Rapid advancement in science and technology has seen computer network technology being upgraded constantly, and computer technology, in particular, has been applied more and more extensively, which has brought conveni...Rapid advancement in science and technology has seen computer network technology being upgraded constantly, and computer technology, in particular, has been applied more and more extensively, which has brought convenience to people’s lives. The number of people using the internet around the globe has also increased significantly, exerting a profound influence on artificial intelligence. Further, the constant upgrading and development of artificial intelligence has led to the continuous innovation and improvement of computer technology. Countries around the world have also registered an increase in investment, paying more attention to artificial intelligence. Through an analysis of the current development situation and the existing applications of artificial intelligence, this paper explicates the role of artificial intelligence in the face of the unceasing expansion of computer network technology.展开更多
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has been actively researched and developed as a new network technology to support broadband high- speed multimedia services . This paper discusses WMN technology and applications , and intr...Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has been actively researched and developed as a new network technology to support broadband high- speed multimedia services . This paper discusses WMN technology and applications , and introduces the basic technologies , typical applications and current development of the WMN. With the future development of wireless distribution technology and network, wireless Mesh technology and network will become the key networking technology and architecture of wireless mobile communications , and will be widely used in various wireless networks with more important roles .展开更多
The heterogeneous network convergence is the trend of future network development. However, many bottlenecks exist in the converged system such as high time delay, high energy consumption, and low data rate. Multi-Radi...The heterogeneous network convergence is the trend of future network development. However, many bottlenecks exist in the converged system such as high time delay, high energy consumption, and low data rate. Multi-Radio Cooperation (MRC) technology is specially designed to overcome these bottlenecks and to satisfy the requirements of heterogeneous network convergence. MRC can improve network capacity, reduce the energy consumption of radio devices, and decrease handover latency between heterogeneous networks by the cooperation of multiple radios, and by efficient management and feasible allocation of multi-radio resources. MRC makes real seamless heterogeneous network convergence possible.展开更多
The Packet Transport Network(PTN) technology includes Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) and Provider Backbone Transport(PBT).T-MPLS is the simplified and reformed Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS).It...The Packet Transport Network(PTN) technology includes Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) and Provider Backbone Transport(PBT).T-MPLS is the simplified and reformed Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS).It drops MPLS’connectionless features and its transport-unrelated forwarding processing,but adds the network model of the transport layer,protection switching and Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM) functionality.PBT enforces both OAM and protection functions,adds Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) business simulation and clock functions,and strengthens multi-service support capability.But PBT has no functions of traditional Ethernet address learning,address broadcast and Spanning Tree Protocol(STP).Both T-MPLS and PBT can well satisfy the requirements of packet transport.Compared to PBT,T-MPLS has better OAM functions.展开更多
The home network is a major concern for the growth of digital and information society. Yet, how to guarantee the security of its digital content and protect the legal benefits for each section of the value chain becom...The home network is a major concern for the growth of digital and information society. Yet, how to guarantee the security of its digital content and protect the legal benefits for each section of the value chain becomes a crucial "bottleneck" in the home network development. The Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology provides total solution for usage, storage, transfer, and tracing the digital contents and rights. Its basic features are systematic and controllability. Considering the growth of the new media and services and the requirements of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in a home network, it's necessary to solve consistency problems in usage, storage, and transfer of contents and rights. In addition, it is inevitable to conduct researches of key techniques such as end-to-end secure transmission, conditional access and play, and right description.展开更多
Computer network technology has a very important role in electronic information engineering.The application of this technology not only enriches the traditional information engineering functions,but also effectively g...Computer network technology has a very important role in electronic information engineering.The application of this technology not only enriches the traditional information engineering functions,but also effectively guarantees the efficiency and quality.At present,due to the wide variety of external information that Chinese citizens are exposed to,in addition to the variegated and mixed content,it is easy for information to be leaked or stolen.In order to avoid similar situations,it is necessary for people to pay more attention to network system security,so as to ensure that the quality of life of citizens can be guaranteed.In view of that,this paper discusses and analyzes the application of computer network technology in electronic information engineering.展开更多
