A phenomenological model for plastic flow behavior of rotating band material with a large temperature range

The plastic flow behavior of the rotating band material is investigated in this paper. The rotating band material is processed from H96 brass alloy, which is hardened to a much higher yield strength compared to the annealed one. The dynamically uniaxial compression behavior of the material is tested using the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with temperature and strain rate ranging from 297 to 1073 K and500 to 3000 s^(-1), respectively, and a phenomenological plastic flow stress model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of the material. The material is found to present noticeable temperature sensitivity and weak strain-rate sensitivity. The construction of the plastic flow stress model has two steps. Firstly, three univariate stress functions, taking plastic strain, plastic strain rate and temperature as independent variable, respectively, are proposed by fixing the other two variables. Then, as the three univariate functions describe the special cases of flow stress behavior under various conditions, the principle of stress compatibility is adopted to obtain the complete flow stress function. The numerical results show that the proposed plastic flow stress model is more suitable for the rotating band material than the existing well-known models.

Effect of deposited temperatures of the buffer layer on the band offset of CZTS/In2S3 heterostructure and its solar cell performance

The effect of the deposition temperature of the buffer layer In_2S_3 on the band alignment of CZTS/In_2S_3 heterostructures and the solar cell performance have been investigated.The In_2S_3 films are prepared by thermal evaporation method at temperatures of 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively.By using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,the valence band offsets（VBO） are determined to be-0.28 ±0.1,-0.28 ±0.1,-0.34 ±0.1,and-0.42 ±0.1 eV for the CZTS/In_2S_3heterostructures deposited at 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively,and the corresponding conduction band offsets（CBO）are found to be 0.3 ±0.1,0.41 ±0.1,0.22±0.1,and 0.01 ±0.1 eV,respectively.The XPS study also reveals that interdiffusion of In and Cu occurs at the interface of the heterostructures,which is especially serious at 200 ℃ leading to large amount of interface defects or the formation of CuInS_2 phase at the interface.The CZTS solar cell with the buffer layer In_2S_3 deposited at 150 ℃ shows the best performance due to the proper CBO value at the heterostructure interface and the improved crystal quality of In_2S_3 film induced by the appropriate deposition temperature.The device prepared at 100 ℃presents the poorest performance owing to too high a value of CBO.It is demonstrated that the deposition temperature is a crucial parameter to control the quality of the solar cells.

Evaluation of Energy Band Gap, Thermal Conductivity, Phase Transition Temperature and Elastic Response of PS/CdS Semiconducting Optical Nanocomposite

Thick film of Polystyrene (PS)/CdS semiconducting optical nanocomposite has been synthesized by dispersing nanofiller particles of CdS in PS matrix. The nanostructure of the CdS particles has been ascertained through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Small angle x-ray scattering analysis has been performed in order to ascertain nanocomposite character of the PS/CdS sample. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses of these samples have been carried out to establish the surface morphology. Optical Absorption Spectroscopy is used to measure the energy band gap of PS/CdS nanocomposite by using Tauc relation whereas Transient Plane Source Technique is used for the determination of thermal conductivity of the prepared samples. The phase transition temperature and elastic response of the prepared samples have been ascertained through Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). This study reveals that the thermal conductivity, Young’s modulus and the toughness of the material are greatly influenced by the existence of interfacial energetic interaction between dispersed CdS nanofiller particles and matrix of PS.

Calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A method for calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band is proposed in terms of gradient-dependent plasticity where the characteristic length describes the interactions and interplaying among microstructures. First, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution in adiabatic shear band is obtained based on gradient-dependent plasticity. Then, the plastic work distribution is derived according to the current flow shear stress and the obtained increment of plastic shear strain distribution. In the light of the well-known assumption that 90% of plastic work is converted into the heat resulting in increase in temperature in adiabatic shear band, the increment of the temperature distribution is presented. Next, the average temperature increment in the shear band is calculated to compute the change in flow shear stress due to the thermal softening effect. After the actual flow shear stress considering the thermal softening effect is obtained according to the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution, the plastic work and the temperature in the next time step are recalculated until the total time is consumed. Summing the temperature distribution leads to rise in the total temperature distribution. The present calculated maximum temperature in adiabatic shear band in titanium agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, the temperature profiles for different flow shear stresses are qualitatively consistent with experimental and numerical results. Effects of some related parameters on the temperature distribution are also predicted.

