Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Composition Analysis of Using Iron Oxide as an Oxygen Carrier in Nonflame Combustion Technology

Nonflame combustion technology （NFCT） is a harmonious energy utilization technology. There are not environmental-unfriendly gases such as NOx, CO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Combustion processes realizes zero emission through this technology. Fe2O3 is involved as oxygen carrier, is examined thermodynamically, and the thermodynamic data of the redox reactions are calculated. Using the criteria of minimizing the Gibbs free energy, the equilibrium composition was investigated. The equilibrium analysis shows that producing complete oxidized resultants must have high molar ratio of Fe2O3/CH4. If quantity of Fe2O3 is not sufficient, more partial oxidized products such as CO, H2, even C will be produced.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation into Nonflame Combustion Technology(NFCT) with Thermal Cyclic Carrier

The utilization of fossil fuels causes serious negative impacts on the environment and human life. To mitigate greenhouse gases and other pollutants, a novel combustion process-the nonflame combustion technology with a thermal cyclic carrier of molten salt is introduced. In this technology, a whole combustion is divided into two steps, i.e., the section of producing oxide and the section of combustion. In the first step, oxygen is separated from air, and pure N_2 is simultaneously formed which is easily recovered. In the other step, the fuels react with lattice oxygen in the oxides formed in the first step, and at the same time, thermal energy, CO_2 and H_2O vapor are produced. It is noted that the CO_2 is easily separated from water vapor and ultimately captured. Theoretically, there are no environmental-unfriendly gases such as CO_2, NO_x and SO_2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Some metal oxides scattered into molten salts play the roles of oxygen carriers in the combustion system, and they can constantly charge and discharge oxygen element from air to fuels during the combustion process. A nonflame combustion system with Li_2CO_3+K_2CO_3+Na_2SO_4 as the molten salt system, CH_4 as the fuel and CuO as the catalyst was experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the combustion process proceeded as it was theoretically analyzed, and CO_2 with a high volume fraction of 77.0%_95.0% and N_2 with a high volume fraction of 91.9%_99.3% were obtained. The high concentration of CO_2 is favorable for capturing and storing subsequently. Therefore, the potential of reducing CO_2 emissions of this nonflame combustion technology is huge.

Development of catalytic combustion and CO_(2)capture and conversion technology

Changes are needed to improve the efficiency and lower the CO_(2)emissions of traditional coal-fired power generation,which is the main source of global CO_(2)emissions.The integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)process,which combines coal gasification and high-temperature fuel cells,was proposed in 2017 to improve the efficiency of coal-based power generation and reduce CO_(2)emissions.Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,the IGFC for nearzero CO_(2)emissions program was enacted with the goal of achieving near-zero CO_(2)emissions based on(1)catalytic combustion of the flue gas from solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)stacks and(2)CO_(2)conversion using solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs).In this work,we investigated a kW-level catalytic combustion burner and SOEC stack,evaluated the electrochemical performance of the SOEC stack in H2O electrolysis and H2O/CO_(2)co-electrolysis,and established a multiscale and multi-physical coupling simulation model of SOFCs and SOECs.The process developed in this work paves the way for the demonstration and deployment of IGFC technology in the future.

A novel suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology for coal slurry

A novel suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology is proposed for burning coal slurry fuel in traditional circulating ftuidized bed boilers （CFBB）. This technology can solve some existing problems in large- capacity CFBB burning coal slurry. The principles of the suspension-floating-circulating fluidized combustion technology were introduced in detail in this paper. A 130 t/h CFBB was retrofitted based on the technology, and the retrofitted system mainly includes a long-distance transport sub-system, a bed-material conveying sub-system with a wind-seal device invented by the authors, a superheater thermoregulation device using a novel temperature regulator, a return loop flu- idization facility, and a pneumatic ash conveying sub-system with sealed pump. The achieved performance of the retro- fitted CFBB shows that the thermal efficiency is 89.83 %, the combustion efficiency is 96.24 %, and the blending proportion of slurry is 94 %.

