Magnitude and direction of temperature variability affect hospitalization for myocardial infarction and stroke:population-based evidence from Guangzhou,China

Relationships between nonoptimal temperatures and cardiovascular disease(CVD)mortality have been well documented.However,evidence of the association between temperature variability(TV)and CVD morbidity is limited.This study aimed to quantify the risk and burden of CVD-related hospitalization associated with the magnitude and direction of TV.Data on meteorology and population-based hospitalizations for myocardial infarction(MI)and stroke were collected in Guangzhou,China,from 2013 to 2017.Hourly temperature variability(HTV)was measured as the standard deviation of hourly temperature records over specific exposure days.The direction(upward or downward)of HTV was defined as the average daily mean temperature change relative to that of the previous day during the exposure period.Quasi-Poisson regression was applied to assess the impact of HTV after adjusting for the daily mean temperature,and the hospitalization fractions attributable to HTV were calculated.A 1℃-increase in HTV was significantly associated with a 2.24%and 1.72%increase in hospitalizations for MI and hemorrhagic stroke(HS)at lag 0–1 d,respectively,and a 1.55%increase in hospitalizations for ischemic stroke(IS)at lag 0–3 d.During the study period,5.99%,4.64%,and 4.53%of MI,HS,and IS hospitalizations,respectively,were attributable to HTV.The upward TV exerts acute effects on CVD hospital admissions,whereas the impact of downward TV generally lags.These findings highlight the importance of the magnitude and direction of temperature fluctuations,in addition to the mean level,in assessing the adverse health impacts of temperature variations.

Analysis of Temperature Trends and Variations in the Arabian Peninsula’s Upper Atmosphere

In this study, the trends of upper-air temperatures are analysed by utilising radiosonde observations for the barometric levels at 700, 500, 300, 200, 150, 100 and 50 hPa from five meteorological stations within the Arabian Peninsula from January 1986 to August 2015. The mean monthly variations of the temperatures at these levels are characterised and established. The magnitudes of the annual trends of the mean temperatures for each site for the selected barometric levels are studied and statistically tested using Mann-Kendall rank statistics at different significance levels. The temperature trends at different pressure levels show that the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are warming, while the middle troposphere is cooling which is consistent with the findings of other studies. The variations in upper air temperature observed in this study can be attributed to a range of factors, including increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, variations in solar activity, aerosols and volcanic eruptions, and land use and land cover change.

The characteristics of temperature variability with terrain, latitude and longitude in Sichuan- Chongqing Region

Using the daily temperature data of 95 meteorological stations from Sichuan-Chongqing Region and its surrounding areas, this paper adopted these methods （e.g., linear regression, trend coefficient, geographical statistics, gray relational analysis and spatial analysis functions of GIS） to analyze the relations of temperature variability with topography, latitude and longitude. Moreover, the rank of gray correlation between temperature variability and elevation, longitude, latitude, topographic position and surface roughness also was meas- ured. These results indicated： （1） The elevation affected temperature variability most obviously, followed by latitude, and longitude. The slope of the linear regression between temperature change rate and elevation, latitude and longitude was 0.4142, 0.0293 and -0.3270, respectively （2） The rank of gray correlation between temperature change rate and geographic factors was elevation 〉 latitude 〉 surface roughness 〉 topographic position 〉 longitude. The gray correla- tion degree between temperature change rate and elevation was 0.865, followed by latitude with 0.796, and longitude with 0.671. （3） The rate of temperature change enhanced with the increase of elevation. Especially, the warming trend was significant in the plateau and mountain areas of western Sichuan, and mountain and valley areas of southwestern Sichuan （with the warming rate of 0.74℃/10a during the 1990s）. However, there was a weak warming trend in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding low mountain and hilly areas. （4） The effects of latitude on temperature change rate presented the specific regulation, which the warming rate of low-latitude areas was more significant than that of high-latitude areas. However, they were consistent with the regulation that the increasing of low temperature controlled most of the warming trend, due to the effects of terrain and sically, temperature variability along longitude elevation on annual mean temperature. （5） Ba- direction resulted from the regular change of elevation along longitude. It was suggested that, in Sichuan-Chongqing Region, special features of temperature variability largely depended on the terrain complexity （e.g., undulations, mutations and roughness）. The elevation level controlled only high or low annual mean temperature and the range of temperature change rate in the macro sense.