Monitoring of Summer High Temperature Damage by Using MODIS Data to Estimate Air Temperature

[Objective] This study was to monitor the hot damage of high temperature on rice in summer by using MODIS data to estimate air temperature. [Method] A new statistical algorithm was introduced for daytime air temperature （Ta） retrievals over east China by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data, and the high temperature monitoring for rice in south China in 2007 summer was used to demonstrate. [Result] High temperature plays a key role in rice production during rice heading stage in summer in southern China. Using MODIS data to monitor the hot damage of high temperature is a feasible way to relieve agricultural disasters. [Conclusion] The result of this study provided a method to monitor hot damage of high temperature tn rice in summer of China.

Temperature Dependence of Performance of 6H-SiC Unipolar Power Devices

The temperature dependence of some performance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices is analyzed theoretically.By employing the temperature dependent ionization coefficient and mobility of a silicon carbide,the analytical expressions of the temperature dependent performance,such as breakdown characteristics and on resistance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices are derived in a closed form.The analytical results are compared with the experimental results,with good accordance found in the breakdown characteristics.

High temperature tribological behaviors of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with solid lubricant particles

The AA6061-10 wt.%B4 C mono composite, AA6061-10 wt.%B4 C-Gr(Gr: graphite) hybrid composites containing 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% Gr particles, and AA6061-10 wt.%B4 C-Mo S2 hybrid composites containing 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% Mo S2 particles were fabricated through stir casting. The dry sliding tribological behaviors of the mono composite and hybrid composites were studied as a function of temperature on high temperature pin-on-disc tribotester against EN 31 counterface. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the Gr-reinforced and Mo S2-reinforced hybrid composites decreased in the temperature range of 30-100 ℃ due to the combined lubrication offered by the wear protective layer and its solid lubricant phase. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation of the worn pin surface revealed severe adhesion, delamination, and abrasion wear mechanisms at temperatures of 150, 200, and 250 ℃, respectively. At 150 ℃, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) observation of the hybrid composites revealed the formation of deformation bands due to severe plastic deformation and fine crystalline structure due to dynamic recrystallization.

Spectral Property and Stability of Color Centers in Alkali Halide Crystals Induced by He^(+)Ion Implantation at Room Temperature

Thin colored layers with high density defect centers could be produced on alkali halide crystals implanted by 300-400keV He^(+)ions at room temperature.Besides well known absorption bands,several new absorption bands and colloid absorption band are observed in the crystals,such as 520 and 842nm absorption bands in the implanted LiF crystals,840nm absorption band in the implanted NaF:OH^(-)crystals,and 875 nm absorption band in the implanted NaC1:OH^(-)crystals.

Mechanical properties of Ga_xIn_(1-x)As_yP_(1-y)/GaAs system at different temperatures and pressures

The mechanical properties, such as the elastic constants C11, C12, C44, and bulk, Young＇s, and shear moduli, of a Ga x In1-x As y P1-y alloy lattice matching to a Ga As substrate are calculated for various As concentrations. The calculations are based on the pseudo-potential method within the virtual crystal approximation containing the effective disorder potential. The variations of the studied properties with pressure and temperature are investigated. A comparison between the calculated results and the available published data for binary parent compounds shows that they have good agreement,while the calculated results for the quaternary alloys at various temperature and pressure may be taken as a reference.

