Analysis of piezoelectric semiconductor fibers under gradient temperature changes

Piezoelectric semiconductors(PSs)possess both semiconducting properties and piezoelectric coupling effects,making them optimal building blocks for semiconductor devices.PS fiber-like structures have wide applications in multi-functional semiconductor devices.In this paper,a one-dimensional(1D)theoretical model is established to describe the piezotronic responses of a PS fiber under gradient temperature changes.The theoretical model aims to explain the mechanism behind the resistance change caused by such gradient temperature changes.Numerical results demonstrate that a gradient temperature change significantly affects the physical fields within the PS fiber,and can induce changes in its surface resistance.It provides important theoretical guidance on the development of piezotronic devices that are sensitive to temperature effects.

Gyro-Landau-fluid simulations of impurity effects on ion temperature gradient driven turbulence transport

The effects of impurities on ion temperature gradient(ITG)driven turbulence transport in tokamak core plasmas are investigated numerically via global simulations of microturbulence with carbon impurities and adiabatic electrons.The simulations use an extended fluid code(ExFC)based on a four-field gyro-Landau-fluid(GLF)model.The multispecies form of the normalized GLF equations is presented,which guarantees the self-consistent evolution of both bulk ions and impurities.With parametric profiles of the cyclone base case,well-benchmarked ExFC is employed to perform simulations focusing on different impurity density profiles.For a fixed temperature profile,it is found that the turbulent heat diffusivity of bulk ions in a quasi-steady state is usually lower than that without impurities,which is contrary to the linear and quasilinear predictions.The evolutions of the temperature gradient and heat diffusivity exhibit a fast relaxation process,indicating that the destabilization of the outwardly peaked impurity profile is a transient state response.Furthermore,the impurity effects from different profiles can obviously influence the nonlinear critical temperature gradient,which is likely to be dominated by linear effects.These results suggest that the improvement in plasma confinement could be attributed to the impurities,most likely through adjusting both heat diffusivity and the critical temperature gradient.

Three-Dimensional Convection in an Inclined Porous Layer Subjected to a Vertical Temperature Gradient

In this paper,we study the onset and development of three-dimensional convection in a tilted porous layer saturated with a liquid.The layer is subjected to a gravitational field and a strictly vertical temperature gradient.Typically,problems of thermal convection in tilted porous media saturated with a liquid are studied by assuming constant different temperatures at the boundaries of the layer,which prevent these systems from supporting conductive(non-convective)states.The boundary conditions considered in the present work allow a conductive state and are representative of typical geological applications.In an earlier work,we carried out a linear stability analysis of the conductive state.It was shown that at any layer tilt angles,the most dangerous type of disturbances are longitudinal rolls.Moreover,a non-zero velocity component exists in z-direction.In the present work,threedimensional non-linear convection regimes are studied.The original three-dimensional problem is reduced to two-dimensional one with an analytical expression for the velocity z-component v_(z)=v_(z)(x,y).It is shown that the critical Rayleigh number values obtained through numerical solutions of the obtained 2D problem by a finite difference method for different layer inclination angles,are in a good agreement with those predicted by the linear theory.The number of convective rolls realized in nonlinear calculations also fits the linear theory predictions for a given cavity geometry.Calculations carried out at low supercriticalities show that a direct bifurcation takes place.With increasing supercriticality,no transitions to other convective regimes are detected.The situation studied in this problem can be observed in oil-bearing rock formations under the influence of a geothermal temperature gradient,where the ensuing fluid convection can affect the distribution of oil throughout the layer.

