Colposcopic inspection of the vagina is a routine component of the safety assessment of intravaginal products. However, colposcopic findings occur frequently in healthy women, raising questions about their relevance t...Colposcopic inspection of the vagina is a routine component of the safety assessment of intravaginal products. However, colposcopic findings occur frequently in healthy women, raising questions about their relevance to intravaginal product safety. Practical disadvantages limit the utility of colposcopy for evaluating menstrual tampons, among them the presence of background microtrauma, the inability to assess effects during menstruation, and, importantly, the question of whether post-hoc assessments are sufficiently sensitive to detect small inflammatory changes. The Behind-the-knee (BTK) test is an alternative for evaluating inflammatory and tissue dryness effects of physical articles by their repeated application to the popliteal fossa under an elastic bandage. It enables concurrent parallel comparisons of experimental and control articles over time and substantially increases the sensitivity of detecting small changes in tissue inflammation. With this protocol, uncompressed experimental and control tampons yielded comparable relative and absolute erythema scores (after overnight recovery) as did colposcopic assessment of the lower genital tract 3 to 48 hours after menstrual use. Scoring erythema in the BTK test immediately after product removal increased the level of visually discernible inflammation 6-fold. In a study of commercial menstrual pads, subclinical inflammation visualized with cross-polarized light correlated with the frequency of subjective reports of discomfort during the test and discriminated the relative tolerability of the two products determined by market surveillance, providing added confidence in the predictive value of the test. We believe the BTK test to be a valuable alternative to colposcopy for assessing inflammation and dryness associated with menstrual tampons.展开更多
目的探讨OB内置式棉条联合穴位按摩预防危重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)大便失禁患者失禁相关性皮炎(incontinence-associated dermatitis,IAD)的效果。方法选择本院ICU收治的发生大便失禁的患者100例,采用随机数字表法将患者分...目的探讨OB内置式棉条联合穴位按摩预防危重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)大便失禁患者失禁相关性皮炎(incontinence-associated dermatitis,IAD)的效果。方法选择本院ICU收治的发生大便失禁的患者100例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各50例。对照组患者采用常规护理方法,观察组在对照组基础上应用OB内置式棉条留置肛门联合穴位按摩。观察两组患者IAD发生率、发生时间、IAD严重程度及护理工作量。结果观察组患者IAD发生率低于对照组,IAD发生时间晚于对照组,IAD严重程度轻于对照组,患者失禁护理时间短于对照组,每天会阴清洗次数少于对照组,两组比较,均P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论对ICU大便失禁患者应用OB内置式棉条留置肛门联合穴位按摩,可降低患者IAD发生率及严重程度,减轻护理工作量,值得临床推广应用。展开更多
文摘Colposcopic inspection of the vagina is a routine component of the safety assessment of intravaginal products. However, colposcopic findings occur frequently in healthy women, raising questions about their relevance to intravaginal product safety. Practical disadvantages limit the utility of colposcopy for evaluating menstrual tampons, among them the presence of background microtrauma, the inability to assess effects during menstruation, and, importantly, the question of whether post-hoc assessments are sufficiently sensitive to detect small inflammatory changes. The Behind-the-knee (BTK) test is an alternative for evaluating inflammatory and tissue dryness effects of physical articles by their repeated application to the popliteal fossa under an elastic bandage. It enables concurrent parallel comparisons of experimental and control articles over time and substantially increases the sensitivity of detecting small changes in tissue inflammation. With this protocol, uncompressed experimental and control tampons yielded comparable relative and absolute erythema scores (after overnight recovery) as did colposcopic assessment of the lower genital tract 3 to 48 hours after menstrual use. Scoring erythema in the BTK test immediately after product removal increased the level of visually discernible inflammation 6-fold. In a study of commercial menstrual pads, subclinical inflammation visualized with cross-polarized light correlated with the frequency of subjective reports of discomfort during the test and discriminated the relative tolerability of the two products determined by market surveillance, providing added confidence in the predictive value of the test. We believe the BTK test to be a valuable alternative to colposcopy for assessing inflammation and dryness associated with menstrual tampons.
文摘目的探讨OB内置式棉条联合穴位按摩预防危重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)大便失禁患者失禁相关性皮炎(incontinence-associated dermatitis,IAD)的效果。方法选择本院ICU收治的发生大便失禁的患者100例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各50例。对照组患者采用常规护理方法,观察组在对照组基础上应用OB内置式棉条留置肛门联合穴位按摩。观察两组患者IAD发生率、发生时间、IAD严重程度及护理工作量。结果观察组患者IAD发生率低于对照组,IAD发生时间晚于对照组,IAD严重程度轻于对照组,患者失禁护理时间短于对照组,每天会阴清洗次数少于对照组,两组比较,均P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论对ICU大便失禁患者应用OB内置式棉条留置肛门联合穴位按摩,可降低患者IAD发生率及严重程度,减轻护理工作量,值得临床推广应用。
