Hand Cooling Enhances the Proprioceptive Drift during Rubber Hand Illusion

Background: The neural representation of the body is easily altered by integrating multiple sensory signals in the brain. The “Rubber Hand Illusion” (RHI) is one of the most popular experimental paradigms to investigate this phenomenon. During this illusion, ownership of a rubber hand is temporarily induced. It was shown that external and continuous cooling of the palm enhanced the RHI, suggesting an association between altered the autonomic nervous system regulation and altered the sense of ownership of a specific limb. Purpose: To investigate whether artificially cooling the entire hand for a short period affects the magnitude of the illusion. Methods: Participants immersed their entire hand in cool, cold, or warm water for 1 min before the RHI procedure. Results: We found that cooling the entire hand enhanced the proprioceptive drift during the RHI but not the subjective feeling of ownership. In contrast, warming and intense cooling of the entire hand did not affect the RHI strength. Conclusion: Our results suggest that transient and moderate cooling of the entire hand was sufficient in enhancing the illusory disembodiment of one’s own hand.

A numerical estimation of the impact of Stokes drift on upper ocean temperature

The impact of Stokes drift on the mixed layer temperature variation was estimated by taking into account an advective heat transport term induced by the Stokes drift in the equation of mixed layer temperature and using the oceanic and wave parameters from a global ocean circulation model （HYCOM） and a wave model （Wave Watch III）. The dimensional analysis and quantitative estimation method were conducted to assess the importance of the effect induced by the Stokes drift and to analyze its spatial distribution and seasonal variation characteristics. Results show that the contribution of the Stokes drift to the mixed layer temperature variation at mid-to-high latitudes is comparable with that of the mean current, and a substantial part of mixed layer temperature change is induced by taking the Stokes drift effect into account. Although the advection heat transport induced by the Stokes drift is not the leading term for the mixed layer temperature equation, it cannot be neglected and even becomes critical in some regions for the simulation of the upperocean temperature.

Growth and Resource Accumulation of Drifting Sargassum horneri(Fucales, Phaeophyta) in Response to Temperature and Nitrogen Supply

The abnormal increase of drifting brown alga Sargassum horneri was initially documented in 2007.It formed blooms along the coast of East China Sea and Yellow Sea in 2017.In this study,we investigated the changes of specific growth rate and resource accumulation of drifting S.horneri in response to temperature and nitrogen richness at different growth stages under laboratory condition.The investigation lasted from June 2015 to April 2016 with the observation made every two months.The results showed that the life cycle consists of a few growth stages dividable with morphological characteristics.The growth can be divided into shedding and withering(August),rapid growing(October to September),slow growing(February),rapid growing(April)and maturation(June)stages.Under the experimental condition,algal segments were found to grow at temperatures ranging from 5 to 25℃in 12 days even when nitrogen is deficient.A significant difference in the special growth rate(SGR)between nitrogen-enriched and nitrogen-removed treatments was found in most months(P<0.05).SGR was lower in August and February than that in other months.Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents in algal segments were different among different temperatures,nitrogen supply and seasons.Nitrogen content was higher in February and April than that in other months in both nitrogen-enriched and nitrogen-removed treatments.The results showed that the demand of S.horneri for nitrogen increased in spring when it grows fast.It is likely that the high temperature and nitrogen concentration in winter and spring lead to the high biomass accumulation of drifting S.horneri.