Effect of temperature gradientinduced periodic deformation of CRTS Ⅲ slab track on dynamic responses of the train-track system

Purpose-Temperature is an important load for a ballastless track.However,little research has been conducted on the dynamic responses when a train travels on a ballastless track under the temperature gradient.The dynamic responses under different temperature gradients of the slab are theoretically investigated in this work.Design/methodology/approach-Considering the moving train,the temperature gradient of the slab,and the gravity of the slab track,a dynamic model for a high-speed train that runs along the CRTS Ⅲ slab track on subgrade is developed by a nonlinear coupled way in Abaqus.Findings-The results are as follows:(1)The upward transmission of the periodic deformation of the slab causes periodic track irregularity.(2)Because of the geometric constraint of limiting structures,the maximum bending stresses of the slab occur near the end of the slab under positive temperature gradients,but in the middle of the slab under negative temperature gradients.(3)The periodic deformation of the slab can induce periodic changes in the interlayer stiffness and contact status,leading to a large vibration of the slab.Because of the vibration-reduction capacity of the fastener and the larger mass of the concrete base,the accelerations of both the slab and concrete base are far less than the acceleration of the rail.Originality/value-This study reveals the influence mechanism of temperature gradient-induced periodic deformation in the dynamic responses of the train-track system,and it also provides a guide for the safe service of CRTS Ⅲ slab track.

Study on the dynamic contact relationship between layers under temperature gradients in CRTSⅢ ballastless track

In areas with large temperature differences,the uneven distribution of temperatures in the CRTS III ballastless track slab due to daytime sunlight can cause warpage deformation,leading to periodic rail irregularities that increase the wheel-rail impact of high-speed vehicles and accelerate track structure damage.Therefore,it is necessary to study the dynamic contact relationship between the composite slab and the base plate during vehicle running.The results of the study show that:1)Under the influence of temperature gradients,the composite slab tends to deform elliptically.With a positive temperature gradient,the middle part of the track slab bulges upward,causing the slab to be supported by its four corners.Conversely,with a negative temperature gradient,the four corners of the track slab bulge upward,resulting in the slab being supported by its center.2)Temperature gradients can lead to separation between the composite slab and the base plate,reducing the contact area between layers.During vehicle running,the contact area between layers gradually increases,but the separation cannot be completely closed.3)The temperature gradient significantly affects the vertical displacement of the track.The vertical displacement in the middle of the slab increases with a positive temperature gradient.In contrast,the vertical displacement at the ends of the slab increases with a negative temperature gradient.4)The stress of self-compacting concrete at the side position significantly increases under a positive temperature gradient,with the vertical stress increasing by 2.7 times when the temperature gradient increases from 0 to 90℃·m^(-1).

Explainable machine learning model for predicting molten steel temperature in the LF refining process

Accurate prediction of molten steel temperature in the ladle furnace(LF)refining process has an important influence on the quality of molten steel and the control of steelmaking cost.Extensive research on establishing models to predict molten steel temperature has been conducted.However,most researchers focus solely on improving the accuracy of the model,neglecting its explainability.The present study aims to develop a high-precision and explainable model with improved reliability and transparency.The eXtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)and light gradient boosting machine(LGBM)were utilized,along with bayesian optimization and grey wolf optimiz-ation(GWO),to establish the prediction model.Different performance evaluation metrics and graphical representations were applied to compare the optimal XGBoost and LGBM models obtained through varying hyperparameter optimization methods with the other models.The findings indicated that the GWO-LGBM model outperformed other methods in predicting molten steel temperature,with a high pre-diction accuracy of 89.35%within the error range of±5°C.The model’s learning/decision process was revealed,and the influence degree of different variables on the molten steel temperature was clarified using the tree structure visualization and SHapley Additive exPlana-tions(SHAP)analysis.Consequently,the explainability of the optimal GWO-LGBM model was enhanced,providing reliable support for prediction results.