Theory and technology of network security is the core course of information security major,however,it still faces many challenges in the education of foreign graduate students studying in China.This paper analyzes the...Theory and technology of network security is the core course of information security major,however,it still faces many challenges in the education of foreign graduate students studying in China.This paper analyzes the status quo and existing problems in the course of theory and technology of network security for foreign graduate students studying in China,the most fundamental of which is that the existing teaching materials are difficult to meet the needs of foreign graduate students.In view of the problem,this paper discusses how to improve the existing teaching materials to adapt to the teaching needs for foreign students and puts forward some new ideas and reform measures.展开更多
The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technolog...The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technology and cognitive theory, the evolution from existing radio networks to future reconfigurable radio networks with the cognitive ability becomes possible. Nowadays the research aspects of E2R include the system architecture of reconfigurable radio networks and some key technologies for their evolution.展开更多
The fast development of IP services forces the traffic flow in the networks to move gradually from Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) services to packet data services.To adapt to the change,low-cost Ethernet technologies...The fast development of IP services forces the traffic flow in the networks to move gradually from Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) services to packet data services.To adapt to the change,low-cost Ethernet technologies are introduced into the Metropolitan Area Network(MAN).Ring network control protocols and ring network protection technologies are applied to guarantee manageability and reliability required in the telecom networks.The Ethernet Ring Protection(ERP) and Resilient Packet Ring(RPR) are two different ring protection technologies.The Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) network uses the T-MPLS Shared Protection Ring(TM-SPRing) technology to provide ring protection.Carriers can expand the protection as needed and use appropriate ring technologies to meet the requirements of Carrier Ethernet(CE).展开更多
As an important branch of telecommunication technology, digital home networks have quickly developed in recent years. Although architecture of the digital home network based on telecommunication networks has been stan...As an important branch of telecommunication technology, digital home networks have quickly developed in recent years. Although architecture of the digital home network based on telecommunication networks has been standardized in China, only wireless access is defined to be allowable. Therefore, it becomes the focus of further research how to establish a wireless digital home network. This article proposes the concept and shows the architecture of ubiquitous access for wireless digital home networks. Moreover, key technologies for ubiquitous access are discussed here, including cognitive radio, the concept of wireless Mesh, generic link transfer mechanism, Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee mechanism, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and coexistence of heterogeneous systems.展开更多
As the product of the mutual infiltration of the various disciplines such as the control theory, information theory, system theory, computer science, physiology, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and so on, the rese...As the product of the mutual infiltration of the various disciplines such as the control theory, information theory, system theory, computer science, physiology, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and so on, the research field of the theory and application of artificial intelligence technology covers almost all the areas of human activity. In recent years, the rapid development of computer network technology produces and drives a batch of new scientific research fields. Among them, the application of artificial intelligence in the computer network technology is a hot topic which is academically and technically strong and can bring obvious economic benefit.展开更多
With the continuous development of social economy,science and technology are also in continuous progress,relying on the Internet technology of big data era has come in an all-round way.On the basis of the development ...With the continuous development of social economy,science and technology are also in continuous progress,relying on the Internet technology of big data era has come in an all-round way.On the basis of the development of cloud computing and Internet technology,artificial intelligence technology has emerged as the times require.It also has more advantages.Applying it to computer network technology can effectively improve the data processing efficiency and quality of computer network technology,and improve the convenience for people’s life and production.This paper studies and analyzes the practical application requirements of computer network,and discusses the application characteristics and timeliness of artificial intelligence technology.展开更多
