The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Air Pollution in the Economic Community of West African States region: What Influence Does Tax Expenditure Have?

Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.

Pollutant emission reduction effect through effluent tax,concentration-based effluent standard,or both

There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.

Effects of China's BT-to-VAT Reform on Listed Companies' Turnover Tax Burden

Using the data of China's listed companies during 2010-2014 as samples, this paper employs the PSM and DID methods to respectively investigate the effects of BTto-VAT reform on the turnover tax burden for companies in pilot regions(Shanghai and eight other provinces and municipalities) and the rest of China. Our study arrived at the following findings: Compared with pilot sectors in non-pilot regions, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effect on the turnover tax burden of pilot companies in pilot regions; compared with non-pilot companies, BT-to-VAT reform slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden for pilot companies in the long run. Further differentiation of ownership nature led to the discovery that BT-toVAT reform somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden of SOEs and central SOEs, slightly increased the turnover tax burden for non-SOEs and local SOEs in pilot regions, slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden in the long run after nationwide pilot programs were introduced; BT-to-VAT reform has more significant effects on non-SOEs and local SOEs. In general, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effects on the turnover tax burden of companies and after differentiating pilot regions, pilot sectors and ownership nature, we did not discover any significant effect, which is generally consistent with policy expectations.

Proposal for a Tax Rate Swap to Shield Against the Gap Between Statutory and Effective Tax Rates-A Boost for Entrepreneurship and a Motive for New Investments

This paper focuses on a common problem for entrepreneurs and investors:the uncertainty around the actual tax rate,which is the percent of net income that a corporation pays in taxes.This uncertainty results from a difference(i.e.,a gap)between the statutory and the effective tax rate,which is the actual tax rate.This gap results from the legal framework which provides that certain types of incomes and expenses are not considered income.This gap causes significant uncertainty and may hinder entrepreneurship.This paper studies this gap in seven OECD countries(Austria,Canada,France,Germany,Italy,UK,and USA)and Brazil.We selected the 10 top-listed companies of each country and calculated the gaps for the period 2016-2019.Our findings proved that these gaps are unstable and may differ between companies of the same country and between countries.In addition,gaps of specific companies may change over time.The key outcome of this paper is the proposal of a new derivative tax rate swap.Using this derivative,governments will be able to eliminate the gap of specific companies,attract new investment,and increase entrepreneurship.

Impact of taxes on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:Evidence from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries

Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.

中国企业所得税的有效税率差异研究——基于财务报表附注数据的分解

本文基于上市公司财务报表附注数据,对企业所得税有效税率差异的形成因素进行了分解。研究发现如下:第一,近年来企业所得税优惠政策不断推出,其中税基式优惠的增长尤为明显;第二,随着优惠规模的扩大,企业的有效税率普遍下降,但企业间的税负差异也随之扩大;第三,税收法定的制度因素对有效税率差异的影响至关重要,其中,适用税率的大小是决定企业有效税率高低的关键因素,而税基调整项中的暂时性差异是有效税率差异的最主要来源。本研究强调,未来的税收政策应更注重效率与公平的权衡,同时考虑企业认知能力的差异,税制设计应避免过于复杂和碎片化。

数字经济影响个人所得税调节居民收入差距效应研究--基于我国各省市2010—2022年面板数据的分析

随着互联网的深入普及,数字经济蓬勃发展,传统的个人所得税征管机制逐渐与当前经济发展模式不匹配。通过计算2010—2022年征收个人所得税前后的MT指数,测算个人所得税对调节居民收入差距的效应,并通过双向固定效应模型,运用我国各省级行政区2010—2022年面板数据验证数字经济的发展与当前传统个人所得税的再分配效应呈现有限负相关的关系,反映了现代信息技术应用于个人所得税征管改革的必要性。基于研究结果,进一步提出了完善我国个人所得税征管的政策建议,运用数字经济技术提高税收征管水平,完善我国税收征管体系,推动政府现代化数字治理。

我国减税降费政策研究:综述与展望

自2008年12月中央经济工作会议提出“结构性减税”以来,我国多次调整减税措施和策略,以推动实现不同时期的经济社会发展目标。相应地,理论界也对减税降费的效应进行了多维度的考察。本文从财政收支、居民收入分配、受益归宿、企业经营、就业以及经济增长等多个方面对减税降费的相关研究进行了梳理,全面分析减税降费的效应,旨在更好地发挥税收在国家治理中的基础性、支柱性、保障性作用。