Temperature Gradient Analyses of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Methanol

Thermal management in solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC)is a critical issue due to non-uniform electrochemical reactions and convective fl ows within the cells.Therefore,a 2D mathematical model is established herein to investigate the thermal responses of a tubular methanol-fueled SOFC.Results show that unlike the low-temperature condition of 873 K,where the peak temperature gradient occurs at the cell center,it appears near the fuel inlet at 1073 K because of the rapid temperature rise induced by the elevated current density.Despite the large heat convection capacity,excessive air could not eff ectively eliminate the harmful temperature gradient caused by the large current density.Thus,optimal control of the current density by properly selecting the operating potential could generate a local thermal neutral state.Interestingly,the maximum axial temperature gradient could be reduced by about 18%at 973 K and 20%at 1073 K when the air with a 5 K higher temperature is supplied.Additionally,despite the higher electrochemical performance observed,the cell with a counter-fl ow arrange-ment featured by a larger hot area and higher maximum temperature gradients is not preferable for a ceramic SOFC system considering thermal durability.Overall,this study could provide insightful thermal information for the operating condition selection,structure design,and stability assessment of realistic SOFCs combined with their internal reforming process.

Effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave of saturated silty clay in an open system

Frost heave in seasonally frozen regions is a one-dimensional process that could severely damage infrastructure subgrades.Stress state,temperature and water migration are important factors for frost heave.This work investigated the effects of soil temperature and volumetric water content on the transient frost heave ratio during the freezing of saturated silty clay in an open system and analyzed the relationships between the transient frost heave ratio and freezing rate and between temperature gradient and frost heave rate.The results show that the frost heave ratio,frost heave rate,and freezing rate are positively correlated with the temperature gradient since the temperature gradient drives the water migration during freezing,indicating the transient temperature gradient could be used to evaluate the frost heave of saturated silty clay.The transient freezing rate and transient frost heave ratio are logarithmically related to the transient frost heave ratio and transient temperature gradient,respectively.The effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave are the principal mechanism responsible for different frost heave characteristics and uneven frost heave along a subgrade of the same soil type.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy by heat treatment with continuous temperature gradient

A new high throughput heat-treatment method with a continuous temperature gradient between 600 and 700 ？C was utilized on the Ti-5553 alloy（Ti-5 Al-5 Mo-5 V-3 Cr, mass fraction, %）. The temperature gradient was induced by the variation of the axial section of sample, which was heated by the direct current. The variation of continuous cooling rates on the treated sample was realized by using the end quenching method. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties under different heat treatment conditions were evaluated. The results show that the pseudo-spinodal decomposition of the alloy occurs at（617±1） ？C, and the size of the precipitated α phase is around 300 nm. Moreover, the highest microhardness is obtained after the heat treatment at the pseudo-spinodal decomposition temperature for 4 h. These indicate that the high throughput method is efficient and fast to determine the phase transformation temperature and corresponding microstructural evolution of alloys.

Experimental study of temperature gradient in track slab under outdoor conditions in Chengdu area

Temperature is one of the important loads for designing slab track. The characteristic of slab track tem- perature varies greatly with different regional climates. In this work, a bi-block slab track model was built under outdoor conditions in Chengdu area; the statistical characteristic of temperature gradient in track slab and the relationship between temperature gradient and surface air temperature were tested and analyzed. The results show that the track slab temperature gradient will vary periodically according to the surface air temperature, and show a clear nonlinearity along the height direction. The temperature gradient distribution is extremely uneven： the temperature gradient in the top part of the track slab is larger than that in the bottom part; the most frequently occurring temperature gradient of the track slab is around -3.5 ℃/m and more than 75 % locates in the level -10 to 10 ℃/m; concrete with a relatively good heat exchange condition with the surrounding air has a narrower band distribution. In addition, the frequency distribution histogram should exclude the time zone from 00：00 to 06：00 because there is almost no traffic in this period. The amplitude of track slab temperature variation is obviously lower than that of the air temperature variation, and the former is approximately linear with the latter.

