。

日本历史电视剧叙事研究——以“大河电视剧”为中心

大河电视剧是日本最具代表意义的历史题材电视剧类型。在50年的发展历史中,大河剧形成了顺叙的时空安排、戏剧式的情节进展、保守的节奏设计这一稳定的叙事模式。大河剧的语言表达具有一种抒情性与纪实性相交、戏剧化与文学化相融的风格。同时,大河剧采用了全知全能视角和内视角的叙述视角。崇尚洁净的民族性格、惜生崇死的日本物哀、匮乏的历史资源与对历史的过度消费是促使大河剧叙事模式形成的文化机制所在。

霍山七里峪次生落叶阔叶林边缘效应研究

以霍山七里峪随机选择的落叶阔叶林、油松针叶林边缘为研究对象进行对比分析。主要用样方法对4个落叶阔叶林和2个油松针叶林的边缘进行了调查,总共设置了192个5 m×5 m落叶阔叶林样方和72个5×5 h绿素含量进行测定发现:各物种叶绿素含量沿边缘表现出边缘-10～10 m区域>边缘10 m内>边缘-10 m外区域。

The structure of the plant communities in the different environment contact sites on the base of the soil-geobotanic profiling in the changing climate of Lake Baikal region

The results of studies of the peculiarities of formation of phytocenoses in environments contact sites of the western and eastern coasts of the Lake Baikal has been showed in this paper. On the base of geobotanic profiling combined with soil one, the structure and dynamics of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of mutual development of light-coniferous taiga forest and of extra zonal steppes. Edaphic conditions and placement of phytocenoses are main trigger factors determining the ways of plant cover development in this part of Lake Baikal basin. We discuss the characteristics properties inherent in the linkage of the dynamics and spatial variability of the vegetation with the change of climate in the Baikal region. The regional conditions of the physiogeographic environment had given rise to structurally highly contrasting plant communities in this region. The increase in yearly mean summertime amounts of rainfall, combined with the rise of yearly mean winter temperatures over the last years were conducive to changes in the spatial structure of vegetation. The boundary between the types of vegetation undergoes smoothing. The upper boundary of forest is altered because of changes of the environment that are responsible for the zonality and properties of vertical zonality of the vegetation on the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal. Changes in the vegetation serve as indicators of climate change as well as providing diagnostic tools for the genesis of the Baikal region’s natural environment.

环境因子和火干扰因子对喀纳斯泰加林柳兰分布的影响

喀纳斯泰加林植被的生长和分布受火干扰和环境因子的共同作用,为了解喀纳斯泰加林林下柳兰分布与生态因子的关系,促进种群扩繁,共设置了35个样地进行调查和分析。建立柳兰重要值与生态因子矩阵,利用CCA分析法对不同火烧林分中柳兰的生长分布状况与林火烈度、火后时间、海拔、坡度、坡向、郁闭度、土壤pH值、速效钾、土壤有机质、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和草本层物种多样性指数等20个生态因子的关系进行了分析。结果显示,第一轴主要反映林火烈度、海拔、坡向,灌木层盖度、pH值、有机质、全钾和速效钾的变化;第二轴主要反映林火烈度、火后时间、草本层盖度、坡向、坡位、土壤容重、电导率、有机质、有效磷和全氮的变化。对柳兰分布有显著影响的生态因子是林火烈度、有机质、海拔、坡向、灌木层盖度、土壤容重、全钾和速效钾,前两轴的累计贡献率为72.48%。柳兰适合在土壤呈弱酸性、海拔低、阳坡、土壤容重小、土壤有机质、全钾和速效钾含量高的环境中生长。柳兰是阳性植物,是火烧后的先锋植物。对影响柳兰分布的生态因子进行定量分离,结果发现环境因子和火干扰因子对柳兰样地物种分布的解释能力为88.2%,显示出较好的排序效果。喀纳斯泰加林受人为干扰较少,柳兰所在植物群落与环境保持了良好的对应关系,生态因子与物种分布呈显著相关(P=0.003),表明CCA排序结果可以解释生态因子对物种分布的影响程度。

Use of Wild-Growing Mushrooms for Therapeutic Purposes in the Perm Territory, Russia

On the Penn Territory （Prikamie）, Russia, a systematic study of agarics and aphyllophoroid mushrooms has been conducted since 1975. The territory belongs to taiga. At present about 900 species of agarics and about 300 species ofaphyllophoroid mushrooms have been discovered. 139 species of Phylum Basidiomycota （131 species） and Phylum Ascomycota （eight species） can be used for therapeutic purposes. The most common are mushrooms from families Russulaceae （15 species）, Agaricaceae （11 species）, Polyporaceae, Strophariaceae （10 species each）. A considerable part of mushrooms （31 species） has bactericidal properties and 26 species can be used for treating malignant tumors.

喀纳斯泰加林群落与环境和火干扰因子的关系

【目的】划分森林群落类型,定量分析森林群落形成与其环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆喀纳斯泰加林火成演替森林群落为研究对象,基于149个森林群落样地及其火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)方法对喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区处于不同演替阶段的森林群落进行群落类型划分,并采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落进行排序,分析森林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落形成的影响。【结果】 1)TWINSPAN将149个森林群落调查样地划分为16种森林群落类型;2)RDA排序结果较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向、土壤有机质和全钾含量对森林群落的形成起较大的作用,其中海拔、坡位、坡度和坡向与RDA第1排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01),土壤有机质和全钾含量与RDA第1排序轴存在显著相关性( P <0.05);火干扰因子中的火烈度对森林群落形成也起较大的作用,火烈度与RDA第2排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01);3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林群落形成的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占21.96%,火干扰因子解释的部分占1.80%,二者交互作用解释的部分占49.82%,未能解释的部分占26.42%。【结论】喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有16种森林群落类型,其森林群落形成受环境因子和火干扰因子的共同控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。