税收竞争力影响中国对RCEP其他成员国直接投资的实证研究

RCEP其他成员国逐渐成为中国对外直接投资的热点国家,而东道国的税收竞争力水平在一定程度上代表着当地的投资环境,对吸引中国OFDI具有重要影响。研究发现,RCEP国家税收竞争力的提升显著促进了中国对外直接投资。从中介效应来看,东道国税收竞争力的提升进一步加快当地产业结构的优化升级、促进当地经济的发展,同时促进了中国对外投资增加。从调节效应来看,税收协定的更新对东道国的税收竞争力有正向调节作用,有助于吸引外资流入。中国要做好RCEP成员国纳税环境的调查研究,加强政府间的税收合作,着眼于税收竞争力的提升,推进税制改革,不断优化税收团队。中国企业要充分调研国内外市场,提高对东道国的税收环境变化的敏感度,降低对外投资涉税风险,重视国际化专业化人才培养。

企业避税的同群效应研究——基于新制度主义组织趋同理论

基于新制度主义组织趋同理论,企业避税不仅是存在于企业内部的问题,其组织间相互影响的模仿行为更值得探讨。本文以2008—2020年上市公司的数据为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型实证检验后,发现企业避税存在同群效应,且会选择模仿同行业领导企业和同地区企业。环境不确定性的提高增强了企业避税的同群效应强度。通过进一步研究发现,企业内部数字化水平和地区社会信任水平对环境不确定性下的避税同群效应具有促进作用,而审计师外部监督强度对其有抑制作用。文章为政府引导企业减少避税行为、提高税收遵从度,增强社会责任的履践提供了理论基础和实践路径。

财税激励政策对企业数字化转型的影响

基于2012—2020年中国A股上市公司面板数据,分析财税政策对企业数字化转型的影响。研究表明,财政补贴和税收优惠均能够激励企业数字化转型,相比于财政补贴,税收优惠对数字化转型的激励作用更强。并且这种激励作用存在明显的异质性,即对东部地区、成熟期企业的激励效果最为显著。进一步分析表明,财税政策对企业数字化转型的激励作用存在门槛效应,当其力度超过某一门槛值后,财税政策对企业数字化转型的正向作用开始减弱。另外,相比于“事前激励”的财政补贴,“事后激励”的税收优惠政策对于外部环境要求更低,具有更强的普适性。

金融发展、税收中性与企业税负

“十四五”规划指出要健全符合高质量发展要求的财税金融制度。本文关注税收中性和税收稳定器在微观企业的实践和表现,以阐述和论证金融发展对企业实际税收负担的影响机制。基于内生经济增长模型,引入金融发展和企业投资成本的概念,进行理论分析发现,在中国经济的实际特征下,随着金融发展程度的提高,地方政府通过降低企业的实际税率来扩大企业产出,从而推动社会福利最优化。经验证据表明,较高金融发展水平使企业融资成本降低,鼓励企业选择债务融资机制,有利于降低企业投资成本,提高企业经济效益和利润。这也有利于地方政府增加税收收入,缓解财政压力,并进一步降低企业税负,从而再次推动企业产出的扩大。研究结果表明,当金融发展水平提高10%,该地区企业所得税、增值税和总体税负的实际税率将分别减少1.59%、0.76%、1.02%。本文的结论可为壮大市场主体、提升政府宏观治理能力以及深化财税金融体制改革提供参考和建议。

投资型税收激励与企业污染减排——基于经济绩效与环境绩效的双维机制检验

本文基于2002~2013年中国“工企-污染”微观数据,以增值税转型政策作为一项准自然实验,采用双重差分模型实证研究了投资型税收激励对企业污染减排的影响及其机制。研究发现:增值税转型有效促进受政策影响企业的污染减排,且这种政策效果在重资产型企业、低碳试点城市以及非国有企业中更为显著。此外,地方政府环境规制与公众环境诉求对增值税转型的减排效应存在良好的协同效应。增值税转型通过增加企业研发投入与提高企业全要素生产率,鼓励企业增加环保投资及增强绿色创新能力来实现污染减排。这些研究结论为进一步完善增值税制度设计以推动企业绿色转型提供了经验证据与政策参考。

