Design of weak current measurement system and research on temperature impact

A dedicated weak current measurement system was designed to measure the weak currents generated by the neutron ionization chamber.This system incorporates a second-order low-pass filter circuit and the Kalman filtering algorithm to effectively filter out noise and minimize interference in the measurement results.Testing conducted under normal temperature conditions has demonstrated the system's high precision performance.However,it was observed that temperature variations can affect the measurement performance.Data were collected across temperatures ranging from -20 to 70℃,and a temperature correction model was established through linear regression fitting to address this issue.The feasibility of the temperature correction model was confirmed at temperatures of -5 and 40℃,where relative errors remained below 0.1% after applying the temperature correction.The research indicates that the designed measurement system exhibits excellent temperature adaptability and high precision,making it particularly suitable for measuring weak currents.

Temperature Correction for Thickness Measurements of Hot Rolled Steel Plates

Measuring the thickness of steel plates during the hot rolling process IS crucial tor getnng me necessary feedback to obtain the desired values at room temperature. The dilatation and the phase transformations of steel occur during heating and subsequent cooling and rolling strongly influences the results of thickness measurements. The radiometrie method provides the necessary means for making real-time and fully automatized measurements of steel thickness during rolling, if only the temperature correction is precisely known and taken into consideration. This article proves that the experimental results concerning the relative variation of steel thickness and corresponding massthickness variation can be correctly explained by means of the theory of metal dilatation correlated with the theory of nuclear radiation absorption when passing through a metal or metallic alloy, such as steel.

Reliability Analysis of Filtering Reducers Considering Temperature Correction and Shock Load of Space

Owing to some excellent properties(such as large transmission ratio, high reliability, high precision,large stiffness, small volume and long service life), filtering reducers are suitable for occasions with high requirements(e.g. space equipment). However, the tough working condition in space(including frequent changes of temperature, and large temperature difference combined with shock loads) may significantly affect the reliability.In this paper, the expressions of the minimal and maximal instantaneous transmission ratios(ITRs) considering temperature correction are developed. The minimal and maximal ITRs from simulation are used to verify the accuracy. Moreover, the reliability of a filtering reducer under different temperatures and the shock load are calculated, respectively. The research is beneficial to the design of spacecraft mechanism.

Effects of Temperature on the Dynamic Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

By using the falling weight deflectometer（FWD）,the dynamic loading tests on different thickness of asphalt mixture pavement in different temperature were performed.The experimental results show that the effects of temperature on dynamic properties of asphalt mixture are significant,and the thickness of asphalt mixture is also another important influence factor.The comparisons indicate that effect of temperature on the behaviors of dynamic loading properties and static loading properties of asphalt mixture were quite different.

Impacts of snow accumulation on air temperature measured by automatic weather stations on the Antarctic ice sheet

The heights of automatic weather station （AWS） sensors over the Antarctic ice sheet are nominal and change with snow accumulation or ablation. Therefore, the measured data may not be used directly. In this study, we analyzed the impact of snow accumulation on AWS observations using continuous measurements from three AWS that were deployed on the traverse route from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A over East Antarctica. We then corrected the measured air temperature to account for changes in the sensor height relative to the snow surface to improve the authenticity and representativeness of the observation data from the AWS. The results show that （i） the annual mean snow accumulations at Dome A, Eagle and LGB69 were approximately O. 11 m, 0.30 m and 0.49 m, respectively, and the corresponding annual mean air temperature differences between the corrected and measured values at 1 m in height were 0.34℃, 0.29℃ and 0.35℃ （ii） the impact on air temperature from accumulation decreases with height from the surface; （iii） the air temperature difference between the corrected and measured values was not directly proportional to the snow accumulation but was related to the seasonal air temperature variations and the intensity of the local surface inversion; and （iv） the averaged corrected air temperature was higher than the measured values except during the summer when there were days without temperature inversion. The magnitude of the temperature difference between the corrected and measured was mainly determined by snow accumulation and the intensity of the local surface inversion.

EVALUATION OF CORRECTIONS ON TURBULENT FLUXES OBTAINED BY EDDY COVARIANCE METHOD IN HIGH WINDS

This paper investigates processing of fast-response data and corrections of turbulent fluxes obtained by using eddy covariance method based on data collected at an offshore observation tower during three Cold-intrusion(CI)events in the South China Sea in 2010. This study presents the data processing procedure in detail and compares frictional velocities(u*), sensible heat fluxes(H) and latent heat fluxes(LE) yielded by using different averaging periods and different coordinate rotation methods; evaluates the sonic temperature correction for sensible heat flux and the Webb correction for latent heat flux as a function of 10 m wind speed(u10) during the CIs. The results show(1) that the different averaging periods of 30 min and 10 min cause biases of u*(H, LE) within 5%(15%, 62%). The values of u*(H,LE) averaged from 30 mins are mostly larger than those averaged from 10 mins. We suggest that the averaging period of 10 min is not sufficiently long to capture all scale eddies and recommend 30 min averaging period in calculating turbulent fluxes using eddy covariance method during CIs;(2) that the values of u*(H, LE) obtained from double rotation(DR2) and those obtained from planar fit rotation(PF) have good agreements and correlation coefficients between them are larger than 0.99. Because PF method requires unchanged environment and it is easier to apply DR2 method, we suggest DR2 coordinate rotation method in processing fast-response data; and(3) that the median values of frictional velocity(sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) binned according to 2 m s^(-1) intervals of u_(10) increase(decrease,increase) by less than 9%(4%, 10%) by Coriolis corrections(sonic temperature corrections, Webb corrections), which decreases(decreases, increases) with increasing u10 when u10 are 5-17 m s^(-1).

