A Study of the Factors that Affect Safe Full Heading of Machine-transplanted Rice Seedlings in the Temperate and Cool Rice-growing Areas

This paper studies the factors that affect the safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings in the temperate and cool ricegrowing areas,and explores the influence of machine-transplanted rice seedling varieties,seedling age,nitrogen fertilizer application rate and management on the safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings. Results show that for the mechanized production in the temperate and cool rice-growing areas,we should select the mid-early maturity cold-resistant varieties with growth period of not exceeding 180 d,control the seedling age to be 30- 35 d and total amount of pure nitrogen to be not more than 300 kg / ha,and moderately reduce the nitrogen fertilizer postponing ratio. Under this condition,we can achieve safe full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings and ensure the yield.

Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong＇an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting （SMT） and conventional machine transplanting （CMT） at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12％ higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m2 and consequently less panicle number per m2 than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.

Compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance under machine transplanting

To identify the major factors that contribute to the difference in lodging among different rice varieties under machine transplanting and their responses to nitrogen(N),field experiments were conducted at Danyang County(a representative eco-site of the Lower Yangtze River)in Jiangsu Province,China in 2017 and 2018,22 hybrid indica varieties(HIs),22 inbred japonica varieties(IJs)and two indica japonica hybrid varieties(IJHs)were transplanted by machine with three N rates(N0,N150 and N300,0,150 and 300 kg ha–1,respectively).Lodging-related physical parameters,morphological characteristics and apparent transport rates of dry matter were examined.Significant difference in yield was observed among different types of rice,and followed by IJs<HIs<IJHs.The average lodging index(LI)of hybrid varieties(HIs and IJHs)was higher than that of the inbred varieties(IJs)with higher plant height;moreover,lower apparent export rate of dry matter resulted lower LI in IJHs than in HIs.The HIs had a large difference in the LI,which came from the difference in bending stress(BS)induced by the difference in the apparent export rate of dry matter,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves possess strong lodging resistance capacity;however,the gap among the IJs was due to the difference in the cross section modulus(Z).The LI in the IJs or IJHs increased slightly with the increased N application,and there was no lodging incidence under the high N level,which was due to the low leaf angle and barely changed under high N;there was a significant interaction between varieties(HIs)and N rates in lodging rate and LI,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves were resistant to high N.These results suggest that compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance at machine-transplanting method.

轻简化栽培稻田杂草发生趋势与防控技术

随着水稻轻简化栽培技术的应用与推广,东北稻区、西北稻区、长江流域稻区和华南稻区等水稻主产区的杂草种群演替加快,稗草、千金子和马唐等恶性杂草频繁发生,杂草抗药性水平上升迅速。若杂草防控不及时、不彻底,极易对水稻生产构成严重威胁。为此,对水稻直播、机插和抛秧等轻简化栽培稻田杂草的草相特征、发展趋势和防除方法等进行了概述,以期为制定合理、高效的轻简化栽培稻田杂草综合防控技术、水稻用农药减量增效除草方案,延缓杂草抗药性产生与发展提供借鉴。

水稻机械育插秧技术研究进展

比较了我国水稻生产中不同水稻机插秧方式、机插播种育秧方式的优缺点,分析了传统杂交稻机插技术存在的问题,进而创新提出杂交稻精准播种机插技术,并展望了水稻绿色机插技术的发展。

7个优质粳稻品种在寿光地区的种植鉴定

在潍坊市寿光市进行7个粳稻品种比较试验,对参试品种的农艺性状、产量、抗性及稻米品质表现进行汇总分析。结果表明,津原U99表现早熟、优质、丰产性较好,适于寿光试验区作优质米种植。圣稻22、圣香1826丰产性好、米质优良、中感稻瘟病,应加强稻瘟病的防治。津原U99、润农303、润农11表现抗稻瘟病,津原985高感稻瘟病,圣稻2620感稻瘟病。该试验为当地品种的合理选择提供了参考依据。