财税激励政策对软件企业创新绩效的影响--基于门槛效应检验的证据

以2011—2020年所有软件企业上市公司数据为样本,本文利用门槛检验与回归分析的方法对财政激励与软件企业创新的关系进行分析。财政激励优惠均能提高企业的创新绩效,政府补贴的鼓励效用高于税收优惠。财税激励政策对企业专利质量的影响存在着门槛效应。低政府补贴与高政府补贴均能让税收优惠促进软件企业的高质量创新。当企业获得高政府补贴时,该促进作用更为明显。低税收优惠与高税收优惠同样能让政府补贴激励企业创新质量的上升,当获得高税收优惠时,该激励效应也进一步提升。

TAX、CBDCA与VP16联合治疗小细胞肺癌30例临床疗效观察

目的 :研究化学抗癌药物联合治疗小细胞肺癌的效果。方法 :应用TAX、CBDCA与VP16联合治疗 30例晚期小细胞肺癌。结果 :CR 2例 ,PR 19例 ,总有效率达 70 % (2 1/ 30 ) ,且毒副反应较轻 ,无Ⅲ、Ⅳ级发生。结论 :TAX。

中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势与效应评估

本文回顾了改革开放以来中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势,基于1988—2018年六轮CHIP调查数据,运用收入再分配效应分解方法,从政策规模和累进性等角度研究了以个人所得税、社会保障支出为代表的收入再分配政策的总效应和分解效应。研究发现,中国收入再分配政策具有显著缩小居民收入差距的作用,且这种改善收入分配的作用在三十多年间持续增强。特别是随着农村社会保障网络覆盖范围和政府转移支付规模的逐步扩大,政策累进性日益提升,收入再分配政策发挥着越来越重要的收入再分配作用。本文为深入理解中国收入再分配制度的发展历程、提高收入再分配政策的针对性和有效性提供了重要参考。

我国火炬计划软件产业资金与政策的产出效应研究

产业政策在推动高新技术产业发展上发挥积极作用,其政策效力问题值得研究。基于国家火炬计划软件产业基地样本,建立面板数据模型,考察产业资金和政策的产出效应,以及不同层级政府资金的异质性影响。研究发现,政府资金和税收优惠对软件基地经济产出具有明显提升作用,而企业自有资金和政府资金则对基地的科技产出水平提高效果显著。相比之下,其他资金和政策支持作用并不显著,因此要考虑到不同产业资金和政策的效果差异,从而调整优化政策内容结构,增强针对性和有效性。

Impacts of Carbon Tax Policy on CO_2 Mitigation and Economic Growth in China

在这份报纸，我们由使用可计算出来的一般平衡( CGE ) model.The 结果显示出的动态 energy-environment-economy 在中国检验在 CO2 缓解效果和经济生长上的碳税政策的影响那 30,60 ，并且 90 RMB 将每碳税率的吨 CO2 导致 CO2 的减小在 4.52,8.59 ，和 12.26 的排出物，以及在在 2020 的在 0.11,0.25 ，和 0.39 的 GDP 的衰落，分别地如果碳税收入由 government.Moreover 是镇定的。

碳税征收对我国宏观经济和石化产业影响

碳税是国际上碳定价机制的重要形式之一。在我国,适时开征碳税,对于指引产业发挥税收政策对绿色低碳发展作用、有效弥补碳交易定价缺陷、实现“双碳”目标意义重大。该文基于最新的投入产出表,构建中国碳税可计算一般均衡模型,采用动态碳税调整机制,模拟分析碳税征收对宏观经济和产业经济的影响。研究发现,征收碳税将对我国GDP、出口、居民收入等经济指标造成负面影响,但会抑制高耗能行业发展,从而优化产业结构;对于石化产业,实施碳税会降低医药制品价格,提升其市场竞争力,但会导致基础化学原料等高碳排行业产出和出口的双重下降;引导消费者选择低碳环保产品,从而降低传统橡塑制品产出;综合来看,实施碳税会显著降低高耗能石化行业化石能源消耗和碳排总量,降幅超过全社会平均水平,有利于推动石化行业低碳发展。

环境保护税、研发投入与企业减排效应——基于双重差分法的研究

本文通过对重污染行业2014—2022年上市公司的面板数据分析,结果显示:环境保护税法的颁布能够促进企业减排效应,且经过一系列稳健性检验,结论依然成立;征收环境保护税可以倒逼企业加大研发投入;征收环境保护税可以促使企业通过加大研发投入的方式提升企业减排效应。基于以上研究结果,本研究得出的结论为:环境保护税开征以来,提高污染物适用税额能显著降低企业碳排放量。