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of 1460 Al-Li alloy

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of 1460 Al-Li alloy were investigated by isothermal compression test conducted at various strain rates（10-3-10 s-1） and temperatures（573-773 K）. The flow stress curves were corrected by considering the friction at the platen/specimen interface and the temperature change due to the deformation heating. The effects of strain, strain rate and temperature on the deformation behavior were characterized by the Zener-Hollomon parameter in a hyperbolic-sine equation, and the constitutive equations were established according to the peak flow stress associated with dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization and the dissolution of T1 phases. In the entire strain rate and temperature range, the prediction capabilities of the developed constitutive equation are proved to be feasible and effective with a linear correlation coefficient and an average absolute relative error coefficient of 0.9909 and 6.72%, respectively.

Achieving robustness to temperature change of a NIR model for apple soluble solids content

The temperature difference of fruit itself will affect its near infrared spectrum and the accuracy of its soluble solids content(SSC)prediction model.To eliminate the influence of apple temperature difference on the SSC model,a diffuse transmission dynamic online detection device was used to collect the spectral data of apples at different temperatures,and four methods were used to establish partial least squares correction models:global correction,orthogonal signal processing,generalized least squares weighting and external parameter orthogonal(EPO).The results show that the temperature has a strong influence on the diffuse transmission spectrum of apples.The 20ºC model can get a satisfactory prediction result when the temperature is constant,and there will be great errors when detecting samples at other temperatures.The effect of temperature must be corrected to establish a more general model.These methods all improve the accuracy of the model,with the EPO method giving the best results;the prediction set correlation coefficient is 0.947,the root mean square error of prediction is 0.489%,and the prediction bias is 0.009%.The research results are of great significance to the practical application of SSC prediction of fruits in sorting workshops or orchards.

Temperature and pressure characteristics of ultrasonic transducer and the amplitude spectra correction of echoes

In this paper,the transfer functions of ultrasonic transducers under different temperatures are imitated according to Mason equivalent circuit. The relevant experiments are carried out. The results show that the transfer characteristic of ultrasonic transducer varies with temperature and pressure. Therefore, we present an approach to correct the amplitude spectra of ultrasonic echoes got in different temperature and pressure environmeots. The theoretical simulation and experimental results prove that the approach is simple, effective and practical.

Temperature dependence of the plastic scintillator detector for DAMPE

The Plastic Scintillator Detector（PSD） is one of the main sub-detectors in the DArk Matter Particle Explorer（DAMPE） project. It will be operated over a large temperature range from -10 to 30, so the temperature effect of the whole detection system should be studied in detail. The temperature dependence of the PSD system is mainly contributed by the three parts： the plastic scintillator bar, the photomultiplier tube（PMT）, and the Front End Electronics（FEE）. These three parts have been studied in detail and the contribution of each part has been obtained and discussed. The temperature coefficient of the PMT is -0.320（±0.033）%/℃, and the coefficient of the plastic scintillator bar is -0.036（±0.038）%/℃. This result means that after subtracting the FEE pedestal, the variation of the signal amplitude of the PMT-scintillator system due to temperature mainly comes from the PMT,and the plastic scintillator bar is not sensitive to temperature over the operating range. Since the temperature effect cannot be ignored, the temperature dependence of the whole PSD has been also studied and a correction has been made to minimize this effect. The correction result shows that the effect of temperature on the signal amplitude of the PSD system can be suppressed.

Constitutive Model of Warm Deformation Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel

The compressive behaviors of medium carbon steel specimens were investigated over a wide range of tem- peratures and strain rates using a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine. The results show that the flow stress in- creased with strain at first, and then gradually decreased after reaching a peak value. The flow stress softening rate at a high strain rate was larger than that at a low strain rate. The effects of deformation heating and friction on flow stress were analyzed. A new friction correction method, wherein the effect of strain on frictional coefficient was con- sidered, was established here. The stresses revised by the new method deviated from the measured stresses with in- creasing strain. Meanwhile, the apparent frictional coefficient variation law with strain was obtained. The frictional coefficient increased as the strain increased and then slightly decreased after maintaining a constant value. The stress was corrected by considering deformation heating. The accuracy of the temperature correction method was verified using a special experiment. The results of the verification experiment show that the temperature correction method exhibited a good accuracy in calculating the variation of stress caused by deformation heating. A constitutive model considering strain was proposed here to describe the deformation behaviors. Compared with experimental data, the modified constitutive model exhibited a good accuracy as to constitutive correlation.