The application of the regenerative combustion technology to a radiant-tube furnace and its practice

This study compares the regenerative radiant-tube heater with the traditional radiant-tube heater, showing the regenerative radiant-tube heaters have many advantages in fuel consumption. Based on the experience of changing a heating system with traditional radiant-tube burners to a heating system with regenerative combustion, propositions are given for the combustion control system, pilot burner, flame detection and for trouble prevention in rebuilding the continuous annealing production line（CAPL） and the continuous galvanizing line（CGL）.

Application of the porous medium combustion technology in the chamber reheating furnaces at Baosteel

The design of the porous medium combustion （PMC） system which has been applied to chamber reheating furnaces is presented in this study and its main application effects are described in detail. Porous medium materials are mainly ceramic ball sucked granular bed porous media and foam ceramic porous media. This study investigates the foam ceramic porous medium and a schematic diagram of the combustion inside this porous medium. The PMC takes a solid medium as its main heat exchange way, thus greatly improving the heat transfer efficiency. Judging from the application effects,the following conclusions have been made： the PMC technology can save more than 25% of energy with remarkable effects; the furnace temperature uniformity can be significantly enhanced; the porous media combustion technology can make the heating furnace design in a more compact way, reduce the time for heating up the furnace, improve the heating rate and reduce energy consumption.

Combustion Engineering Technology Research Center of Power Plant of China

Northeast China Electric PowerCombustion Research Center (NPCC) is ahigh-tech enterprise which deals with"science, industry, trade, education" togetherand is mainly engaged in the research anddevelopment in the aspects of the combustiontechnology, energy conservation. safety-environmental protection, automatic controland so on. NPCC has the semi-industrial testlab, large-scale test equipment and advancedmeasurement apparatus and equipment, aswell as the equipment and workshop neededfor trans forming the results to industryapplication.NPCC has provided several sets oftechnology and equipment for the nationalimportant project of technology improvementand the project of domesticazation ofcombustion system of imported power plant.NPCC has comprehensive ability forproductions, engineering and correspondingtechnical equipment. In the aspect ofinternational joint-project, NPCC has alsoachieved the profit. NPCC is not only acomprehensive base of test research whichgets industry application, semi-industry testand industry test together. but also anengineering research center of applying theachievements in scientific research to high-tech products in batch process.

Quantitative Study on the Grade of Forest Combustibles Based on "3S" Technology

Based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution,periodic changes,and influencing factors of forest fires in Inner Mongolia,through fixed-point observations and experiments on the ground,forest combustibles are divided into the ground litter layer,ground standing litter,and living plants.The combustibles are divided into various grades according to their load,dryness and combustibility.By determining the influencing factors of each combustible grade,a forecast model of the combustibility grade of combustibles is established.The forecast model has been widely used in the mid-and long-term forecast model of fire danger grade,and the accuracy rate of the fall area forecast through back-generation fitting verification is above 88.43%.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Application of Ceramic Coat Synthesized by In-Situ Combustion Synthesis to BF Tuyere

A novel technology of tuyere protection is introduced. The ceramic coat .is synthesized by using in-situ combustion process as the internal, external, and nose protecting coat of BF tuyeres. It can effectively protect the tuyeres and reduce heat loss by cooling water. The technglogy is quick-acting, easy to use, energy-saving and can make tuyeres have long service life. The feasibility of the application of the tuyere ceramic coat is discussed and the energy-saving effect of the tuyere is compared with that of the tuyeres lined with refractory.