Networking is the core area of national strategic emerging industry development of information industry; it will play an important role in national economic development. Currently, it is hot issue of global research a...Networking is the core area of national strategic emerging industry development of information industry; it will play an important role in national economic development. Currently, it is hot issue of global research at home and abroad regardless of the mention of its development of a national strategic level, it is called the third wave of the world information industry following the computer, and internet.展开更多
Softswitch technology integrates the su-periorities of both an intelligence net-work and the Internet, which embodiesits maturity and advancement. With ahierarchical network model, it effectivelysolves problems of evo...Softswitch technology integrates the su-periorities of both an intelligence net-work and the Internet, which embodiesits maturity and advancement. With ahierarchical network model, it effectivelysolves problems of evolution and convergenceof current communication networks. It also fol-展开更多
In the computer field,network security is a crucial integrant.It is necessary to pay attention on the application of virtual network technology,so as to raise the standard of computer network security to a new level[2...In the computer field,network security is a crucial integrant.It is necessary to pay attention on the application of virtual network technology,so as to raise the standard of computer network security to a new level[2].In view of this,this paper will analyze the application of virtual network technology in computer network security and propose some strategies for future reference.展开更多
The paper summarizes the development of mobile communication of domestic and foreign railways,and proposes the priorities for tackling key technological problems of railway 5G private network according to the technica...The paper summarizes the development of mobile communication of domestic and foreign railways,and proposes the priorities for tackling key technological problems of railway 5G private network according to the technical routes of railway next-generation mobile communication determined by China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.From the aspects of work objectives,principles,technical routes and innovative working methods,the paper elaborates the ideas of railway 5G scientific and technological research,puts forward the contents and plans of scientific and technological research on railway 5G private network,systematically organizes the achievements in the scientific and technological research stage of railway 5G private network,and sets forth the key contents of next-step scientific and technological research.展开更多
This paper establishes a short-term prediction model of weekly retail prices for eggs based on chaotic neural network with the weekly retail prices of eggs from January 2008 to December 2012 in China.In the process of...This paper establishes a short-term prediction model of weekly retail prices for eggs based on chaotic neural network with the weekly retail prices of eggs from January 2008 to December 2012 in China.In the process of determining the structure of the chaotic neural network,the number of input layer nodes of the network is calculated by reconstructing phase space and computing its saturated embedding dimension,and then the number of hidden layer nodes is estimated by trial and error.Finally,this model is applied to predict the retail prices of eggs and compared with ARIMA.The result shows that the chaotic neural network has better nonlinear fitting ability and higher precision in the prediction of weekly retail price of eggs.The empirical result also shows that the chaotic neural network can be widely used in the field of short-term prediction of agricultural prices.展开更多
Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results r...Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results revealed the spatial structure,composition structure,hierarchical structure,group structure,and control structure of Chinese city network,as well as its dynamic factors.The major findings are:1) the spatial pattern presents a diamond structure,in which Wuhan is the central city;2) although the invention patent knowledge network is the main part of the broader inter-city innovative cooperation network,it is weaker than the utility model patent;3) as the senior level cities,Beijing,Shanghai and the cities in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region show a strong capability of both spreading and controlling technological knowledge;4) whilst a national technology alliance has preliminarily formed,regional alliances have not been adequately established;5) even though the cooperation level amongst weak connection cities is not high,such cities still play an important role in the network as a result of their location within ′structural holes′ in the network;and 6) the major driving forces facilitating inter-city technological cooperation are geographical proximity,hierarchical proximity and technological proximity.展开更多
Convergence and collaboration of heterogeneous networks in the next generation public mobile networks will be a subject of universal significance. Convergence of heterogeneous networks, as an effective approach to imp...Convergence and collaboration of heterogeneous networks in the next generation public mobile networks will be a subject of universal significance. Convergence of heterogeneous networks, as an effective approach to improve the coverage and capacity of public mobile network, to enable communication services, to provide Internet access and to enable mobile computing from everywhere, has drawn widespread attention for its good prospects in application. Construction of security system for wireless heterogeneous networks and development of new security models, key security techniques and approaches are critical and mandatory in heterogeneous networks development. Key technology of wireless heterogeneous networks security covers security routing protocol, access authentication, intrusion detection system, cooperative communication between nodes, etc.展开更多