Early Hydration and Setting Process of Fly Ash-blended Cement Paste under Different Curing Temperatures

A specially developed ultrasonic measurement apparatus (UMA) was used to in situ monitor the setting process of fly ash blended cement paste. Combined with the results of Vicat Needle tests, isothermal calorimetric measurement, XRD analysis, SEM morphology and compressive test, the influence of curing temperature (20, 40, 60, and 90 ℃) and fly ash content (0,10%, 20% and 30%) on the setting and hydration process of fly ash blended cement paste was analyzed. The results show that setting and hardening process of fly ash blended cement paste at elevated temperature can be clearly identified into three stages including dormant stage, acceleration stage and deceleration stage. The increasing of curing temperature greatly accelerates the setting and hardening process. However, the content of fly ash does not have significant effect on the setting in condition of 90 ℃. Besides, the initial and final setting time of cement paste is correspondent with the time of duration of dormant stage and the time of UPV value is 1500 m/s (T1500), respectively. Thus, the UMA can be used to determine the initial and final setting time of cementitious material under different curing temperatures. The compressive test results indicate that the paste with 20% fly ash presents higher compressive strength than the plain paste at curing temperatures of 90 ℃. Therefore, appropriate amount of fly ash is beneficial for concrete in the high temperature curing conditions.

Retardation of an IGG gas flow along a mine drift due to condensation and temperature decrease

The progress of the GAG gas flow in a conveyor drift is investigated.The output of a calculation model is evaluated and compared with experimental results from full-scale inertisation experiments.Expressions presenting the fastest and most extensive condensation of water resulted in well fitted arrival times of the GAG gas front.A common denominator for the two sets of expressions is that the type of flow is considered and thus better fitted to the actual flow situation.The model was further refined to include the surface roughness factor in the condensation calculations,which resulted in time lengths even closer to the measured time length.The measured rapid temperature increase at certain positions along the conveyor drift was found to fit well with the calculated GAG gas front arrival at the corresponding positions.The magnitude of the GAG flow was found to have a large impact on the arrival time of the GAG gas front.Knowing and understanding the GAG gas behaviour would increase the likelihood of successful inertisation of all or part of a mine.

Precise calibration of zero-crossing temperature and drift of an ultralow expansion cavity with a clock transition spectrum

We report a clock transition spectrum approach, which is used to calibrate the zero-crossing temperature and frequency drift of an ultralow expansion（ULE） cavity with a Hertz level resolution. With this approach, the linear and nonlinear drifts of the ULE cavity along a variety of controlled temperatures are clearly presented. When the controlled temperature of ULE cavity is tuned away from the zero-crossing temperature of the ULE cavity, the cavity shows larger and larger nonlinear drift. According to our theoretical analysis and experimental results, we investigate more details of the drift property of the ULE cavity around the zero-crossing temperature, which has seldom been explored before. We can definitely conclude that the zero-crossing temperature of our ULE cavity used in an ytterbium（Yb） lattice clock is around 31.7℃.

Factors Influencing the Outcrossed Seed-Setting Obstacles of Photo-thermo Sensitive Genie Male Sterile Rice

Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.

Temperature Drift Modeling of FOG Based on LS-WSVM

Large temperature drift is an important factor for improving the performance of FOG.A trend term of temperature drift of FOG is obtained using stationary wavelets transform,and an FOG drift algorithm with least squares wavelet support vector machine(LS-WSVM) is developed.The algorithm used Maxihat wavelet as a kernel function of LS-WSVM to establish an FOG drift model.It has better modeling precise than LS-WSVM model with Gauss kernel.Results indicate the efficiency of this algorithm of LS-WSVM.

Studies on Seed Setting Stability in Associated with Temperature for a Two-Line Hybrid Rice,Liangyoupeijiu

When being planted in wide areas in southern China (23°23' - 33°23' N, 98°35' - 120°19' E, sea level above 2.7 - 1285 m), Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ), a two-line hybrid rice combination, showed a seed setting rate of 75.2 - 77.2%, which was lower by 4.3 - 7.5 percent point than that of an indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (CK), with similar values of grain yield and coefficients of variation to CK. Sowing during 5-25th of May in Nanjing (32°3' N, 118°48' E), China, LYPJ headed before 4th September, and gave a seed setting rate of 75 - 90%, and grain yield over 1 kg/m2. If the sowing date was delayed to 14 - 15th, June, its heading date would be as late as 17th - 21st September, and seed setting rate would be declined by 10 - 15% in comparison with that on a suitable sowing date. When flowering took place at an average daily temperature range of 13.7 - 28.5℃ for five days, the spikelet fertility (SF) would be increased by 1.9- 10.7%, for each increment of 1℃. The suitable (SF≥90%) and safe (SF≥75%) temperatures for flowering stage were indicated to be 26.5℃ and 22.9℃, respectively. To get a high and stable seed set in cultivating LYPJ, it was recommended that LYPJ would be planted in the areas south of 34癗, and the favorable average daily temperature during flowering stage should be at 26 - 28℃.

