Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transpor...Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.展开更多
This paper details the latest situation and features of the technology development in terms of China’s oral care products industry and proposes the following development direction in this sector. Meanwhile, the paper...This paper details the latest situation and features of the technology development in terms of China’s oral care products industry and proposes the following development direction in this sector. Meanwhile, the paper analyzes the popular products in the international market of oral care products and also predicts the trend of the product future in China’s market.展开更多
Recent progress in the physics and engineering design study for themodification programme of JT-60 is presented. In order to achieve a steady state high-βplasmaoperation, which is the dominant issue of this programme...Recent progress in the physics and engineering design study for themodification programme of JT-60 is presented. In order to achieve a steady state high-βplasmaoperation, which is the dominant issue of this programme, physics design for the MHD control and thestability analysis is investigated. Engineering design and the R & D for the superconducting coils,irradiation shield are performed well towards the mission of programme.展开更多
China is a large developing country with rapid growth rate. To the year 2050, its electric power will be increased by six to eight times, reaching 1.5—1.8 TW total installed capacity. The development can not only rel...China is a large developing country with rapid growth rate. To the year 2050, its electric power will be increased by six to eight times, reaching 1.5—1.8 TW total installed capacity. The development can not only rely on the existing technology, it is crucial to accelerate the new technology development. This article discusses the perspective of various new technologies from the available energy resources and the required increase of electric power.展开更多
1 Introduction The 21st century is coming and the world iron and steel making technology is facing an important technical evolution at this century turnover,which is reflected in two aspects:①Rapid development of tra...1 Introduction The 21st century is coming and the world iron and steel making technology is facing an important technical evolution at this century turnover,which is reflected in two aspects:①Rapid development of traditional iron&steel making technology with continuous regeneration;②Three major frontier techniques of metallurgy(smelting reduction;near-net-shape continuous展开更多
Carrier Ethernet(CE) is gradually stepping away from standardization and testing to deployment and application in live networks.Although great improvement has been made in the reliability of various CE technologies,th...Carrier Ethernet(CE) is gradually stepping away from standardization and testing to deployment and application in live networks.Although great improvement has been made in the reliability of various CE technologies,there is need for improvement in their Quality of Service(QoS),Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM),especially the multi-vendor interoperability.The deployment of CE should be service-oriented,and the factors,such as maturity of related technologies and standards,deployment costs,and the complexity of network reconstruction as well as the interoperability with other vendors,should be taken into full consideration to flexibly select appropriate networking technology for different application scenarios according to technical features.展开更多
The Shenzhen Science and Technology Devleopment Co. Ltd., founded in 1985, has takes first place on the international market for its large export volume of high-tech products—magnetic heads for computer hardware disc...The Shenzhen Science and Technology Devleopment Co. Ltd., founded in 1985, has takes first place on the international market for its large export volume of high-tech products—magnetic heads for computer hardware discs in 1996. So far, the product has achieved a firm position on the international market through continuous efforts to renew the technical performance of its products. The products, functioning as a large storage capacity for hard disc drives, is internationally recognized as a high-tech product. During展开更多
The Asian Inaugural Science-BasedInnovation, Life Sciences & TechnologySummit co-sponsored by the China Councilfor the Promotion of International Trade andthe Pacific Rim Forum is being held heretoday.
