Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Extreme Precipitation Events in Liaoning Province

Daily precipitation amounts from 1961 to 2005 in 35 observation stations in Liaoning Province were selected in order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme precipitation events.By dint of EOF,REOF,mean-square-error and other ways,the changes in different regions of extreme precipitation and distribution were reflected.The analysis showed that,extreme precipitation in Liaoning Province could be divided into three areas,which were western Liaoning mountains and parts of northern areas,eastern Liaoning mountainous,near-coastal areas of Liaohe River Plain.In the relatively large precipitation areas,extreme precipitation threshold was also higher,and vice versa.The lower frequency of extreme precipitation events had a greater contribution to total precipitation;extreme precipitation,total precipitation and total rain days had the greatest changes in the summer,and the least changes in the winter;number of days of extreme precipitation changes in each season were not great;the change of extreme precipitation was not obvious in the long term.

Three dimensional temporal characteristics of ground motions and building responses in Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper, analytical results from 3D temporal characteristics of the responses of an RC frame building subjected to both a large aflershock and the main shock of Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake are presented. The ground motion records from the main shock were obtained from three nearby stations. The acceleration records were analyzed in terms of instantaneous tangential acceleration αv normal acceleration αN, Euclidean norm of acceleration vector lal, velocity vector ｜v｜, displacement vector ｜d｜, temporal curvature κ,κt, and temporal torsion γ and γt.Results of the kinematic relationship between the above factors and some additional in depth information obtained from extensive analyses are provided and discussed.

Temporal Characteristics of Tourism Climate Comfort in Kangding City in Recent 60 Years

Based on the climate observation data of Kangding City in recent 60 years,the changing trends of temperature and humidity index and wind efficiency index in Kangding City are analyzed.The results show that the annual average temperature and humidity index and wind efficiency index of Kangding in recent 60 years showed an upward trend,which is consistent with global warming climate.Temperature and humidity index tended to change from the cold grade to the relatively cold and cool grades,and wind efficiency index changed from the slightly cold wind grade to the cool wind grade.Seen from temperature and humidity index and wind efficiency index,the climate was comfortable and relatively comfortable from May to September,which will become an important climatic reference to attract tourists.

Calculation of Agricultural Production Efficiency Based on a Three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis Model and Analysis of the Spatial-temporal Characteristics: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

In response to the strategic call for the " Great Protection" of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and to fulfill the important historical tasks assigned by the state to the provinces and cities of the area,the Yangtze River Economic Belt is adjusting the agricultural industry structure,optimizing the input-output ratio,and ensuring stable and sustainable agricultural production. Based on the combination of the three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis( DEA) model and cluster analysis,this study examined the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2018 to measure its agricultural production efficiency and to analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. Studies showed that exogenous environmental factors significantly( P < 5%) impacted agricultural production efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone,and there were temporal and spatial differences. These included:(1) after excluding environmental factors,the overall agricultural production efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Zone had improved. Sichuan Province and Jiangsu Province were at the forefront of efficiency,whereas the agricultural production efficiency of Shanghai had declined obviously.(2) The agricultural production efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt varied year by year,with fluctuating development. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River had advanced agricultural production efficiency more than the upstream and downstream regions,and the agricultural production efficiency of the individual provinces did not match their economic and social development.(3) Increases in labor,land,irrigation,and other input factors increased agriculture production efficiency,and there was no correlation between fiscal investment,per capita gross domestic product( GDP) and agricultural production efficiency,while the disaster-affected area had a significantly negative impact on agricultural production efficiency.