The continuous increase of data transmission density in wireless mobile communications has posed a challenge to the system performance of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs ). There is a rule for wireless Ad hoc networks th...The continuous increase of data transmission density in wireless mobile communications has posed a challenge to the system performance of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs ). There is a rule for wireless Ad hoc networks that the average node capacity decreases while the number of nodes increases , so it is hard to establish a large - scale wireless Mesh network. Network scalability is very important for enhancing the adaptive networking capability of the wireless Mesh network. This article discusses key scalability technologies for Mesh Base Stations (BSs ) and Mesh Mobile Stations (MSs ), such as channel allocation, intelligent routing , multi- antenna , node classification, Quality of Service (QoS) differentiation and cooperative transmission.展开更多
文摘Rapid advancement in science and technology has seen computer network technology being upgraded constantly, and computer technology, in particular, has been applied more and more extensively, which has brought convenience to people’s lives. The number of people using the internet around the globe has also increased significantly, exerting a profound influence on artificial intelligence. Further, the constant upgrading and development of artificial intelligence has led to the continuous innovation and improvement of computer technology. Countries around the world have also registered an increase in investment, paying more attention to artificial intelligence. Through an analysis of the current development situation and the existing applications of artificial intelligence, this paper explicates the role of artificial intelligence in the face of the unceasing expansion of computer network technology.
基金This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 60572066
文摘Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has been actively researched and developed as a new network technology to support broadband high- speed multimedia services . This paper discusses WMN technology and applications , and introduces the basic technologies , typical applications and current development of the WMN. With the future development of wireless distribution technology and network, wireless Mesh technology and network will become the key networking technology and architecture of wireless mobile communications , and will be widely used in various wireless networks with more important roles .
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.BK2007729
文摘The heterogeneous network convergence is the trend of future network development. However, many bottlenecks exist in the converged system such as high time delay, high energy consumption, and low data rate. Multi-Radio Cooperation (MRC) technology is specially designed to overcome these bottlenecks and to satisfy the requirements of heterogeneous network convergence. MRC can improve network capacity, reduce the energy consumption of radio devices, and decrease handover latency between heterogeneous networks by the cooperation of multiple radios, and by efficient management and feasible allocation of multi-radio resources. MRC makes real seamless heterogeneous network convergence possible.
文摘The Packet Transport Network(PTN) technology includes Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) and Provider Backbone Transport(PBT).T-MPLS is the simplified and reformed Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS).It drops MPLS’connectionless features and its transport-unrelated forwarding processing,but adds the network model of the transport layer,protection switching and Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM) functionality.PBT enforces both OAM and protection functions,adds Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) business simulation and clock functions,and strengthens multi-service support capability.But PBT has no functions of traditional Ethernet address learning,address broadcast and Spanning Tree Protocol(STP).Both T-MPLS and PBT can well satisfy the requirements of packet transport.Compared to PBT,T-MPLS has better OAM functions.
基金China Next Generation Internet Project(No.CNGI-04-12-2A)
文摘The home network is a major concern for the growth of digital and information society. Yet, how to guarantee the security of its digital content and protect the legal benefits for each section of the value chain becomes a crucial "bottleneck" in the home network development. The Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology provides total solution for usage, storage, transfer, and tracing the digital contents and rights. Its basic features are systematic and controllability. Considering the growth of the new media and services and the requirements of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in a home network, it's necessary to solve consistency problems in usage, storage, and transfer of contents and rights. In addition, it is inevitable to conduct researches of key techniques such as end-to-end secure transmission, conditional access and play, and right description.