A novel coating technology for fast sealing of air leakage in underground coal mines

Air leakage in underground coal mines presents a serious hazard for coal production and the safety of miners.Coating technology is commonly used as an efficient means for preventing air leakage.To address existing problems with high dust concentrations in large operations involving complex processes and the high cost of traditional coating technology,a novel coating technology that ensures intrinsic safety by utilizing water pressure and wind pressure was developed.This new coating technology was designed to suction and spray,and the technical parameters of its spray performance was also studied.The experimental tests and evaluation indicated the optimum working range is 0.3–0.7 MPa of wind pressure,1.2–10.2 L/min of water quantity,and 1.0–3.5 m of spraying distance.Moreover,this novel coating technology was tested in the Dashuitou Coal Mine in Gansu Province of China.Compared with conventional counterparts,the proposed new technology is safe,efficient,and convenient to operate.During spraying,dust concentrations were kept at less than 10 mg/m3,and the average rebound ratio resilient rate of solid materials was below 13%.After spraying,the average leakage every 100 m was 4 m3/min,and the oxygen volume fraction in the adjacent goaf was approximately 4%,demonstrating excellent air leakage prevention.

Design and Application of Third-order Denitration Online Control Technology

In order to alleviate the pressure of environmental protection and further strengthen the monitoring and control of NOx emission of thermal power units, combining with the transformation of boiler low-nitrogen burner, combustion optimization, static and dynamic ratio of air and coal, and SCR denitration system process, third-order NOx online control technology was designed and applied, which takes the combustion security, boiler efficiency and environmental evaluation into account and provide reference for thermal power units to deepen energy conservation and emission reduction.

A review on chemical oxygen supply technology within confined spaces: Challenges, strategies, and opportunities toward chemical oxygen generators(COGs)

Chemical oxygen generators(COGs)have been used worldwide in confined spaces as an emergency oxygen supply technology,mainly because they are independent and have a long shelf life.However,a number of challenges related to COGs remain unsolved,and a literature review of the current state of the technology is needed.First,the present article summarizes the basic information and applications of COGs,including their oxygen production mechanism,components,forming technology,and ignition system.Four current challenges encountered in applying COGs are discussed,along with the strategies adopted thus far to solve these problems,as found in the published literature.The literature survey reveals that,although much effort has been devoted to controlling the oxygen production rate and the heat output of COGs,the mechanism of producing toxic gases remains unclear and a reliable and safe ignition system has not been fully developed.Finally,future opportunities in the development of COGs are briefly listed.

我国高碱煤燃烧特性研究和工程应用进展

我国具有丰富的高碱煤资源。从基础研究、关键技术和工程实践等方面对高碱煤燃烧技术的研究和工程应用进展做一个较为全面的综述和总结,特别介绍了液态排渣锅炉全烧新疆高碱煤的机理研究和实践最新状况,以期为后续开发更为经济、可长期安全大比例掺烧甚至纯烧新疆高碱煤的燃烧技术提供参考。

近废型稠油油藏火驱效益开发新思路

近废型稠油油藏难以通过常规开发方式有效动用剩余储量,火驱技术为此类油藏进一步提高采收率提供方向。现阶段,火驱技术已趋于成熟,但由于成本投入大、经济性差,火驱技术的推广应用面临困境。通过引入量本利分析法中的盈亏平衡模型和敏感性分析,从多维度的经营视角,揭示不同油价年产油量和成本的平衡关系,明确影响火驱经济性的关键指标,进而推动生产运行优化和决策效能提升。研究结果表明,由于储层前后认识差距大,投入力度大于产出力度,同时管控方向不明确,导致火驱成本有效性低,持续开发经营风险认识不足,影响油藏开发投入决策。研究结果为火驱的经营效益提升指明方向,也为近废型稠油油藏效益开发提供管理新思路。

变压器电弧故障防爆燃技术现状与发展趋势

变压器是输电系统中最重要的设备之一,变压器油箱内电弧放电引起的压力上升极易导致油箱爆炸甚至引发大规模火灾事故,严重威胁电力系统的安全运行。为此从变压器状态监测、状态评价等方面总结了变压器故障预警技术的发展,介绍了变压器电弧故障快速清除的策略,从变压器电弧故障压力特征研究、变压器油箱优化设计、压力释放技术等方面阐述了变压器本体防爆技术的发展,并简要介绍了变压器火灾消防技术。另外,对比分析了现有变压器防爆燃技术的优势与不足,提出从预警、清除、防爆、消防等4个层级建立全面立体的变压器电弧故障爆燃防御体系,为变压器电弧防爆燃技术发展、保障输电系统安全可靠运行提供完整的思路。