Responses of Yield Characteristics to High Temperature During Flowering Stage in Hybrid Rice Guodao 6

By sowing at different dates during 2005 and 2006 both in paddy fields and greenhouse, a super hybrid rice combination Guodao 6 and a conventional hybrid rice combination Xieyou 46 （as control） were used to analyze the differences in heat injury index, seed setting rate, grain yield and its components. Guodao 6 showed more stable yield and spikelet fertility, and lower heat injury index than Xieyou 46. Further studies indicated that the spikelet sterility is positively correlated with the average daily temperature and the maximum daily temperature, with the coefficients of 0.8604 and 0.9850 （P〈0.05） respectively in Guodao 6. The effect of high temperature injury on seed setting caused by maximum daily temperature was lower than that by average daily temperature during the grain filling stage.

A model of sea surface temperature front detection based on a threshold interval

A model （Bayesian oceanic front detection, BOFD） of sea surface temperature （SST） front detection in satel- lite-derived SST images based on a threshold interval is presented, to be used in different applications such as climatic and environmental studies or fisheries. The model first computes the SST gradient by using a Sobel algorithm template. On the basis of the gradient value, the threshold interval is determined by a gradi- ent cumulative histogram. According to this threshold interval, front candidates can be acquired and prior probability and likelihood can be calculated. Whether or not the candidates are front points can be deter- mined by using the Bayesian decision theory. The model is evaluated on the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer images of part of the Kuroshio front region. Results are compared with those obtained by using several SST front detection methods proposed in the literature. This comparison shows that the BOFD not only suppresses noise and small-scale fronts, but also retains continuous fronts.

IUKF neural network modeling for FOG temperature drift

A novel neural network based on iterated unscented Kalman filter （IUKF） algorithm is established to model and com- pensate for the fiber optic gyro （FOG） bias drift caused by temperature. In the network, FOG temperature and its gradient are set as input and the FOG bias drift is set as the expected output. A 2-5-1 network trained with IUKF algorithm is established. The IUKF algorithm is developed on the basis of the unscented Kalman filter （UKF）. The weight and bias vectors of the hidden layer are set as the state of the UKF and its process and measurement equations are deduced according to the network architecture. To solve the unavoidable estimation deviation of the mean and covariance of the states in the UKF algorithm, iterative computation is introduced into the UKF after the measurement update. While the measure- ment noise R is extended into the state vectors before iteration in order to meet the statistic orthogonality of estimate and mea- surement noise. The IUKF algorithm can provide the optimized estimation for the neural network because of its state expansion and iteration. Temperature rise （-20-20℃） and drop （70-20℃） tests for FOG are carried out in an attemperator. The temperature drift model is built with neural network, and it is trained respectively with BP, UKF and IUKF algorithms. The results prove that the proposed model has higher precision compared with the back- propagation （BP） and UKF network models.

Comparison of Setting Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Various Silica-bonded No-cement Castables

Microsilica-gel bonded bauxite based no-cement refractory castables（NCCs）have been produced using two readily available dispersants.These NCCs were compared to NCC with Siox X-Zero,a purposely-developed product for microsilica-gel bonded no-cement castable systems to control flow properties and setting characteristics.Three mixing and curing temperatures were applied：5℃,20℃and 35℃.The results show that setting-behaviour and mechanical properties strongly vary with the type of dispersant and the curing temperature.However,both setting and strength are less temperature dependent in the castables with Siox X-Zero.Furthermore,the drying and firing of microsilica-gel bonded NCCs were investigated.Since microsilica-gel bond system contains only a small amount of bound water,the castables can be fired at very high heating rates,once the free water has been removed.

