Three-Stage Six-Step Flue-Curing Technology for Viginia Tobacco Leaves and Its Application in China

In order to overcome the problem that the leaf yellowing stage in tobacco curing reduces the fragrance of the product, this study introduced the principle and key parameters of a three-stage six-step curing technology. The field trail was conducted in Wulong county of Chongqing city in 2010, and Virginia K326 was the tested cultivar. The middle leaves were harvested and plaited after maturity, and then cured with the three-stage six-step curing technology and traditional three-stage curing technology, respectively. Three replicates were established for each of the two curing technologies. Then, chemical constituents, aromatic substances and smoking quality were analyzed. The results show that compared with the traditional three-stage curing technology, the three-stage six-step curing technology produces more suitable ratios of chemical constituents, higher aromatic component content and higher smoking quality grade of tobacco leaves. Therefore, the continuous improvement of corollary equipment and matching technologies is expected to widen the applications of the three-stage six-step curing technology in tobacco and provide a strong technical support for the development of the tobacco industry.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Microscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of Chinese quality-improving fragrunce-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology, Chinese three- stage tobaeeo flue-curing technology and Zimbabwean tobaceo flue-euring technology on microscopie structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method ] Middle leaves of tobacco cultivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the microscopic structure of flue-cured tobaceo leaves. [ Result] During three flue-curing processes, leaves, palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank gradually. Three flue-euring processes exhibited significant differ- ences in the peak of tissue shrinkage ： microscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process shrank earliest, follower by Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process; flue-eured tobacco leaves in Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process presented the latest shrinkage. At 84 h post-curing, leaf thickness in three flue-curing processes showed a descend order of Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process. Upper and lower epidermal cells in Zimb- abwean tobacco flue-curing process ruptured earlier than other two flue-curing processes; eventually, the majority of cells ruptured and mixed with palisade tissues and sponge tissues. In Chinese quality-improving fragranee-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal cells in dried leaves ruptured. Among three flue-curing technologies, Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited the greatest damage to epidermal cells, followed by Chinese three-stage tobaceo flue-curing technology; Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology had the minimum damage to epidermal cells. Mese- phyll cross-section exhibited significant morphological changes in stomata. To be specific, at 0 - 12 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed with slightly prominent stamatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 24 -72 h post-curing, stomata of tobaceo leaves changed gradually from opening to closure with significantly prominent stomatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 84 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed, and the majority of stomatal appa- ratuses were significantly prominent. In Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal ceils ruptured at 84 h pest-flue-curing; palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank almost simultaneously. Significant gaps were observed between palisade tissues and between pal- isade tissues and sponge tissues. Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited lower disorder level compared with other two flue-curing technologies. [ Conclusion] Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curlng technology was conducive to maintaining the micro- scopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Submicroscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of low-temperature low-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology, moderate-temperature moderate- humidity tobacco flue-curing technology and moderate-temperature high-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology on submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method] Middle leaves of tobacco cuhivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [ Result] Morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred at different time during three flue-curing proces- ses. In low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred late but rapidly; in moderate-tempera- ture moderate-humidity flue-curing process and moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred early but slowly. Among these three flue-curing processes, the speed of changes in mitochondria morphology, cristae number and membrane rupture pres- ented an upward order of low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process 〈 moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curlng process 〈 moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process. In low-temperature low-humldity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 36 -48 h ; in moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 24 - 36 h; in moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 12 - 24 h. [ Conclusion ] Using low-temperature low-humidity flue- curing technology could prolong the maintenance duration of the submicroscopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which was conducive to fully decom- posing and transforming substances in tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

The Development Mechanism and the Technical Characteristics of the Modern Cutting Technology

The development mechanism and mode and the new technical characteristics of the modern cutting technology are studied and analyzed. It is presented that to speed up the development of cutting technology and fully use the good-quality technical resource of cutting tool have the significant meaning for construction of powerful manufacturing industry of China.