Sulfidation roasting of lead and zinc carbonate with sulphur by temperature gradient method

In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction system was established and the sulfidation thermodynamics of lead and zinc carbonate was calculated with the software HSC 5.0. The effects of roasting temperature,molar ratio of sulphur to lead and zinc carbonate and reaction time in the first step roasting, and holding temperature and time in the second roasting on the sulfidation extent were studied at a laboratory-scale. The experimental results show that the sulfidation extents of lead and zinc are 96.50% and 97.29% under the optimal conditions, respectively, and the artificial galena, sphalerite and wurtzite were formed. By the novel sulfidizing process, it is expected that the sulphides can be recovered by conventional flotation technology.

Solidification microstructure of directionally solidified superalloy under high temperature gradient

The effect of solidification rate on the microstructure development of nickel-based superalloy under the temperature gradient of 500 K·cm-1 was studied. The results show that, with the increase of directional solidification rate from 50 to 800 μm·s-1, both the primary and the secondary dendrite arm spacings of the alloy decrease gradually, and the dendrite morphologies transform from coarse dendrite to superfine dendrite. The sizes of all precipitates in the superalloy decrease gradually. The morphology of γ' precipitate changes from cube to sphere shape and distributes uniformly in both dendrite core and interdendritic regions. MC carbide morphology changes from coarse block to fine-strip and then to Chinese-script and mainly consists of Ta, W, and Hf elements. The γ-γ' eutectic fraction increases firstly and then decreases, and similar regularity is also found for the variation of segregation ratio of elements.

Temperature gradients in concrete box girder bridge under effect of cold wave

The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or nighttime radiation cooling and should not be simplified as one dimensional. A temperature predicting model that can accurately predict temperatures over the cross section of the concrete box girder was developed. On the basis of the analytical model, a two-dimensional temperature gradient model was proposed and a parametric study that considered meteorological factors was performed. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the cold wave with shorter duration and more severe temperature drop may cause more unfavorable influences on the concrete box girder bridge. Finally, the unrestrained linear curvatures, self-equilibrating stresses and bending stresses when considering the frame action of the cross section, were derived from the proposed temperature gradient model and current code provisions, respectively. Then, a comparison was made between the value calculated against proposed model and several current specifications. The results show that the cold wave may cause more unfavorable effect on the concrete box girder bridge, especially on the large concrete box girder bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the thermal effect caused by cold wave during the design stage.

Numerical investigation of temperature gradient-induced thermal stress for steel–concrete composite bridge deck in suspension bridges

A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.

Finite Element Simulation of Temperature Variations in Concrete Bridge Girders

The internal temperature of cast-in-place concrete bridges undergoes strong variations during the construction as a result of environmental factors.In order to determine precisely such variations,the present study relies on the finite element method,used to model the bridge box girder section and simulate the internal temperature distribution during construction.The numerical results display good agreement with measured temperature values.It is shown that when the external temperature is higher,and the internal and external temperature difference is relatively small,the deviation of the fitting line from existing specifications(Chinese specification,American specification,New Zealand specification)is relatively large and vice versa.

Effects of temperature gradient on the interface microstructure and diffusion of diffusion couples:Phase-field simulation

The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by phase-field simulation, and the diffusion couples are produced by the initial aged spinodal alloys with different compositions. Temporal composition evolution and volume fraction of the separated phase indicate the element diffusion direction through the interface under the temperature gradient. The increased temperature gradient induces a wide single-phase region on two sides of the interface.The uphill diffusion proceeds through the interface, no matter whether the diffusion direction is up or down with respect to the temperature gradient. For an alloy with short initial aging time, phase transformation accompanying the interdiffusion results in the straight interface with the single-phase regions on both sides. Compared with the temperature gradient,composition difference of diffusion couple and initial aging time of the alloy show greater effects on diffusion and interface microstructure.