Through almost 30 years effort on developing photovoltaic technics, China has possessed certain technical level and foundation. As of the end of 1994, many solar cell factories were built up such as in Kunming, Kaifen...Through almost 30 years effort on developing photovoltaic technics, China has possessed certain technical level and foundation. As of the end of 1994, many solar cell factories were built up such as in Kunming, Kaifeng, Ningbo. Shenzhen, Harbin etc. with a total production capability of 4500 kW per year, in which single-crystal silicon cells 3500 kW, non-crystal展开更多
Ⅰ. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL At present there are 795 research institutes in China (in 1987 there were 351 independent ones and 441 affiliated ones) under the Chinese Academy of Medical Science,the Chinese Academy o...Ⅰ. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL At present there are 795 research institutes in China (in 1987 there were 351 independent ones and 441 affiliated ones) under the Chinese Academy of Medical Science,the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine,the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Military Medicine.They are playing the role of research centers for basic and clinical medicine,preventive medicine,traditional Chinese medicine,and mili-展开更多
Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source,and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs.Recentl...Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source,and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs.Recently,more and more thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs have been discovered in China,while their deep buried depth and serous heterogeneity make the existing SAGD technology difficult to apply,so it is urgent to improve the existing SAGD technology for the thin-layer super-heavy oil.To this end,this paper focuses on the enlightenment of field application in SAGD technology.Firstly,based on typical SAGD field projects,the development history of SAGD technology in the world was reviewed,and the influence of reservoir physical properties on the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was analyzed.Secondly,the well pattern,wellbore structure,pre-heating,artificial lift,and monitor technique of SAGD were detailed described,and their adjustment direction was expounded for the development of thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.Lastly,the gas-and solventassistant SAGD were comprehensively evaluated,and their application potential in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was studied.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.展开更多
The topic was concentrated on environmental technology development in China within the context of China's economic acceleration and reform. Firstly, cleaner technology should be adopted where possible in indu...The topic was concentrated on environmental technology development in China within the context of China's economic acceleration and reform. Firstly, cleaner technology should be adopted where possible in industrial production; secondly, eco agricultural technological system, especially biological technology, should be developed in agricultural production; thirdly, end of pipe solution should focus on waste utilization or recycling technology where appropriate clean technology does not exist; lastly but not the least, existing technologies to minimize eco environmental deterioration such as soil erosion, salinization, desertification and deforestation should also be extended and developed. The mentioned ways of environmental technology development can only be realized on the condition that a resource conservation based production system and life style could be established and appropriate policy secured.展开更多
This project is supported by the 2007 R ＆ D Special Fund for Public Welfare by Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance.Research tasks in this project are proposed based on the implementation plan o...This project is supported by the 2007 R ＆ D Special Fund for Public Welfare by Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance.Research tasks in this project are proposed based on the implementation plan of the＂THORPEX（The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment） Interactive Grand Global Ensemble（TIGGE）＂,a sub-project of the THORPEX international program.展开更多
Based on the systematic theory and the system analytic method, this thesis expounds manifestly the evaluation target system and comprehensive evaluation method about the science and technology development of provinces...Based on the systematic theory and the system analytic method, this thesis expounds manifestly the evaluation target system and comprehensive evaluation method about the science and technology development of provinces (cities and districts). By putting it into practice of provinces (cities and districts) science and technology development, this set of target system and method may fully reflect the impact on the social development. The acceleration of transferring the extensive economy to the intensive one in province (cities and districts) and the relation of coordinated growth of science and technology, economy, society are of momentous current significance.展开更多
Environmental technology (ET) refers to the processes and techniques for environmental prevention, reduction, recycling, reuse and rehabilitation. Since 1978, China has launched a series of R&D programs in promoti...Environmental technology (ET) refers to the processes and techniques for environmental prevention, reduction, recycling, reuse and rehabilitation. Since 1978, China has launched a series of R&D programs in promoting environmental science and technology development. Uneven spatial distribution and sectoral structure give us a profile of the present status of ET in China. Both opportunities and constraints are analyzed for the development of ET, and strategies for its future development are presented in this paper.展开更多
文摘Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.
文摘This paper details the latest situation and features of the technology development in terms of China’s oral care products industry and proposes the following development direction in this sector. Meanwhile, the paper analyzes the popular products in the international market of oral care products and also predicts the trend of the product future in China’s market.
文摘Recent progress in the physics and engineering design study for themodification programme of JT-60 is presented. In order to achieve a steady state high-βplasmaoperation, which is the dominant issue of this programme, physics design for the MHD control and thestability analysis is investigated. Engineering design and the R & D for the superconducting coils,irradiation shield are performed well towards the mission of programme.
文摘China is a large developing country with rapid growth rate. To the year 2050, its electric power will be increased by six to eight times, reaching 1.5—1.8 TW total installed capacity. The development can not only rely on the existing technology, it is crucial to accelerate the new technology development. This article discusses the perspective of various new technologies from the available energy resources and the required increase of electric power.
文摘1 Introduction The 21st century is coming and the world iron and steel making technology is facing an important technical evolution at this century turnover,which is reflected in two aspects:①Rapid development of traditional iron&steel making technology with continuous regeneration;②Three major frontier techniques of metallurgy(smelting reduction;near-net-shape continuous
文摘Carrier Ethernet(CE) is gradually stepping away from standardization and testing to deployment and application in live networks.Although great improvement has been made in the reliability of various CE technologies,there is need for improvement in their Quality of Service(QoS),Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM),especially the multi-vendor interoperability.The deployment of CE should be service-oriented,and the factors,such as maturity of related technologies and standards,deployment costs,and the complexity of network reconstruction as well as the interoperability with other vendors,should be taken into full consideration to flexibly select appropriate networking technology for different application scenarios according to technical features.