改良热泵密集烤房烘烤工艺及其效果分析

为进一步利用热泵密集烤房优势,解决热泵密集烤房与现有工艺不匹配、初烤烟叶化学成分提升不明显等问题,对传统三段式烘烤工艺进行改良,对初烤烟叶的主要化学成分、石油醚提取物、多酚类物质、香气代谢产物及评吸质量进行分析。结果表明:与传统三段式烘烤工艺相比,可变频密集烤房采用改良三段式烘烤工艺后效果较好,其初烤烟叶化学成分赋值提高8.9%,淀粉含量下降20.0%,中性致香物质含量提高0.7%,多酚类物质含量提高49.4%,评吸得分提高6.2%。说明改良三段式烘烤工艺可促进烟叶香气代谢产物的积累和化学质量、评吸质量的提高。综合分析,改良后的三段式烘烤工艺能够有效提升热泵密集烤房初烤烟叶质量,有较好的实用价值。

上部烟叶在热泵密集烤房稳温降湿烘烤工艺下的物质动态变化

为了探析热泵密集烤房稳温降湿烘烤工艺对上部烟叶物质动态变化的影响,以云烟87上部烟叶为试验材料,对稳温降湿和四步式烘烤工艺下烟叶中的水分、色素、淀粉和还原糖含量的动态变化及其相似性进行比较分析。结果表明:与四步式烘烤工艺相比,在黄片前期稳温降湿烘烤工艺处理烟叶的含水率更高,更有利于叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的降解。稳温降湿烘烤工艺处理烟叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别较四步式烘烤工艺低7.51%、38.19%、9.53%,但烟叶的淀粉、还原糖含量差异不明显。不同物质在2种烘烤工艺处理下的动态变化相似性表现为水分>叶绿素a>淀粉>叶绿素b>还原糖>类胡萝卜素。烘烤过程中物质动态变化差异可以分为3类,第Ⅰ类包括水分、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、淀粉,2种烘烤工艺的差异主要发生在变黄期;第Ⅱ类为类胡萝卜素,整个烘烤过程,2种烘烤工艺均存在较大差异;第Ⅲ类为还原糖,2种烘烤工艺的差异主要表现在定色期和干筋期。综合分析,采用稳温降湿烘烤工艺有利于上部烟叶色素的降解。

烤烟新品种豫浓香201中部叶的烘烤特性及烘烤工艺

烤烟新品种豫浓香201是中烟100的突变体,为探索豫浓香201中部叶适宜的烘烤工艺,从烘烤特性入手,以中烟100为对照,设置暗箱试验和电烤箱试验,研究了豫浓香201中部烟变黄变褐特性、失水特性、叶绿素降解特性、多酚氧化酶活性变化、淀粉酶活性的变化,并根据其烘烤特性调整烘烤工艺。豫浓香201完全变黄时间为48 h,暗箱处理168 h后变褐程度仍不到30%,变黄、变褐特性较好;失水均衡性为1.10,失水均衡性较好;叶绿素降解速率在72 h为1.30%·h^(-1),降解量为93.68%,降解特性较好;多酚氧化酶活性平均值为0.29 U,耐烤性较好;豫浓香201淀粉酶活性高于中烟100。豫浓香210烤后烟叶基本性状、外观质量、感官质量均优于中烟100。综合认为豫浓香201中部烟易烤性较好,耐烤性较好。与中烟100相比较,变黄时间减少6 h左右,定色时间减少4 h左右。

基于微信小程序的SCN人脸表情识别系统设计

针对人脸表情识别技术,利用自修复网络(Self-Cure Network,SCN)人脸表情识别算法模型的优势,实现SCN在移动端设备上的应用,利用训练好的模型构建人脸表情识别系统,以微信小程序为系统平台,开发了一款表情识别微信小程序。经过系统测试,结果表明该系统表情识别准确率高、操作方便、运行流畅、功能完备,基于微信小程序的SCN人脸表情识别系统具有广泛的应用前景。

Effects of Different Baking Processes on Carotenoid Content in Upper Leaves of Fluecured Tobacco

[Objective] We aimed to improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco with K326 upper leaves and explore the optimal tobacco baking process in Chongqing tobacco-producing region. [Method] Four different baking processes （endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, three-stage flue-curing process, three-stage and six-step flue- curing process） were adopted in this research to investigate the effects of different baking processes on carotenoid content of same-maturity degree upper leaves of the flue-cured tobacco K326. [Result] The results showed at the yellowing and color fixing stages, the carotenoids were most fully decomposed in endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique. The decomposed carotenoid content was lowest in exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, for which the carotenoid content was highest （50.53 mg/g）. [Conclusion] At the yellowing and color fixing stages, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique was most conducive to the carotenoid accumulation in tobacco baking process.