Investigating spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors for green energy consumption in China

The green transformation of energy consumption is beneficial for promoting green development in China.This study constructed a green energy consumption evaluation index system and measured the green energy consumption levels in 30 provinces of China from 2000 to 2019 using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.This study further employed the spatial Durbin model to examine influencing factors and spillover effects of green energy consumption.The results showed that,temporally,China’s green energy consumption levels had a fluctuating upward trend.While,spatially,the overall levels of green energy consumption in China showed apparent characteristics of“high in the west and low in the east”.In terms of influencing factors,environmental regulations played an important role in promoting green energy consumption in the region,while economic development,opening up,and industrial structure had considerably inhibiting effects.Additionally,economic development,opening up,and industrial structure of neighboring regions showed marked positive spillover effects,while urbanization level and technological innovation showed substantial negative spillover effects.The regional heterogeneity test results showed that environmental regulation and industrial structure rationalization were the important factors for promoting green energy consumption in the eastern region,environmental regulation played an important driving role in the central region,and opening to the outside world and technological innovation helped improve the level of green energy consumption in the western region.

VUV imaging of type-ⅠELM filamentary structures and their temporal characteristics on EAST

In the H-mode experiments conducted on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST),fluctuations induced by the so-called edge localized modes(ELMs)are captured by a high-speed vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)imaging system.Clear field line-aligned filamentary structures are analyzed in this work.Ion transport induced by ELM filaments in the scrape-off layer(SOL)under different discharge conditions is analyzed by comparing the VUV signals with the divertor probe signals.It is found that convective transport along open field lines towards the divertor target dominates the parallel ion particle transport mechanism during ELMs.The toroidal mode number of the filamentary structure derived from the VUV images increases with the electron density pedestal height.The analysis of the toroidal distribution characteristics during ELM bursts reveals toroidal asymmetry.The influence of resonance magnetic perturbation(RMP)on the ELM size is also analyzed using VUV imaging data.When the phase difference of the coil changes periodically,the widths of the filaments change as well.Additionally,the temporal evolution of the ELMs on the VUV signals provides rise time and decay time for each single ELM event,and the results indicate a negative correlation trend between these two times.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Snowstorm in Ulanqab City in Recent 30 Years

Based on the data of daily snowfall and weather phenomena of 11 national meteorological stations in Ulanqab City from 1991 to 2020,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of snowstorm were analyzed.The results show that the snowstorm in Ulanqab had obvious seasonal distribution characteristics,mainly happening in spring(March-May)and autumn(September-November).It also had obvious regional distribution in space,and the snowstorm center appeared in Chahar Right Wing Middle Banner and Jining District,namely the east side of the Yinshan Mountain.In the past 30 years,the amount of snowstorm in the whole year in Ulanqab showed a certain fluctuation trend,and the number of snowstorm days had shown an obvious upward trend since 2011.

Bathymetrical influences on spatial and temporal characteristics of chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Southern Ocean from 2002 to 2012(October to March)using MODIS

Phytoplankton blooms,particularly in the Southern Ocean,can have significant impact on global biogeochemistry cycling.To investigate the accuracy of chlorophyll-a distribution,and to better understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass,we examine chlorophyll-a estimates(October-March from 2002 to 2012)derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS)data following the ocean chlorophyll-a 3 model(OC3M)algorithm.Noticeable seasonality occurs in the temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations,which shows the highest value in December and January and an increasing tendency during the 2002-2012 period.The spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a varies greatly with latitude,as higher latitudes experience more phytoplankton blooms(chlorophyll-a concentration larger than 1 mg/m3)and marginal seas(Ross Sea and Amundsen Sea)show different bloom anomalies caused by two dominant algae species.Areas at higher latitudes and shallow water(<500 m)experience the shorter icefree periods with greater seasonality.A noticeable bathymetry gradient exists at 2500-m isobaths,while water at the 500-2500-m depth experiences quite long ice-free periods with a stable water environment.Blooms generally occur near topographic features where currents have strong interactions when the water depth is more than 2500 m.Based on these findings,we can classify the Southern Ocean into two bloom subregions,0-500 m as an enhanced bloom zone(EBZ),and 500-2500 m as a moderate bloom zone(MBZ).The EBZ has a quite high-bloom probability of about 30%,while the MBZ has only 10%.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Rainstorm during the Crops Growth Period in North China Region