Patterns of Multiscale Temperature Variability over the Eastern and Central Tibetan Plateau During 1960-2008

Climate variability is an important inherent characteristic of climate and it varies on all timescales. Through examination of temperature variability on multiple temporal scales at 63 stations over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau （TP） during 1960-2008, we find decreasing trends in daily and intraannual temperature, especially in cold seasons （autumn and winter）. These changes are more sensitive than those in the eastern China coastal region at the same latitude and indicate an asymmetric change of temperature, with hourly, daily, and monthly trends in cold periods stronger than those in warm periods during the recent years. The variation of interannual temperature is complex, showing an increasing trend in autumn and winter and decreasing trend in spring and summer, which is similar to those in the northern polar region. The changes of multiscale variability of temperature are mainly related to changes of atmospheric water vapor, cloudiness, anthropogenic aerosols, monsoon-driven climate, and some local factors. To find the influences of local conditions on temperature variability, we analyze the effects of altitude, topography, and urbanization. The results show that elevation is strongly and positively related to diurnal temperature range （DTR） and slightly positively related to interannual temperature variability （IVT）, but intraannual temperature variability shows no clear elevation dependency. Topography and urbanization also play important roles in multiscale temperature variability. Finally, strong relationships are observed between temperature variability on each scale and different extreme indices.

On Multi-Timescale Variability of Temperature in China in Modulated Annual Cycle Reference Frame

The traditional anomaly （TA） reference frame and its corresponding anomaly for a given data span changes with the extension of data length. In this study, the modulated annual cycle （MAC）, instead of the widely used climatological mean annual cycle, is used as an alternative reference frame for computing climate anomalies to study the multi-timescale variability of surface air temperature （SAT） in China based on homogenized daily data from 1952 to 2004. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition （EEMD） method is used to separate daily SAT into a high frequency component, a MAC component, an interannual component, and a decadal-to-trend component. The results show that the EEMD method can reflect historical events reasonably well, indicating its adaptive and temporally local characteristics. It is shown that MAC is a temporally local reference frame and will not be altered over a particular time span by an exten-sion of data length, thereby making it easier for physical interpretation. In the MAC reference frame, the low frequency component is found more suitable for studying the interannual to longer timescale variability （ILV） than a 13-month window running mean, which does not exclude the annual cycle. It is also better than other traditional versions （annual or summer or winter mean） of ILV, which contains a portion of the annual cycle. The analysis reveals that the variability of the annual cycle could be as large as the magnitude of interannual variability. The possible physical causes of different timescale variability of SAT in China are further discussed.

A New Weighting Function for Estimating Microwave Sounding Unit Channel 4 Temperature Trends Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models

A new static microwave sounding unit （MSU） channel 4 weighting function is obtained from using Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project, Phase 5 （CMIP5） historical multimodel simulations as inputs into the fast Radiative Transfer Model for TOVS （RTTOV v10）. For the same CMIP5 model simulations, it is demonstrated that the computed MSU channel 4 brightness temperature （T4） trends in the lower stratosphere over both the globe and the tropics using the proposed weighting function are equivalent to those calculated by RTTOV, but show more cooling than those computed using the traditional UAH （University of Alabama at Huntsville） or RSS （Remote Sensing Systems in Santa Rosa, California） static weighting functions. The new static weighting function not only reduces the computational cost, but also reveals reasons why trends using a radiative transfer model are different from those using a traditional static weighting function. This study also shows that CMIP5 model simulated T4 trends using the traditional UAH or RSS static weighting functions show less cooling than satellite observations over the globe and the tropics. Although not completely removed, this difference can be reduced using the proposed weighting function to some extent, especially over the tropics. This work aims to explore the reasons for the trend differences and to see to what extent they are related to the inaccurate weighting functions. This would also help distinguish other sources for trend errors and thus better understand the climate change in the lower stratosphere.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of In Situ Sea Surface Temperatures within the Gulf of Mexico from 1901-2010

This work examines the spatial and temporal patterns of seasonal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) across the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) for the period 1901-2010. The Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature, version 4 (ERSST.v4), dataset was selected for this study over other reconstructions because of its 2° × 2° grid cell spatial resolution, its recent update to adjust for known biases in SST observations, and its ability to be compared to other in situ studies of GoM SSTs. The monthly ERSST.v4 data were averaged seasonally for each year and grid cell in the GoM. Seasonal SST trends were then calculated for each grid cell with varying start dates (e.g., 1901-2010, 1911- 2010) to account for nonlinear SST changes over the study period. Results indicate that the GoM SSTs closely resemble those of global annual temperature trends: SSTs warmed from 1901 to ~1940, followed by a period with little trend or a slight cooling until the mid-1970s, and then a warming afterwards through 2010. The spatial patterns and magnitudes of SST changes, however, varied by season and location within the GoM. The spatial patterns involved gradients with latitudinal and/or longitudinal components: a southwest-northeast (warmer-cooler) gradient in winter, an east-west (warmer-cooler) gradient in spring and fall, and a northwest-southeast (warmer-cooler) gradient in summer. The magnitude of SST changes tended to be largest in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. The long-term (1901-2010) SST trends were significant throughout the GoM in summer and fall, but only significant towards the southwestern GoM in winter and spring. These results have implications in discussion of climate change and its impacts on tropical activity in the GoM Basin.