单组分耐高温糊状胶粘剂的固化工艺研究

以J-481单组分耐高温糊状胶粘剂为研究对象,采用差示扫描量热分析仪检测了J-481胶粘剂的放热曲线。利用流变仪考察了胶样的黏-温曲线和不同升温工艺下的黏-时特性,分析了不同固化工艺下胶接试样的粘接强度、不同胶层厚度的胶粘剂在不同固化工艺下固化后的实物状态。研究结果表明:J-481胶粘剂的黏度、固化程度和粘接性能受固化机制影响明显,升温过快造成黏度增长迅速、热量积聚引起厚胶层试样爆聚烧蚀,固化温度不足则导致粘接强度下降。采用120℃/3 h+180℃/1 h梯度升温固化,所有厚度(0.3~5 mm)的试样均可以正常固化,未出现爆聚烧蚀现象,更适合实际工况的应用。对比120℃/3 h+180℃/1 h和180℃/3 h两种固化条件下的固化度以及粘接不同基材的粘接强度,发现采用120℃/3 h+180℃/1 h梯度升温固化机制,能够确保J-481胶粘剂粘接不同基材均达到优异稳定的粘接性能。

环保型家具用重组竹的制备及性能研究

本研究采用低温固化环保型酚醛树脂为胶黏剂制备重组竹板材,探索热压温度、施胶量和板材密度对重组竹物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:当热压温度为125℃时,板材芯层温度即能达到胶黏剂的固化温度范围,且此条件下的板材密度均匀性、理化力学性能以及各项性能的稳定性更优。然而,热压温度升高对性能的改善不明显。当施胶量达到8.6%以上时,重组竹的密度可达到1.00 g/cm^(3),物理力学性能较优。

粉垄耕作对植烟土壤理化性质及团聚体特征的影响

[目的]探究粉垄耕作对植烟土壤养分含量及团聚体结构影响,为粉垄耕作应用提供理论指导。[方法]以青岛烟区传统翻耕(CK)为对照,对比30 cm(SM1)、40 cm(SM2)、50 cm(SM3)粉垄深度下的土壤养分及团聚体特征的影响。[结果]在相同耕作深度条件下,粉垄耕作技术较传统耕作能够提高植烟土壤全氮、速效磷、有效钾及有机质含量。粉垄耕作增加>2.000 mm、>1.000~2.000 mm机械稳定性团聚体及>0.250 mm水稳定性团聚体含量,促进大团聚体及水稳定性团聚体形成,且以粉垄耕作深度40 cm时的养分含量、平均重量直径(MWD)及几何平均数(WMD)最大,分形维数(D)最小。[结论]粉垄耕作技术能够提高植烟土壤养分含量,改善土壤结构,且以40 cm粉垄深度作为青岛烟区最适宜的耕作深度。

烤烟刺激性和杂气的影响因素及主要改善措施

刺激性和杂气是衡量烤烟品质最主要的感官质量指标,综述影响烟叶刺激性和杂气的主要研究,重点对烟叶化学成分(含氮化合物、糖类、氯元素等)及其影响因素(生态环境、品种、pH)、物理性状、栽培和加工(栽培、初烤、复烤、陈化)3个方向和多个维度的研究现状进行了跟踪分析,现阶段的研究结果表明:烟叶刺激性和杂气感官评吸质量是受多种因素共同作用的结果,但本质上是受化学成分含量及比例的影响。总结了降刺除杂的主要农艺措施和工艺措施,为烤烟行业降刺除杂以提高感官质量提供了一定的理论依据。

烤烟提钾降氯技术研究进展

钾、氯是烤烟的2种重要营养元素,是衡量烟叶品质的重要指标,其含量的多少对烤烟的外观品质和内在质量有重要影响。目前,我国部分烟区烟叶存在钾低氯高的问题,制约了我国优质烟叶的生产。针对这一问题,文章综述了影响烤烟烟叶钾、氯离子含量的因素,并综合介绍了近年来主要的研究技术,如灌溉技术、优化施肥方法、改进栽培措施、选育高钾低氯品种等,为烤烟烟叶的提钾降氯技术提供理论依据。

新型复合激发锂渣基固化剂加固软土试验研究

为提高固体废弃物锂渣的利用率,以锂渣作为原材料,选择生石灰作为外添加剂,同时添加碳酸钙和氢氧化钠作为复合激发剂,利用碱激发技术研制一种新型软土固化剂材料。采用正交试验研究该新型复合激发锂渣基固化剂的固化配合比,并探究试验中各因素对固化土抗压强度的影响,同时结合XRD及SEM揭示固化剂与软土之间的固化机理及微观结构的演化规律。结果表明,固化剂的最佳配合比为锂渣掺量73%(质量分数)、生石灰掺量18%(质量分数)、复合激发剂掺量9%(质量分数)、碳酸钙与氢氧化钠质量比1∶1。该配合比下固化土7和28 d无侧限抗压强度分别为1.32和2.35 MPa,水稳定性系数分别为0.80和0.87。在生石灰与复合激发剂的协同作用下,固化土中水化硅铝酸钙(C-A-S-H)和水化硅铝酸钠(N-A-S-H)等胶凝物质显著增多,土体结构致密度提高强度及水稳定性提高。