Effects of Temperature Gradient and Cooling Rate on the Formation of Methane Hydrates in Coarse Sand

Temperature gradient and cooling rate have an obvious effect on formation of methane hydrate. The process for formation of methane hydrate in coarse sand is monitored to tmderstand the relationship between temperature gradient and cooling rate and nucleation, growth and distribution of methane hydrate by using the electrical resistivity method. The results show that the change of resistivity can better reflect the nucleation and growth and distribution of methane hydrate. Temperature gradient promotes the nucleation, formation, and formation rate of methane hydrate. At a temperature gradient of 0.11℃/cm, the rate of methane hydrate formation and saturation reaches a maximum. Cooling rate has little effect on the methane hydrate formation process. Judging from the outcome of final spatial distribution of methane hydrate, the cooling rate has an obvious but irregular effect in coarse sand. The effect of tempera^re gradient on distribution of methane hydrate in coarse sand is less than that of cooling rate. At a temperature gradient of 0.07℃/cm, methane hydrate is distributed uniformly in the sample. If the temperature gradient is higher or lower than this value, the hydrate is enriched in the upper layer of sample.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF STRAIGHT-LINE LASER FORMING UNDER THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT MECHANISM

Laser forraing is a new flexible and dieless forming technique. To achieve the high accuracy forming, the temperature gradient mechanism （TGM） is studied. In the analysis of TGM, the plate bends about x-axis and about y-axis as well. To understand the deformation trend, the numerical simulation of deformation of plate is conducted by choosing different laser powers, laser spot diameters, scanning speeds, lengths, widths and thicknesses. From the results of simulation, it can be seen that the laser spot diameter, the scanning speed, laser power and thickness of plate play dominant roles in the laser forming process. However, the bending angles αx and αy show different trends with the variation of parameters. In addition, in comparison with above four parameters, the effect of length and width of plate on the beading angle may be neglected, but their effects are significant for the bending radius R.

Experimental study on moisture migration of remodeled clay under different overburden pressure and temperature gradients

Unidirectional freezing experiments under overburden pressure were carried out, in order to study the driving force of mois- ture migration of remodeled clay during freezing, through improving the indoor moisture migration test device. Overburden pressure and cooling temperature with the same circumstance were changed to determine the influence on water migration of a single factor. Results show that water content increases above the location of the final ice lenses and decreases below the loca- tion. When the overburden pressure increases, water intake gradually decreases and the time starting to absorb water is delayed. The location of the final ice lens is not sensitive to overburden pressure but influenced by the temperature boundary. The im- pact of overburden pressure and maximum temperature is not obvious. Freezing rate is not sensitive to overburden pressure but influenced by temperature, and it increases when the cold temperature decreases. Frost heave and water intake flow in- creases with increasing time and rises up to a peak value, and then decreases. During the freezing process, water intake flow increases when freezing rate decreases. Water intake flow decreases when the overburden pressure increases when the cold temperature decreases. Finally, we expanded the segregation theory, and proposed a model to describe the relationship between water intake flow and freezing rate.

Suppression of ice nucleation in supercooled water under temperature gradients

Understanding the behaviours of ice nucleation in non-isothermal conditions is of great importance for the preparation and retention of supercooled water. Here ice nucleation in supercooled water under temperature gradients is analyzed thermodynamically based on classical nucleation theory(CNT). Given that the free energy barrier for nucleation is dependent on temperature, different from a uniform temperature usually used in CNT, an assumption of linear temperature distribution in the ice nucleus was made and taken into consideration in analysis. The critical radius of the ice nucleus for nucleation and the corresponding nucleation model in the presence of a temperature gradient were obtained. It is observed that the critical radius is determined not only by the degree of supercooling, the only dependence in CNT, but also by the temperature gradient and even the Young's contact angle. Effects of temperature gradient on the change in free energy, critical radius,nucleation barrier and nucleation rate with different contact angles and degrees of supercooling are illustrated successively.The results show that a temperature gradient will increase the nucleation barrier and decrease the nucleation rate, particularly in the cases of large contact angle and low degree of supercooling. In addition, there is a critical temperature gradient for a given degree of supercooling and contact angle, at the higher of which the nucleation can be suppressed completely.