Adsorption mechanism of different coal ranks under variable temperature and pressure conditions

Variable temperature and pressure adsorption tests were conducted on four coal samples with different coal ranks, under simulated temperatures and pressures corresponding to coal reservoirs at different depths. The regularity of the variation in the amounts of adsorption by coals under variable temperature and pressure and 30 ℃ isothermal conditions are compared and the adsorption characteristics of coal under the composite effect of temperature and pressure were obtained. The adsorption test and data processing method of coal under variable temperature and pressure are presented and the effect of the mechanism of temperature and pressure on the adsorption capacity of coal has been studied. The research results are of significant importance in the investigation of coalbed methane storage mechanism and for the prediction of the amounts of coalbed methane at various depths.

Effect of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia

Global warming and climate change is one of the most extensively researched and discussed topical issues affecting the environment.Although there are enough historical evidence to support the theory that climate change is a natural phenomenon,many research scientists are widely in agreement that the increase in temperature in the 20 th century is anthropologically related.The associated effects are the variability of rainfall and cyclonic patterns that are being observed globally.In Southeast Asia the link between global warming and the seasonal atmospheric flow during the monsoon seasons shows varying degree of fuzziness.This study investigates the impact of climate change on the seasonality of monsoon Asia and its effect on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia.The comparison of decadal variation of precipitation and temperature anomalies before the 1970 s found general increases which were mostly varying.But beyond the 1970 s,global precipitation anomalous showed increases that almost corresponded with increases in global temperature anomalies for the same period.There are frequent changes and a shift westward of the Indian summer monsoon.Although precipitation is observed to be 70%below normal levels,in some areas the topography affects the intensity of rainfall.These shifting phenomenon of other monsoon season in the region are impacting on the variability of rainfall and the onset of monsoons in Southeast Asia and is predicted to delay for 15 days the onset of the monsoon in the future.The variability of monsoon rainfall in the SEA region is observed to be decadal and the frequency and intensity of intermittent flooding of some areas during the monsoon season have serious consequences on the human,financial,infrastructure and food security of the region.

Interdecadal change of winter SST variability in the Kuroshio Extension region and its linkage with Aleutian atmospheric low pressure system

By utilizing multiple datasets from various sources available for the last 100 years, the existence for the interdecadal change of the winter sea surface temperature（SST） variability in the Kuroshio Extension（KE） region is investigated. And its linkage with the Aleutian Low（AL） activity changes is also discussed. The results find that the KE SST variability exhibits the significant ~6 a and ~10 a oscillations with obvious interdecadal change. The ~6 a oscillation is mainly detected during 1930–1950, which is largely impacted by the anomalous surface heat flux forcing and Ekman heat transport associated with the AL intensity variation. The ~10 a oscillation is most evident after the 1980s, which is predominantly triggered by the AL north-south shift through the bridge of oceanic Rossby waves.

SOLID-STATE VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE NMR STUDY ON THE PHASE SEPARATION OF POLYETHER POLYURETHANE ZWITTERIONOMERS

Polyether-polyurethane zwitterionomers based on 4, 4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(MDI), methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), and polytetramethylene oxide glycol (PTMO) werestudied with variable-temperature wide-line ~1H NMR. It is found that upon ionization, degree ofphase separation in the polymer system decreased at first due to the loss of hard segmentregularity, while further ionization increased the degree of phase separation through increasinghard phase cohesion and difference of polarity between hard and soft segments.

Conduction Properties of highly Conductive a-Si∶H∶Y Alloy Films at Low Temperature

Conductive n type a Si∶H∶Y alloy films with the conductivity as high as 60 S/cm have been deposited on Si substrate by radio frequency sputtering. In the temperature range 20～300 K, for samples with large Y contents, the thermally activated conduction is also observed and the plots of lg σ vs. 1/ T can be fitted by two linear functions with different slopes. The corresponding temperatures of the kinks between the two straight lines depend on the Y contents in the samples. For small Y content films, the conductivities can be fitted to the funciton σ∝ exp (-1/ T 1/4 ). The present results are interpreted using different conduction mechanisms in different temperature ranges for samples with different Y contents.