硅烷偶联剂对氧化铝陶瓷浆料流动性能和3D打印性能的影响

基于光固化3D打印技术需要高固相含量、低黏度的陶瓷浆料以防止烧结陶瓷部件产生裂纹、孔洞、翘曲等缺陷,通过测试流变性能与固化性能,本文优化了树脂单体的选用及配比,采用KH550、KH560、KH570三种硅烷偶联剂对Al_(2)O_(3)粉体表面改性,以改善陶瓷浆料的流变性能和稳定性,探讨了硅烷偶联剂降低Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷浆料体系黏度的机理,获得了固相含量为75%(质量分数)(体积分数为45.5%)、黏度为4540 mPa·s的Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷浆料,并提出了一种光固化Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷浆料制备的优化方法,这有望对用于制备复杂陶瓷的高固含量、低黏度的3D打印Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷浆料提供帮助。

缓黏结预应力钢绞线用胶黏剂固化指标试验研究

近年来缓黏结预应力技术因其优异特性在预应力结构领域深受欢迎。缓黏结预应力技术的关键材料是缓黏结预应力钢绞线,技术原理是通过胶黏剂固化后将钢绞线与周围的混凝土融为一体,从而增加结构的黏结锚固性能。当前学术界和工程界对胶黏剂固化指标的研究较少,本文主要对胶黏剂常见的4种固化检测指标进行试验研究,包括邵氏硬度、拉伸剪切强度、抗压强度和弯曲强度试验。结果表明:胶黏剂的4种固化指标达到最大值时对应的固化时间接近相同,所以4种固化指标具有一致性;胶黏剂固化后邵氏硬度最大值的离散系数最小(0.013),邵氏硬度特征值(80 D)是胶黏剂固化完成的最佳固化评定指标。

γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷分子膜的固化条件研究

该文采用浸渍成膜技术在X80管线钢表面制备γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷抗腐蚀涂层,对影响涂层固化的3个因素,浸渍时间、固化时间、固化温度分别进行单因素实验探索,得到最佳固化条件,即浸渍时间3 min、固化时间40 min及固化温度120℃。通过SEM及EDX分析可知,制备态涂层表面均匀,有少量位置发生轻微剥落。涂层分为多层,最上层表面上分布许多小孔隙,涂层下部C、O、Si元素较多并且Fe元素分布均匀,涂层虽在某些位置有轻微剥落,但并没有造成基体合金裸露,涂层对基体起到较好的防护作用。

不同烘烤工艺对多雨烟区烟叶烘烤质量的影响

根据变黄期和定色期关键温度点的不同升温、稳温程序设置4个烘烤工艺处理,在气流下降式密集烤房对云烟87不同部位的烟叶开展了烘烤对比试验,结果表明:与处理1(对照)相比,处理2(在变黄中后期按38℃→40℃→42℃的程序升温、稳温,在定色前中期按42℃→45℃→48℃→50℃分步升温、稳温)提高了云烟87各部位初烤烟叶的内在质量、外观质量、等级结构和感官质量,其上中等烟比例平均提高了1.40个百分点,桔黄烟比例平均提高了3.37个百分点,青筋烟比例平均下降了1.50个百分点,中、上部烟叶的感官质量得分分别提高了1.67和2.17分。此外,变黄期不同升温速率会影响云烟87下部烟叶的叶耳是否烤青,但对中部烟叶和上部烟叶无明显影响。定色期不同升温速率对烟叶颜色、光滑僵硬烟叶的产生影响较大。

基于数字化技术的烟田精准施肥模式探索与实践

运用地统计学方法和GIS技术,将烟田按土壤养分含量划分不同肥力分区;利用多点大田试验获取关键参数建立推荐施肥模型;应用开发的数字烟田系统和烟田养分管理系统,将烟田测土配方结果推送给烟农以指导施肥实践。结果表明,奉节烟区土壤碱解氮含量属中等水平,有效磷和速效钾含量中等偏高。施肥分区显示,中氮中高磷中高钾烟田比例最大,低氮低磷高钾和中氮高磷中钾烟田比例次之,低氮高磷高钾和中氮低磷低钾烟田比例最小。研究开发的数字烟田系统和烟田养分管理系统可将土壤养分信息和施肥配方结果实时便捷地推送给用户以指导精准施肥。这项研究的成果实现了测土配方施肥的“最后一公里”,为烟田的科学施肥提供了有力的技术支撑。