钵体苗不同穴距机插对华南优质籼稻产量的影响

钵体苗机插能缩短水稻缓苗时间,促进早生快发,提高群体光合能力,增加生物量和稻谷产量。然而,钵体苗不同穴距机插对华南优质籼稻群体指标和稻谷产量的研究鲜有报道。以华南地区种植面积较广的杂交籼稻品种泰丰优208和常规籼稻品种南晶香占为材料,设置4种穴距处理(A_(1)处理穴距12.4 cm、A_(2)处理穴距14.5 cm、A_(3)处理穴距17.9 cm和A_(4)处理穴距20.7 cm),研究钵体苗不同栽插穴距处理对分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势、生物量和产量等指标的影响。结果显示,随穴距的缩小,分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势和生物量都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,与农户传统穴距17.9 cm(A_(3)处理)相比,A_(1)处理在分蘖中期、幼穗分化始期和抽穗期的分蘖数分别增加36.2%~38.7%、 37.3%~42.4%和21.5%~36.9%;叶面积指数分别增加30.8%~55.9%、16.4%~41.0%和37.7%~53.1%;生物量分别增加32.0%~38.6%、20.1%~34.2%和37.1%~59.0%。分蘖中期到幼穗分化始期和幼穗分化始期到抽穗期的光合势分别增加17.9%~49.2%和28.1%~49.2%。稻谷产量与抽穗期分蘖数、幼穗分化始期叶面积指数和生物量、分蘖中期至幼穗分化始期光合势、成熟期生物量和有效穗数均呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,在华南双季稻区,钵体苗机插适当增加栽插密度能提高水稻前期分蘖数、叶面积指数、光合势和生物量,保持后期群体指标优势,从而增加稻谷产量。

不同水肥模式对机插稻产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的影响

为阐明机插稻返青活棵-分蘖期不同水肥管理方式对其产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的影响,并提出机插稻返青活棵-分蘖期适宜的水肥管理模式,于2022年以南粳9108和南粳5718为供试品种,在返青活棵-分蘖期设置不同水肥管理方式(水稻返青活棵期多次水分灌排与分蘖期增施氮肥(T1)、水稻返青活棵期多次水分灌排与分蘖期不增施氮肥(T2)、水稻返青活棵期减少灌水不排水且分蘖期不增施氮肥(T3)),对比分析不同水肥管理方式下水稻产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的差异。结果表明,返青活棵-分蘖期不同水肥管理方式对机插稻产量和氮肥吸收利用影响显著。相较于T2处理,T1和T3处理显著增加了水稻产量和氮素积累量,产量分别提高8.2%~9.5%和13.3%~13.7%,成熟期氮素积累量分别提高7.0%~8.8%和12.8%~15.2%(p<0.05)。相较于T1处理,T3处理水稻拔节期茎蘖数降低11.4%~11.9%,茎蘖成穗率显著提高11.3%~12.4%,拔节期叶面积指数和干生物量分别显著降低8.2%~9.3%和6.3%~8.6%,抽穗期-成熟期光合势和群体生长率无显著差异。在产量及其构成因素方面,T1和T3处理间无显著差异(p>0.05)。在氮素吸收利用方面,T1和T3处理在氮素积累量方面无显著差异,但T3处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥回收利用率较T1分别显著增加20.1%~22.2%和22.7%~23.0%(p<0.05)。综上所述,在分蘖期不增施氮肥的基础上,通过返青活棵期减少灌水和不排水的方式可以实现机插稻产量和氮肥利用率的同步提升。

早稻舜达135特早栽培高产技术研究

舜达135是绍兴市舜达种业有限公司与中国水稻研究所联合育成的早熟常规早籼稻新品种。为充分发挥该品种早熟、高产优势,在特早栽培条件下(播种期比绍兴传统播期提早10~15 d)开展了不同梯度机插密度和肥料用量对比试验。结果表明,不同机插密度对舜达135有效穗数和产量有极显著影响,对穗粒数和结实率影响未达到显著水平;不同氮肥水平和氮肥水平与机插密度的互作对舜达135有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率和产量的影响均不显著;以种植密度25 cm×14 cm、纯氮施用量150 kg/hm^(2)的处理实际产量最高,达9 633.45 kg/hm^(2)。在2021年和2022年示范中,特早栽培条件下舜达135百亩示范方产量分别达到10 563.00 kg/hm^(2)和10 258.05 kg/hm^(2)。通过2年的示范,总结提出了舜达135特早栽培高产技术。

