Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for...Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.展开更多
The purposes for which biogas technology was introduced at household level were multiple but the major and direct one was to provide a clean and sustainable energy, thereby reducing the reliance on wood fuel. From the...The purposes for which biogas technology was introduced at household level were multiple but the major and direct one was to provide a clean and sustainable energy, thereby reducing the reliance on wood fuel. From the socio-economic studies that have been carried out, biogas end-users and technicians continue to be blamed for technical factors hindering its adoption and use. However, the ways these factors hinder biogas adoption and use plus the linkage between them seem not well understood right from policy to end-users. A technical survey was carried out on household biogas digesters to evaluate the adoption, use and management factors and their implications on the future of household digesters. Over-designed digesters in relation to family size yet not producing enough biogas, dependence on cow dung as the feedstock, 75% of users not being sure of loading rate and mixing ratios, not feeding the digesters daily by all households were found to be the main causes of why biogas was not enough for 87.5% of the respondents and digesters were abandoned in Kampala, Uganda. All surveyed digesters were characterized by starvation-overfeeding problem. Wood fuel was found still dominating in these households with biogas. Given that end-users had no options of digester types from which to select, but handed-over with over-size fixed dome digesters, there is need for all biogas stakeholders to come together as the reality on ground reveals that right from inception to management, everyone is to blame for the technical failures.展开更多
Developing countries sometimes request the assistance of intergovernmental organizations to help write new laws, policies, and regulations where they did not exist, to review draft legislation, or to assist in the upd...Developing countries sometimes request the assistance of intergovernmental organizations to help write new laws, policies, and regulations where they did not exist, to review draft legislation, or to assist in the updating and amendment of outdated laws and policies. This paper seeks to examine the extent to which policy advice provided by intergovernmental organizations differs depending upon the provider, and assesses the extent to which developing countries are conscious of those biases when they request technical assistance. Advice on the sensitive topics of intellectual property, investment, and competition that have been provided to policy makers of developing countries by different multilateral agencies is examined. On the supply side, the paper draws upon advisory reports published by the secretariats of international organizations. On the demand side, this review is complemented by a survey of the extent to which those requesting advice in developing countries are conscious of policy bias when they ask for advisory services.展开更多
This research focused on ＂half-a-day＂ as a mode of internalizing vocational and technical education by the youths in Nigeria. It traced the origin of ＂half-a-day＂ linking it with the ingenuity of the youths to mak...This research focused on ＂half-a-day＂ as a mode of internalizing vocational and technical education by the youths in Nigeria. It traced the origin of ＂half-a-day＂ linking it with the ingenuity of the youths to make the formal education that they have acquired operational. It also discussed the traditional education with its apprenticeship system as being modified through the ＂half-a-day＂ syndrome. The study is historical and descriptive therefore, social survey method was employed using unscheduled interview and consulting relevant literature. It was discovered that, apart from the failure of the educational system due to lack of proper infrastructure, the youths, especially those from the lower class, have reasoned that the salaries from the white-collar jobs may not be enough to sustain them. It is, therefore, recommended, among others, that： Government can institutionalise the ＂half-a-day＂ as a form of summer school and certify both the centres of learning and learners.展开更多
文摘Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.
文摘The purposes for which biogas technology was introduced at household level were multiple but the major and direct one was to provide a clean and sustainable energy, thereby reducing the reliance on wood fuel. From the socio-economic studies that have been carried out, biogas end-users and technicians continue to be blamed for technical factors hindering its adoption and use. However, the ways these factors hinder biogas adoption and use plus the linkage between them seem not well understood right from policy to end-users. A technical survey was carried out on household biogas digesters to evaluate the adoption, use and management factors and their implications on the future of household digesters. Over-designed digesters in relation to family size yet not producing enough biogas, dependence on cow dung as the feedstock, 75% of users not being sure of loading rate and mixing ratios, not feeding the digesters daily by all households were found to be the main causes of why biogas was not enough for 87.5% of the respondents and digesters were abandoned in Kampala, Uganda. All surveyed digesters were characterized by starvation-overfeeding problem. Wood fuel was found still dominating in these households with biogas. Given that end-users had no options of digester types from which to select, but handed-over with over-size fixed dome digesters, there is need for all biogas stakeholders to come together as the reality on ground reveals that right from inception to management, everyone is to blame for the technical failures.
文摘Developing countries sometimes request the assistance of intergovernmental organizations to help write new laws, policies, and regulations where they did not exist, to review draft legislation, or to assist in the updating and amendment of outdated laws and policies. This paper seeks to examine the extent to which policy advice provided by intergovernmental organizations differs depending upon the provider, and assesses the extent to which developing countries are conscious of those biases when they request technical assistance. Advice on the sensitive topics of intellectual property, investment, and competition that have been provided to policy makers of developing countries by different multilateral agencies is examined. On the supply side, the paper draws upon advisory reports published by the secretariats of international organizations. On the demand side, this review is complemented by a survey of the extent to which those requesting advice in developing countries are conscious of policy bias when they ask for advisory services.
文摘This research focused on ＂half-a-day＂ as a mode of internalizing vocational and technical education by the youths in Nigeria. It traced the origin of ＂half-a-day＂ linking it with the ingenuity of the youths to make the formal education that they have acquired operational. It also discussed the traditional education with its apprenticeship system as being modified through the ＂half-a-day＂ syndrome. The study is historical and descriptive therefore, social survey method was employed using unscheduled interview and consulting relevant literature. It was discovered that, apart from the failure of the educational system due to lack of proper infrastructure, the youths, especially those from the lower class, have reasoned that the salaries from the white-collar jobs may not be enough to sustain them. It is, therefore, recommended, among others, that： Government can institutionalise the ＂half-a-day＂ as a form of summer school and certify both the centres of learning and learners.