A Dendroclimatic Study of Relic Picea meyeri in Inner Mongolian Steppe

Dendroclimatic methods were used to investigate the fundamental relationships between the temperature variables and the growth of climatically relic Picea meyeri Rehd. et Wils. on sandy land of Inner Mongolian grasslands in the Xilin River Basin. The annual mean temperature and accumulated temperature (above 5 ℃, 10 ℃) respectively showed no significant correlation with the spruce growth relative to summer mean temperature, which displayed strong coherence with tree growth ( P <0.01). The mean temperature in May showed significantly negative correlation with spruce growth ( P <0.05). Furthermore, it was revealed that the negative influence of May temperature was due to monthly mean maximum temperature ( T max ) ( P <0.01) other than monthly mean minimum temperature ( T min ) values ( P <0.1), which indicated that the use of T min and T max separately can allow much more insights on the temperate influence. In addition, extreme maximum temperature in May and June might impose the most detrimental influence on tree growth in semi_arid Inner Mongolian grassland. The analysis of the recorded meteorological data demonstrated that the increases in temperature were synchronous with slight decreases in precipitation in the growing season, which suggested that P. meyeri may reduce growth due to temperature_induced drought. On the other hand, the analysis for decadal periods explored that trees appeared to reduce the sensitivity to the warming, and consequently increased sensitivity to rainfall. This may serve as a baseline for more accurate predictions of the potential impacts of altered climate regimes on tree growth.

Opposing Trends of Winter Cold Extremes over Eastern Eurasia and North America under Recent Arctic Warming

Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature(SAT)variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16,and found the daily SAT variance,mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component,shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America,respectively.Increasing cold extremes(defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations)dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia,while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America.The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia(North America)is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals(Alaska)and surface Siberian(Canadian)high.The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region,while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)–like sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific.The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming,reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days,and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America.The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America.Therefore,the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.

Analysis of the Zonal Mean Atmospheric Climate State in IAP/ LASG GOALS Model Simulations

The results of four versions of IAP/LASG Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (GOALS) are analyzed separately over the oceans and over continents, and compared with observed data. Some fundamental atmospheric variables including surface air temperature (SAT), sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation are examined to evaluate the ability of the GOALS model to simulate the contemporary climate and climate variability. In general, all four versions of the GOALS model are capable of reproducing the main features of the mean state and seasonal variation of the observed climate with reasonable accuracy. The evaluation also reveals some weakness of the model. According to this study, we can clearly see that the essential discrepancy of global averaged SLP lies over the continents in boreal summer. The simulated higher SAT over land versus the observed is mainly due to the effect of the land surface process. It is worth noting the underestimation by simulated precipitation rates mostly appears over the oceans, yet over-land precipitation is higher in high and middle latitudes than the observed for the boreal winter. Through intercomparisons among different versions of the model, it can be clearly seen that the incorporation of the diurnal cycle of solar radiation apparently improves the simulation of SAT, especially in the low and middle latitudes over land. Also, the introduction of the diurnal cycle shows a great improvement in precipitation in tropical continents and wintertime precipitation in high and middle latitudes. Furthermore, based on the daily flux anomaly exchange scheme (DFA), the latest version of GOALS model simulated over-ocean temperature variability is improved in the low and middle latitudes. Having compared the standard deviation of the annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) simulated by the GOALS model to observation, it is found that all four versions of the GOALS model underestimate surface air temperature variability over both oceans and land relative to observations. Several factors that may contribute to these differences between simulated and observed temperature variability are identified.

Effect of Curing Regime on Degree of Al^(3+) Substituting for Si^(4+) in C-S-H Gels of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes

The effect of curing regime on degree ofAl3＋ substituting for Si^4＋ （Al/Si ratio） in C-S-H gels of hardened Portland cement pastes was investigated by 29Si magic angel spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） with deconvolution technique. The curing regimes included the constant temperature （20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃） and variable temperature （simulated internal temperature of mass concrete with 60 ℃ peak）. The results indicate that constant temperature of 20 ℃ is beneficial to substitution ofAl3＋ for Si4＋, and AI/Si ratio changes to be steady after 180 d. The increase of Al/Si ratio at 40 ℃is less than that at 20℃ for 28 d. The other three regimes of high temperature increase Al/Si ratio only before 3 d, on the contrary to that from 3 to 28 d. However, the 20 ℃ curing stage from 28 to 180 d at variable temperature regime, is beneficial to the increase of AI/Si ratio which is still lower than that at constant temperature regime of 20 ℃ for the same age. A nonlinear relation exists between the Al/Si ratio and temperature variation or mean chain length （MCL） of C-S-H gels, furthermore, the amount ofAl3＋ which can occupy the bridging tetrahedra sites in C-S-H structure is insufficient in hardened Portland cement pastes.