文摘Computer network technology has a very important role in electronic information engineering.The application of this technology not only enriches the traditional information engineering functions,but also effectively guarantees the efficiency and quality.At present,due to the wide variety of external information that Chinese citizens are exposed to,in addition to the variegated and mixed content,it is easy for information to be leaked or stolen.In order to avoid similar situations,it is necessary for people to pay more attention to network system security,so as to ensure that the quality of life of citizens can be guaranteed.In view of that,this paper discusses and analyzes the application of computer network technology in electronic information engineering.
文摘Theory and technology of network security is the core course of information security major,however,it still faces many challenges in the education of foreign graduate students studying in China.This paper analyzes the status quo and existing problems in the course of theory and technology of network security for foreign graduate students studying in China,the most fundamental of which is that the existing teaching materials are difficult to meet the needs of foreign graduate students.In view of the problem,this paper discusses how to improve the existing teaching materials to adapt to the teaching needs for foreign students and puts forward some new ideas and reform measures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60632030the E3 Project(FP7-ICT-2007-216248) with in Community’s Seventh Framework Program.
文摘The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technology and cognitive theory, the evolution from existing radio networks to future reconfigurable radio networks with the cognitive ability becomes possible. Nowadays the research aspects of E2R include the system architecture of reconfigurable radio networks and some key technologies for their evolution.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Plan of China ("863" Program) under Grant No.2006AA01Z246.
文摘The fast development of IP services forces the traffic flow in the networks to move gradually from Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) services to packet data services.To adapt to the change,low-cost Ethernet technologies are introduced into the Metropolitan Area Network(MAN).Ring network control protocols and ring network protection technologies are applied to guarantee manageability and reliability required in the telecom networks.The Ethernet Ring Protection(ERP) and Resilient Packet Ring(RPR) are two different ring protection technologies.The Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) network uses the T-MPLS Shared Protection Ring(TM-SPRing) technology to provide ring protection.Carriers can expand the protection as needed and use appropriate ring technologies to meet the requirements of Carrier Ethernet(CE).
文摘As an important branch of telecommunication technology, digital home networks have quickly developed in recent years. Although architecture of the digital home network based on telecommunication networks has been standardized in China, only wireless access is defined to be allowable. Therefore, it becomes the focus of further research how to establish a wireless digital home network. This article proposes the concept and shows the architecture of ubiquitous access for wireless digital home networks. Moreover, key technologies for ubiquitous access are discussed here, including cognitive radio, the concept of wireless Mesh, generic link transfer mechanism, Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee mechanism, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and coexistence of heterogeneous systems.
文摘As the product of the mutual infiltration of the various disciplines such as the control theory, information theory, system theory, computer science, physiology, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and so on, the research field of the theory and application of artificial intelligence technology covers almost all the areas of human activity. In recent years, the rapid development of computer network technology produces and drives a batch of new scientific research fields. Among them, the application of artificial intelligence in the computer network technology is a hot topic which is academically and technically strong and can bring obvious economic benefit.
文摘With the continuous development of social economy,science and technology are also in continuous progress,relying on the Internet technology of big data era has come in an all-round way.On the basis of the development of cloud computing and Internet technology,artificial intelligence technology has emerged as the times require.It also has more advantages.Applying it to computer network technology can effectively improve the data processing efficiency and quality of computer network technology,and improve the convenience for people’s life and production.This paper studies and analyzes the practical application requirements of computer network,and discusses the application characteristics and timeliness of artificial intelligence technology.
文摘Networking is the core area of national strategic emerging industry development of information industry; it will play an important role in national economic development. Currently, it is hot issue of global research at home and abroad regardless of the mention of its development of a national strategic level, it is called the third wave of the world information industry following the computer, and internet.