不同栽培模式对双季稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探讨不同栽培模式对双季稻氮素吸收利用的影响,以中早25和桃优香占为材料,设置机插秧(JC)、机抛秧(JP)、人工手抛(RP)3种栽培模式,采用大区试验,比较不同栽培模式下双季稻产量及氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明:早稻季JC处理的理论产量分别比JP处理、RP处理高51.91%、32.70%;实际产量分别比JP处理、RP处理高51.62%、48.78%。晚稻季JP处理的理论产量分别比JC处理、RP处理高9.45%、8.26%;实际产量分别比JC、RP处理高11.66%、7.07%。早稻成熟期JC处理的总干物质积累量分别比JP处理、RP处理高51.60%、131.69%;晚稻成熟期RP处理的总干物质积累量分别比JC、JP处理高17.18%、3.73%。早稻植株总氮积累量以JC处理最高,分别比JP、RP处理高45.22%、33.01%;晚稻植株总氮积累量以JP处理最高,分别比JC、RP处理高25.09%、5.77%。因此,在湘北地区早稻机插与晚稻机抛有利于提高氮素利用率和水稻产量。

适合作烟后稻的优质机插品种筛选

为了筛选出适合宁化县作烟后稻优质机插品种,2022年引进12个米质达到农业行业标准二级及以上的杂交水稻新品种,在福建省宁化县泉上镇泉正村开展烟后稻优质机插品种筛选试验。结果表明:昌两优馥香占、荃优607、玮两优馥香占、臻两优钰占等4个品种群体田间表现优、丰产性好、抗逆性强,可作为烟后稻机插品种在本区域进一步扩大示范应用;玮两优7713群体田间表现好、丰产性好、抗病性和抗热抗旱性强、抗稻飞虱,该品种抗倒伏性能一般,可在不易发生倒伏的田块种植,发挥其减药及增产增效的作用;昱香两优馥香占综合表现较好、米质优、有香味、整精米率高,可作为粮食经营主体创建品牌的选择品种,通过适度规模种植,单独收割、烘干、贮藏和加工,达到优质优价;Q两优1606和泰两优5187等2个品种可作为烟后稻机插后备品种。

毯苗机插方式下不同常规粳稻品种综合性状比较

[目的]筛选出适宜昆山市机插的优质高产常规粳稻品种和优良食味水稻品种。[方法]在毯苗机插方式下,从生育期、产量、抗性与品鉴品质4个方面,对5个常规粳稻品种综合性状进行了比较。[结果]武运粳30号生育期适宜、分蘖性状良好、产量潜力高、抗倒伏和抗病能力较强,加之品鉴品质相对较好,可作为优质高产品种在昆山市大面积示范推广;常农粳12号相关性状较之略逊色,亦可作为优质高产品种搭配种植;南粳3908和南粳46稻米具有优质的外观、良好的口感,且有一定的香味,可作为优良食味水稻品种进行稻米产业化开发。[结论]该研究为优化昆山当地水稻的品种结构提供了参考依据。

六安市裕安区水稻机插秧生产调查及农机农艺配套栽培途径探讨

从六安市裕安区水稻机插秧生产调查入手,总结了水稻机插秧生产具有防倒伏、草害轻、产量高、米质优等优点的同时,指出了其生产上存在的突出问题,并提出了农机农艺相结合的栽培措施,旨在为今后水稻高质量发展提供技术参考。

栽插期对机插秧水稻产量及品质的影响

近年来,水稻机插秧发展迅速,相关技术逐渐成熟。为进一步研究不同栽插期对机插秧水稻产量及品质的影响,以淮稻5号为研究对象,进行4个栽插期处理的对比试验。结果表明:栽插期对机插秧水稻产量有明显影响,以6月15日栽插产量最高,较6月30日栽插增产5.3%,在秧龄相近的情况下,栽插越晚产量越低;随着栽插期的推迟,稻米加工品质和外观品质总体呈下降趋势。生产上应抓住适期,争取早栽,以实现水稻产质量的提高。

Effects of different machine transplanting methods on the physiological and yield characteristics of late rice in China