Effects of Deposition Temperature on the Properties of Fluorinated Amorphous Carbon Films

Fluorinated amorphous carbon films (a-C:F) were prepared at different temperatures using a microwave electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD) reactor with CHF3 and C2H2 as source gases. Films were annealed at 500℃ in vacuum ambience in order to investigate the relationship of their thermal stability, optical and electrical properties with deposition temperature. Results indicate that the films deposited at high temperature have a less CFX bonding and a more cross-linking structure thus a better thermal stability. They also have a lower bandgap, higher dielectric constant and higher leakage current.

Estimation of Land Surface Temperature of Yola, North Eastern Nigeria Using Landsat-7 ETM+ Satellite Image

The land surface temperature of Yola (latitude 9&deg11'N to 9&deg20'N and longitude 12&deg23'E to 12&deg33'E) North-eastern Nigeria was estimated using landsat-7 ETM+ satellite images. ENVI 4.5 software, and Thermal band 6.2 were used for the estimation, land surface temperature, from Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery sensors acquired as a digital number (DN) range from 0 - 255 in thermal band. DNs were first converted to radiance values in Wm-2·sr-1·μm-1, using the bias and gain values specific to an individual pixel, then the radiance was converted eventually to surface temperature (in Kelvin). The results indicate that there is a significant variation in land surface temperature between the two different seasons in Yola. The mean surface temperatures estimated are 307.9 K and 298.1 K during the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The result obtained was compared with data obtained from Meteorological Department. The estimated land surface temperature showed a good correlation, with a difference of 2 K to 3 K.

Effect of Cleaving Temperature on the Surface and Bulk Fermi Surface of Sr2RuO4 Investigated by High Resolution Angle-Resolved Photoemission

High resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements are carried out to systematically investigate the effect of cleaving temperature on the electronic structures and Fermi surfaces of Sr2RuO4.Unlike previous reports,which found that a high cleaving temperature can suppress the surface Fermi surface,we find that the surface Fermi surface remains obvious and strong in Sr2RuO4 cleaved at high temperature,even at room temperature.This indicates that cleaving temperature is not a key effective factor in suppressing surface bands.On the other hand,the bulk bands can be enhanced in an aged surface of Sr2RuO4 that has been cleaved and held for a long time.We have also carried out laser ARPES measurements on Sr_(2)RuO_(4) by using a vacuum ultra-violet laser (photon energy at 6.994eV) and found an obvious enhancement of bulk bands even for samples cleaved at low temperature.This information is important for realizing an effective approach to manipulating and detecting the surface and bulk electronic structure of Sr2RuO4.In particular,the enhancement of bulk sensitivity,along with the super-high instrumental resolution of VUV laser ARPES,will be advantageous in investigating fine electronic structure and superconducting properties of Sr_(2)RuO_(4) in the future.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Pure CdS Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Effect of annealing temperature on the properties of CdS thin films are carried out in this work. Nanocrystalline cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were prepared using spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique and the structural, optical and electrical properties were investigated for different annealing temperature (as deposited, 300, 400 & 500 C). The surface morphology and compositional properties studied by SEM and EDX respectively. The crystal structure of CdS thin film was studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystallite size and lattice constant of SPD CdS thin films were investigated. The optical parameters such as transmittance, absorption coefficient and energy band gap of the films with thermal annealing temperature was investigated by UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The variation of band gap values of CdS thin film samples were found to be in the range of 2.51 to 2.8 eV. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out in fourprobe Vander Pauw method at different temperature. So CdS films may be a good candidate for suitable application in various optoelectronic devices.

Correlation between the Low-Temperature Photoluminescence Spectra and Photovoltaic Properties of Thin Polycrystalline CdTe Films

A dominant intrinsic luminescence band, which is due to the surface potential barriers of crystalline grains, and an edge doublet, which arises as an LO-phonon repetition of the e-h band, has been revealed in the low-temperature photoluminescence spectra of fine-grained obliquely deposited films. Doping film with In impurity leads to quenching of the doublet band, while further thermal treatment causes activation of the intrinsic band, the half-width and the blue shift of the red edge of which correlates with the maximum value of anomalously high photovoltage generated by the film.