基于TDLAS的高温氧气标定方法研究

燃烧场温度的准确测量是评价燃烧状况的重要指标。可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术是一种有效的非接触式燃烧诊断方法,其具有更广的测量范围、高精度和良好的抗干扰性能,且能实现连续测量。然而,在高分辨率透射分子吸收数据库(HITRAN)中光谱数据都是以296 K的谱线参数为基础,通过计算获得较高温度下的光谱数据。因此,本文利用TDLAS波长调制技术标定了高温场中O_(2)的二次谐波信号强度与温度的函数关系,为后续燃烧场温度测量实验奠定基础。

多孔-自由火焰燃烧的实验与数值模拟研究

为拓宽传统多孔介质燃烧器(conventional porous burner,CPB)的贫燃极限,进一步降低污染物排放,该文设计泡沫镍金属多孔-自由火焰燃烧器(porous-free flame burner,PFFB),实验研究其燃烧及污染物排放特性;建立同尺寸二维模型,数值研究多孔介质材料开孔率、相对高度和比孔密度对火焰状态、温度分布以及污染物排放规律的影响。结果表明:相比CPB,PFFB具有更宽的稳燃范围,开孔率1%的PFFB稳燃当量比为0.50~0.67,贫燃极限当量比可达到0.45。开孔率对CO影响较小,CO排放最低为19.2mg/m^(3)。对于NO_(x)排放,开孔率4%的PFFB降氮效果最好,比CPB减少了9.3%。多孔介质相对高度对PFFB的污染物排放影响显著。在实验工况下,相对高度2/3的PFFB相比1/3,其CO排放减少了5.2~140mg/m^(3),但NO_(x)排放量增加了4.3~9.2mg/m^(3)。对于开孔率4%的PFFB,随着比孔密度的增大,孔密度增大,孔隙直径缩小,燃烧呈浸没&自由火焰,CO排放量减少,NO_(x)排放量随气体最高温度增加而增加。因此,在一定的开孔特征下,PFFB可保留CPB的燃烧性能,并且具有更宽的稳燃范围、更低的贫燃极限以及更低的污染物排放水平。

氨燃料的应用及腐蚀问题分析

氨作为零碳能源目前被公认为是最优替代燃料,可以快速高效地替代传统化石燃料进入全球市场,在缓解能源危机、减少CO_(2)排放等方面具有广阔前景。本研究将从氨燃料的国内外发展现状出发对NH3燃烧的技术进行阐述,并对氨燃料在工业化应用方面的腐蚀问题进行介绍,为后续氨燃烧应用技术的发展提供参考。

燃气锅炉低氮排放技术应用与进展

在碳达峰和碳中和背景下,节能减排尤为重要。相比于传统化石燃料,天然气锅炉燃烧所生成的污染物较少,然而,燃气锅炉燃烧过程存在着NO_(x)排放量过高的问题。为持续深入推进大气污染防治工作,降低燃气锅炉燃烧全过程产生的NO_(x)排放量至关重要。相较于尾部脱硝技术,低氮燃烧技术具有更优秀的经济性与更广泛的适用性,因此常用于燃气锅炉改造中。简述燃烧过程中NO_(x)生成和还原机理,综述分级燃烧、烟气再循环、加湿燃烧等多种应用较广泛的低氮燃烧技术,并分析各自的降氮原理、影响因素及减排效率,总结各技术的优缺点。除此之外,关于低氮燃烧技术存在燃烧不稳定、效率低的问题,分析多种低氮燃烧技术集成实现降氮的可行性。