To address problems caused by rice machine transplanting such as injury to the seedlings and recovery period that extend growth period,this study explored the effects of different machine transplanting methods on the physiological and yield characteristics of late rice in China,and determine the appropriate machine transplanting method for late rice,which was expected to provide a basis for high-yield and high-efficient cultivation of machine-transplanted late rice.Hybrid indica rice Taiyou 398 and conventional indica rice Jing Gangruanzhan were selected as the research objects,and large-pot carpet seedling machine transplanting(M1),conventional pot carpet seedling machine transplanting(M2)and ordinary carpet seedling machine transplanting(M3)were adopted respectively to analyze their effects on seedling quality,population physiological characteristics,yield and its components and economic benefits of late rice.The results showed that compared with M2 and M3,M1 achieved higher seedling quality,showing significant advantages in the early stage despite average root entwining force that met the requirement of machine transplanting.The seedlings transplanted using M1 had shorter recovery period after mechanical transplanting,with earlier tillering,earlier peak seedling,and slower declining of stems and tillers in the late stage;the peak seedling number was not high,but the effective tiller number and earbearing tiller percentage were significantly higher than those achieved by the other two machine transplanting methods.Also,M1 achieved stronger photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves before HS,with more photosynthetic products in stems and leaves transported to panicles and more efficiently after HS.Compared with seedlings transplanted using M2 and M3,the recovery period of those transplanted using M1 was shortened by 3 and 5 d,the heading stage(HS),and maturity stage(MS)were advanced,which effectively reduced the risk and impact of“cold dew wind”on machine-transplanted late rice.M1 had significant yield increase advantage and economic benefit,with better grain maturity,and“larger panicles,more panicles,more and fuller grains”.M1 achieved an average yield increase of 10.31%-11.10%,20.67%-25.10%in 2 years,and an average income increase of 18.65%-131.06%and 62.85%-323.78%,respectively.Therefore,vigorously developing M1 is the key to the high-yield and high-efficient cultivation of machine-transplanted late rice in China.

钵苗机插对不同杂交晚稻品种产量及品质的影响

钵苗机插技术在水稻上广泛应用。2021年选用中浙优8号、泰两优217、嘉丰优2号、甬优15等4个杂交晚稻品种,分析比较钵苗机插与毯苗机插2种育秧机插方式对不同单季晚稻品种秧苗素质、产量构成及稻米品质的影响。钵苗机插能够实现水稻增产,主要是由于钵苗秧苗素质好,干物质积累多,机插发棵早,穗粒数显著增加,结实率和千粒重稳定。但稻米品质改善效果不明显,只减少了垩白度。深入研究钵苗机插技术对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,筛选适合钵苗机插的优质单季晚稻品种,达到优质、稳产、节本的目的,为钵苗机插的推广提供技术路径。

侧深施肥对机插稻产量及效益的影响

为提高海陵区水稻种植水平和生产效益,提高氮肥利用率,降低肥料使用量,以海陵区主栽品种南粳9108作为供试水稻品种,设置不施氮肥对照、常规施肥、侧深一基一追施肥和侧深一次性施肥4个处理开展田间试验,研究侧深施肥对机插稻产量和效益的影响。结果表明,在机插稻侧深一基一追施肥条件下,施纯N 240 kg/hm^(2)时,水稻产量最高,为9684.00 kg/hm^(2);效益最高,为24205.20元/hm^(2)。

水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术

《“十四五”湖南省种植业发展规划》指出,为保障粮食安全稳定供给,加快农业转型升级,实现农药化肥减量增效目标,推进农机农艺融合,促进农业高质量发展。在此背景下,推广应用水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术势在必行。概述了水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术的特点与优势,探讨了水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥的关键技术。

水稻机械化育插秧高产栽培技术

以永州市为例,着重对水稻机械化育秧插秧高产栽培技术要点展开了深入研究,以期为实现水稻产业提质增效、增产增收的目标提供参考依据。

水稻密播短秧龄机插秧试验

水稻密播短秧龄机插对于水稻节本增效具有重要意义,探索合适的技术参数对于水稻生产至关重要。为探索通过育秧时增加每盘播种量,同时适当缩短秧龄,从而减少单位面积秧盘用量、降低育秧成本的可行性,本试验设4个播量处理,研究其对水稻秧苗素质、群体动态、产量及其构成因素和经济效益的影响。结果表明,播量130 g/盘和150 g/盘处理秧苗素质较好,株高较高,分蘖成穗率较高,产量及其构成因素较高,经济效益较好,可有效节约秧盘成本,进而实现节本增效目标。这一创新技术可在陕西地区推广。