R26高温合金螺栓断裂原因

某机组汽轮机高压导气管法兰固定用R26高温合金螺栓发生断裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能测试、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对螺栓断裂的原因进行分析。结果表明:螺栓原材料中Ti元素含量偏高,使材料中产生点状夹杂析出物,经热轧加工后,形成了带状组织,造成了螺栓的高温性能下降、硬度变大,螺栓长期在高温环境下服役,最终发生了脆性断裂。

一种电源管理芯片的高精度过温保护电路设计

电源管理芯片在超过可承受温度范围工作时会对自身造成不同程度的损坏,过温保护电路对提高该类芯片的可靠性和鲁棒性具有重要作用。文中设计了一种具有温度过高关断和温度过低提醒等双重功能的高精度过温保护电路。利用正、负温度系数电压对芯片温度进行实时检测,并与带隙基准电路输出端的不同基准电压分别进行比较得到4个逻辑翻转点,进而通过高精度比较器电路和迟滞逻辑电路处理后,输出迟滞逻辑信号来控制芯片的工作状态或进行温度过低提醒。基于0.18μm BCD(Bipolar-Complementary Metal Oxied Semiconductor-Double diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor)工艺设计并完成了相关仿真验证,仿真结果表明,在电源电压范围为3.0~5.5 V时,该电路输出端的迟滞逻辑翻转信号对应的温度阈值最大偏移量在0.3℃以内,具备较高的精度,可广泛集成于各种需要过温保护功能的电源管理芯片。

3.2~3.4μm红外热像仪基于拟合的测温方法

研究目的为3.2~3.4μm窄波段红外热像仪的测温方法,本文从图像处理领域出发,利用红外热像仪和标准辐射源黑体,在一定的环境温度下,采集不同温度的黑体红外图像,通过数学建模软件对黑体图像进行灰度值计算,进而探究图像灰度值与温度的相关性,并基于最小二乘法和插值拟合思想构造黑体标定曲线,根据得到的标定曲线和已有的灰度值推出验证温度。经验证结果表明,测温精度有所提升,误差在0.49℃以内。

可见光波段高温标定的简化方法

为了提高可见光波段(0.3μm~0.9μm)高温标定的效率,提出了可见光波段高温标定的简化方法。本文提出了带有曝光时间变量的可见光波段的高温标定模型,通过大量实验发现,RGB相机各个通道的灰度值不仅随曝光时间递增呈线性变化,且随黑体辐射亮度的递增也呈线性变化,进而确定了可见光波段高温标定模型的具体形式。为了求解简化后的可见光波段高温标定模型中的未知数,在两个黑体辐射亮度下,分别采集两个曝光时间下的图像数据,接着,对图像数据进行处理,便可以得到任意曝光时间下的RGB相机高温标定曲线。最后,对本文提出的简化可见光波段高温标定方法与常规按曝光时间进行可见光波段高温标定法进行比较。实验结果表明:R、G、B通道计算值与标定值的相对误差最大值分别为3.38%、2.56%和−1.14%,且各通道的计算值与标定值的相对误差均未超过3.50%。本文提出的数学模型可以有效地简化传统的高温标定法,进而大大缩短了高温标定时间,提高了高温标定的标定效率。

原位自生富Fe相增强Mg-Cu-Ag-Gd-Fe非晶复合材料的制备及其力学性能

基于元素间混合焓差异,通过在Mg基非晶合金中添加Fe元素,使合金凝固过程中析出原位自生富Fe相,从而制备出原位自生相增强镁基非晶复合材料。研究发现,富Fe相均匀分散在镁基非晶合金基体中,平均尺寸为8μm,体积含量约为14%。相比于基体材料的脆性断裂,原位自生富Fe相增强镁基非晶复合材料表现出明显的屈服与塑性变形,塑性形变量达9.5%,并且断裂强度也较基体合金有所提高。通过对断面的分析发现富Fe相在变形过程中可有效阻碍非晶基体中主剪切带的快速扩展,使其发生偏转和增殖,生成多重剪切带,使复合材料的力学性能显著提高。