文摘Softswitch technology integrates the su-periorities of both an intelligence net-work and the Internet, which embodiesits maturity and advancement. With ahierarchical network model, it effectivelysolves problems of evolution and convergenceof current communication networks. It also fol-
文摘In the computer field,network security is a crucial integrant.It is necessary to pay attention on the application of virtual network technology,so as to raise the standard of computer network security to a new level[2].In view of this,this paper will analyze the application of virtual network technology in computer network security and propose some strategies for future reference.
文摘The paper summarizes the development of mobile communication of domestic and foreign railways,and proposes the priorities for tackling key technological problems of railway 5G private network according to the technical routes of railway next-generation mobile communication determined by China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.From the aspects of work objectives,principles,technical routes and innovative working methods,the paper elaborates the ideas of railway 5G scientific and technological research,puts forward the contents and plans of scientific and technological research on railway 5G private network,systematically organizes the achievements in the scientific and technological research stage of railway 5G private network,and sets forth the key contents of next-step scientific and technological research.
基金financially supported by the National KeyTechnology R&D Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAH20B04)the 948 Program of Ministry of Agriculture,China(2013-Z1)
文摘This paper establishes a short-term prediction model of weekly retail prices for eggs based on chaotic neural network with the weekly retail prices of eggs from January 2008 to December 2012 in China.In the process of determining the structure of the chaotic neural network,the number of input layer nodes of the network is calculated by reconstructing phase space and computing its saturated embedding dimension,and then the number of hidden layer nodes is estimated by trial and error.Finally,this model is applied to predict the retail prices of eggs and compared with ARIMA.The result shows that the chaotic neural network has better nonlinear fitting ability and higher precision in the prediction of weekly retail price of eggs.The empirical result also shows that the chaotic neural network can be widely used in the field of short-term prediction of agricultural prices.
基金Under the auspices of Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.13&ZD027)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41201128,71433008)
文摘Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results revealed the spatial structure,composition structure,hierarchical structure,group structure,and control structure of Chinese city network,as well as its dynamic factors.The major findings are:1) the spatial pattern presents a diamond structure,in which Wuhan is the central city;2) although the invention patent knowledge network is the main part of the broader inter-city innovative cooperation network,it is weaker than the utility model patent;3) as the senior level cities,Beijing,Shanghai and the cities in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region show a strong capability of both spreading and controlling technological knowledge;4) whilst a national technology alliance has preliminarily formed,regional alliances have not been adequately established;5) even though the cooperation level amongst weak connection cities is not high,such cities still play an important role in the network as a result of their location within ′structural holes′ in the network;and 6) the major driving forces facilitating inter-city technological cooperation are geographical proximity,hierarchical proximity and technological proximity.
基金the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.BK2007236Jiangsu Six-Categories Top Talent Fundunder Grand No.SJ207001
文摘Convergence and collaboration of heterogeneous networks in the next generation public mobile networks will be a subject of universal significance. Convergence of heterogeneous networks, as an effective approach to improve the coverage and capacity of public mobile network, to enable communication services, to provide Internet access and to enable mobile computing from everywhere, has drawn widespread attention for its good prospects in application. Construction of security system for wireless heterogeneous networks and development of new security models, key security techniques and approaches are critical and mandatory in heterogeneous networks development. Key technology of wireless heterogeneous networks security covers security routing protocol, access authentication, intrusion detection system, cooperative communication between nodes, etc.
基金This work was funded by Special Standardization Foundation of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality under Grant 07DZ05018the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality under Grant 07ZR14104
文摘The continuous increase of data transmission density in wireless mobile communications has posed a challenge to the system performance of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs ). There is a rule for wireless Ad hoc networks that the average node capacity decreases while the number of nodes increases , so it is hard to establish a large - scale wireless Mesh network. Network scalability is very important for enhancing the adaptive networking capability of the wireless Mesh network. This article discusses key scalability technologies for Mesh Base Stations (BSs ) and Mesh Mobile Stations (MSs ), such as channel allocation, intelligent routing , multi- antenna , node classification, Quality of Service (QoS) differentiation and cooperative transmission.