文摘The Shenzhen Science and Technology Devleopment Co. Ltd., founded in 1985, has takes first place on the international market for its large export volume of high-tech products—magnetic heads for computer hardware discs in 1996. So far, the product has achieved a firm position on the international market through continuous efforts to renew the technical performance of its products. The products, functioning as a large storage capacity for hard disc drives, is internationally recognized as a high-tech product. During
文摘The Asian Inaugural Science-BasedInnovation, Life Sciences & TechnologySummit co-sponsored by the China Councilfor the Promotion of International Trade andthe Pacific Rim Forum is being held heretoday.
文摘Through almost 30 years effort on developing photovoltaic technics, China has possessed certain technical level and foundation. As of the end of 1994, many solar cell factories were built up such as in Kunming, Kaifeng, Ningbo. Shenzhen, Harbin etc. with a total production capability of 4500 kW per year, in which single-crystal silicon cells 3500 kW, non-crystal
文摘Ⅰ. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL At present there are 795 research institutes in China (in 1987 there were 351 independent ones and 441 affiliated ones) under the Chinese Academy of Medical Science,the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine,the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Military Medicine.They are playing the role of research centers for basic and clinical medicine,preventive medicine,traditional Chinese medicine,and mili-
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(Grant Nos.CUGGC09 and CUG200637)Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil&Gas Development(China University of Petroleum(East China)),Ministry of Education(Grant No.19CX05005A-201)the Sinopec Science and Technology Department(Grant Nos.P2006 and 33550000-21-ZC0611-0006)。
文摘Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source,and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs.Recently,more and more thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs have been discovered in China,while their deep buried depth and serous heterogeneity make the existing SAGD technology difficult to apply,so it is urgent to improve the existing SAGD technology for the thin-layer super-heavy oil.To this end,this paper focuses on the enlightenment of field application in SAGD technology.Firstly,based on typical SAGD field projects,the development history of SAGD technology in the world was reviewed,and the influence of reservoir physical properties on the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was analyzed.Secondly,the well pattern,wellbore structure,pre-heating,artificial lift,and monitor technique of SAGD were detailed described,and their adjustment direction was expounded for the development of thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.Lastly,the gas-and solventassistant SAGD were comprehensively evaluated,and their application potential in thin-layer superheavy oil reservoirs was studied.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.
文摘The topic was concentrated on environmental technology development in China within the context of China's economic acceleration and reform. Firstly, cleaner technology should be adopted where possible in industrial production; secondly, eco agricultural technological system, especially biological technology, should be developed in agricultural production; thirdly, end of pipe solution should focus on waste utilization or recycling technology where appropriate clean technology does not exist; lastly but not the least, existing technologies to minimize eco environmental deterioration such as soil erosion, salinization, desertification and deforestation should also be extended and developed. The mentioned ways of environmental technology development can only be realized on the condition that a resource conservation based production system and life style could be established and appropriate policy secured.
文摘This project is supported by the 2007 R ＆ D Special Fund for Public Welfare by Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance.Research tasks in this project are proposed based on the implementation plan of the＂THORPEX（The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment） Interactive Grand Global Ensemble（TIGGE）＂,a sub-project of the THORPEX international program.
文摘Based on the systematic theory and the system analytic method, this thesis expounds manifestly the evaluation target system and comprehensive evaluation method about the science and technology development of provinces (cities and districts). By putting it into practice of provinces (cities and districts) science and technology development, this set of target system and method may fully reflect the impact on the social development. The acceleration of transferring the extensive economy to the intensive one in province (cities and districts) and the relation of coordinated growth of science and technology, economy, society are of momentous current significance.
文摘Environmental technology (ET) refers to the processes and techniques for environmental prevention, reduction, recycling, reuse and rehabilitation. Since 1978, China has launched a series of R&D programs in promoting environmental science and technology development. Uneven spatial distribution and sectoral structure give us a profile of the present status of ET in China. Both opportunities and constraints are analyzed for the development of ET, and strategies for its future development are presented in this paper.