Environmental Protection and Energy Color Changing Clothing Design under the Background of Sustainable Development

In order to promote the application of clean energy technology in clothing and promote the integration of industrial development and artificial intelligence wearable technology,this study elaborates the energy application characteristics of intelligent wearable products at home and abroad and its application in different fields,aiming at the current research status of wearable technology in the field of textile and clothing.The wearable distributed generation technology is classified,and a creative clothing design for detecting climate temperature is designed.Based on the monitoring of body temperature,the changes in clothing pattern color can reflect people’s health and emotional status.At the same time,it can also be applied to the screening of abnormal body temperature during the COVID-19.

Inhomogeneous trends in the onset date of extreme hot days in China over the last five decades

Using a homogenized daily maximum temperature(T_(max))dataset across China,this study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of the onset date of extreme hot days in a year(i.e.,FirstEHD)during 1960-2018.Inhomogeneous trends of FirstEHD over China during 1960-2018 can be found,with the advanced trend of FirstEHD over most parts in China,while a number of stations in North-Central China(NC)show the delayed trend of FirstEHD.Moreover,there exist interdecadal changes of FirstEHD trend,with a remarkable difference in the trend magnitude before and after the 1990s over South China(SC),and the sign of trend can even reverse from negative to positive after the 1990s in Xinjiang(XJ)and Yangtze River Basin(YR),and from positive to negative in NC.The overall trends of FirstEHD over NC,YR,and XJ during 1960-2018 are dominated by the trends before the 1990s,while they are dominated by the sharp advance after the 1990s over SC.It is further found that the trend of FirstEHD can generally be explained by the long-term trend in T_(max) over most parts of China,but the contribution from T_(max) variabilities is also non-negligible and can even account for more than 75% of the overall trend over NC.The possible factors responsible for the decadal changes in FirstEHD trends are also discussed.

Charge carrier dynamics in different crystal phases of CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)perovskite

Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed hole transport layer(HTL)on the charge carrier dynamics and recombination processes in perovskite photovoltaic devices is still largely unexplored.In particular,significant knowledge is missing on how these crucial parameters for radiative and non-radiative recombinations,as well as for efficient charge extraction vary among different perovskite crystalline phases that are induced by temperature variation.Herein,we perform micro photoluminescence(pPL)and ultrafast time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS)in Glass/Perovskite and two dierent Glass/ITO/HTL/Perovskite configurations at temperatures below room temperature,in order to probe the charge carrier dynamics of different perovskite crystalline phases,while considering also the effect of the employed HTL polymer.Namely,CH_(3)NH_(3)Pbb films were deposited on Glass,PEDOT:PSS and PTAA polymers,and the developed Glass/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)and Glass/ITO/HTL/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)architectures were studied from 85 K up to 215 K in order to explore the charge extraction dynamics of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)orthorhombic and tetragonal crystalline phases.It is observed an unusual blueshift of the bandgap with temperature and the dual emission at temperature below of 100 K and also,that the charge carrier dynamics,as expressed by hole injection times and free carrier recombination rates,are strongly depended on the actual pervoskite crystal phase,as well as,from the selected hole transport material.

The regime shift in the 1960s and associated atmospheric change over the southern Indian Ocean

The change of sea surface temperature（SST） in the southern Indian Ocean（SIO） during the recent six decades has been analyzed based on oceanic reanalysis and model, as well as atmospheric data. The results show that a thermal regime shift in SIO during the 1960 s, which is not caught enough attentions, has been of equal magnitude to the linear warming since 1970. Empirical Orthogonal Function（EOF） analyses reveal that a thermal shift is combined with atmospheric changes such as the weakening of westerly during the period of 1960–1967. Inner dynamic connections can be defined that when the westerly winds turn weak, the anticyclonic wind circulation between westerly winds and the trade winds decreases, which further reduces the SST to a negative peak in this period. It is noted that the shifts in the 1960 s are also evident for Southern Hemisphere. For example, subtropical high and the entire westerly winds belt at high latitudes both change dramatically in the 1960 s. This large-scaled process maybe link to the change of southern annular mode（SAM）.