Variation of Sea Ice Temperature from CHINARE 2003 and Its Application on Sea Ice Model Evaluation

Variation of vertical profiles of sea ice temperature and adjacent atmosphere and ocean temperatures were measured by ice drifting buoys deployed in the northeast Chukchi Sea as part of the 2003 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition.The buoy observations (September 2003 to February 2005) show that the cooling of the ice began in late September,propagated down through the ice,reaching the bottom of the ice in December,and continued throughout the winter.In winter 2003/04,some obvious warmings were observed in the upper portion of the ice in response to major warmings in the overlying atmosphere associated with the periodicity of storms in the northeast Chukchi Sea.It is found that the melt season at the buoy site in 2004 was about 15% longer than normal.The buoy observed vertical ice temperature profiles were used as a diagnostic for sea ice model evaluation.The results show that the simulated ice temperature profiles have large discrepancies as compared with the observations.

A new investigation on drift of base-line value in geomagnetic observation

A new explanation on drift of base line (BL) value in geomagnetic observation was presented by means of detailed analysis on BL value of H variometer at Tianshui Observatory from 1991 to 1995, in association with some numerical simulation. It was confirmed that drift does not always exist. For variometers running normally for many years, drift appears to be zero. The temperature dependence of BL value is reversible below a certain temperature but irreversible above it. This irreversibility is the main reason that causes the BL value to show a monotonous declination with time, which has been mistaken for the drift in the past. As to the H variometer at Tianshui Observatory, no drift exists in BL value in these years. A new method was introduced to study the BL value variation with temperature by separating it into three parts.

温度对Offner高光谱成像光谱仪图像质量与光谱数据的影响

Offner高光谱成像光谱仪具有体积小,质量轻且结构简单等特点,并已成为深空深地、遥感、地质、民用等领域的重要装备。为了能够获得更清晰更准确的图像和光谱数据,我们对Offner高光谱成像光谱仪进行不同环境温度变化测试。通过理论分析到实验室模拟,再到实际运用,深入分析了环境温度在变化范围内(0℃~40℃)对图像及光谱数据的准确性和稳定性的影响。

Study on Temperature Field of Surrounding Rock with BEM

The authors analyzed the characteristic of surrounding rock temperature field around a drifting face, set up its mathematic model, and got its numerical result with the boundary element method(BEM). To calculate in tra domain integral, it was transformed into boundary integration with the DRM method. Using the similitude theory, the dimensionless differential equation was educed. Finally, the authors calculated two drifting faces of Sanhejian Coal Mine using the computer software developed by authors based on the above principium, and got the distribution characteristic of surrounding rock temperature field around a drifting face and the periodic variation in temperature with its periodic moving forward. Comparing the calculated heat dissipating capacity of surrounding rock with the measured data shows that the computer software is proper.

Effect of Stretching - Setting Treatment on Dyeing Behavior of Wool

Changes of dyeing behavior of wool after stretching - setting treatment are studied.Effects of stretching - setting on wool structure are analyzed.It is concluded that stretching - setting treatment not only reduces wool diameter and increases wool length,but also brings about low-temperature dyeing of wool.

基于TOF测量的红外光电测距传感器研制

为了满足智能设备的高精度、无接触、远距离测量需求,研制了基于TOF测量原理的红外光电测距传感器。设计了基于IO_LINK的单总线通信系统和基于MCU的数据处理系统。对距离值和温漂进行标定,采用环境光补偿方法改进光路结构。验证了IO_LINK单总线系统和MCU数据处理系统的稳定性及室外工作的可靠性。