By using the daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2005 in North China region,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainstorm process occurrence and the rainstorm intensity during the crops growth period were studied.The results showed that the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process during the crops growth period in North China region both had the obvious annual fluctuations and era variation characteristics.Although the rainstorm and heavy rainstorm occurred in North China region every year,the annual variations were great,and the variation coefficients respectively reached 36.9% and 53.1%.The torrential rain occurred once in every 4-5 years,and the rainstorm process occurred once in every 11 years.Although the torrential rain and rainstorm process occurred in fewer years,their annual fluctuations were more obvious.The peak value zones of rainstorm intensity which was greater and the rainstorm process which occurred frequently were in the 1960s.After 1999,the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process were in low value zone of historical stage from 1961 to 2005.Moreover,the 1970s-1990s was between high value and low value,and the rainstorms in different intensities which weren't synchronous happened in the period.In addition,the spatial distribution of annual average rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased obviously from northwest to southeast in Northern China,and the variation coefficient of rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased gradually from southeast to northwest.Generally,the more the annual average rainstorm days are,the smaller the variation coefficient is,and vice versa.The statistics results also showed that precipitation in North China had obvious positive correlation relationship with the rainstorm days.

The Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics Analysis of Jiangsu Tourism Economy

[Objective] The paper aimed to reflect the spatial pattern and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics, the differences between inter-regional tourism economy was measured from the quality aspect, which provided a reference for the local governments in the future tourism development. [Method] Using the location entropy methods, three time periods side of tourism-related date of 2000, 2005, 2007 were selected, from the angle of the spatial pattern and the evolution of the differences within the different scales, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the economic development level of Jiangsu were analysed. [Result] The results showed that from the aspect of spatial evolution pattern, as time goes on, the economic development of Jiangsu tourism has experienced morphological evolution of concentration- dispersion decrease-stability; when it comes to the development of the tourism economy, in recent years, the overall gap between the tourism economy in Jiangsu did not widen, the gap mainly led by the region one after another. According to their volatility, it will be divided into four categories: A Stable type (Wuxi, Xuzhou, Lianyungang and Taizhou), B Increasing type (Huai’an), C Fluctuations type (Nanjing, Changzhou, Suzhou and Yangzhou) and D Depression type (Nantong, Yancheng, Zhenjiang and Suqian). [Conclusion] Location entropy was quoted into tourism economic analysis, the method was simple and easy to understand, the result was accurate and convincing, which provided a reference for travel economic development and investment decision-making of Jiangsu.

Evidence of earthquakes triggered by the tidal force of the sun and the moon——On the temporal characteristics of the earthquakes in Xingtai,Hejian and Tangshan

Studies by many scientists show that Hebei, China is an area with strong correlation between the tidal force and the occurrences of major earthquakes, the Xingtai earthquake of 1966, the Hejian earthquake of 1967 and the Tangshan earthquake of 1976 were triggered by the tidal force, in this paper the study on the common characteristics of their occurrence times confirms these facts. The computed times of maximum horizontal of the semi diurnal solid tide tidal force show that the occurrence times of the above mentioned earthquakes were close to the times of maximum horizontal tidal force of the semi diurnal solid tide at new moon or full moon. The Longyao earthquake of M =6.8, the Ningjin earthquake of M =7.2 and the Hejian earthquake of M =6.3 occurred tens of minutes after the maximum horizontal tidal force of the semi diurnal solid tides, and the Tangshan earthquake of M =7.8 occurred 16 minutes before the maximum horizontal tidal force. The tidal forces were directed to the west. This is their temporal characteristic. It is generally accepted that the 1969 Bohai earthquake of M =7.4 and the 1975 Haicheng earthquake were not triggered by the tidal force. These events did not show such characteristics. The temporal characteristics of the earthquakes indicate that the occurrences of these events were not random, but were controlled by the tidal force from the sun and the moon, and triggered by the tidal force. These facts agree with the triggering mechanism of the tidal force, are evidences of earthquakes triggered by tidal force.

Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Potential Evapotranspiration in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to analyze temporal and spatial variation charac- teristics of potential evapotranspiration in Guizhou Province. [Method] According to information from 19 meteorological stations of Guizhou Province from 1960 to 2007, with the formulas of optimizational Penman-Monteith and SEBAL net radiation mod- el, the reference crop evapotranspiration ETo was calculated. Also with the spatial interpolation method of Arcgis 9.3, climate tendency rate statistics, K-M test, wavelet analysis and so on, the related regional differentiation and spatial and temporal change characteristics between meteorological factors from each monitoring station and ETo were analyzed. [Result] The results show that the correlation of potential evapotranspiration and meteorological factors in Guizhou Province demonstrates re- gional differentiation; there was no direct connection between the correlation of po- tential evapotranspiration and meteorological factors and the amount of meteorologi- cal factors in the year; there were 3 cycles in potential evapotranspiration, namely, 1 year, 5 years and 10 years, with 3 mutation points, respectively, in 1965, 1984 and 1999, mainly affected by air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. [Conclusion] The research is of great significance in developing irrigation approach- es, adjusting agricultural structure and ecological construction.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of a Temperate-Glacier's Active-Layer Temperature and Its Responses to Climate Change: A Case Study of Baishui Glacier No. 1, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Based on the historical documents and measured data from the active-layer temperature （ALT） at A, B and C locations （4 670, 4 720 and 4 770 m a.s.l.） on Baishui Glacier No. 1, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, this paper analyzed spatial-temporal characteristics of ALT and its relationship with air temperature, and revealed the response of the active layer ice temperature towards climate change in the monitoring period. The results showed that the influence of air temperature on the active-layer ice temperature had a hysteresis characteristic on the upper of ablation zone and the lag period in- creased gradually with the altitude elevating. The decrease amplitude of ALT in the accumulation pe- riod was far below its increase magnitude in the ablation period. At the same time, the mean glacier ice temperatures at 10 m depth （T10） in A, B and C profile were obviously higher than most of glaciers previously studied. Measured data also showed that the mean ALT increased by 0.24℃ in 0.5-8.5 m depth of the C profile during 28 years from July 11, 1982 to July 10, 2009.

Temporal distribution characteristics of GNSS ionospheric occultation data and its effects in earthquake-ionosphere anomaly detection

The temporal distribution characteristics of COSMIC occultation data are analyzed in detail, and the limitations in earthquake-ionosphere anomaly detection caused by the temporal distribution characteristics of COSMIC occultation data are discussed using the example of the Wenchuan earthquake. The results demonstrate that there is no fixed temporal resolution for COSMIC occultation data when compared with other ionospheric observation techniques. Therefore, occultation data cannot currently be independently utilized in research studies but can only be used as a complement to other ionospheric observation techniques for applications with high temporal resolution demands, such as earthquake-ionosphere anomaly detection.

Types, Metallogenic Environments and Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Copper Deposits in China

Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle(late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period. and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang-Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.

A Review of Seasonal Hydrogen Storage Multi-Energy Systems Based on Temporal and Spatial Characteristics

The temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal hydrogen storage will play a very important role in the coupling of multi-energy systems.This essay believes that there are several key issues worth noting in the seasonal hydrogen storage coupled multi-energy system,namely,hydrogen storage methods,coupling models,and benefit evaluation.Through research,this article innovatively divides seasonal hydrogen storage into two types:space transfer hydrogen storage technology and time transfer physical property conversion hydrogen storage technology.Then sort out the two most typical seasonal hydrogen storage multi-energy system application scenarios and their hydrogen storage unit models.Finally,it is shown that hydrogen storage methods should be selected according to different periods of time and regions,and the benefits should be evaluated before they can be used in practice.This review study is applicable to the process of coupling seasonal hydrogen storage in multi-energy systems.Hydrogen energy is used as an intermediate energy link for the selection,evaluation and modeling of the optimal selection and rational utilization.

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989.With the aid of EOF analysis method,temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied.The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moistrue sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.In winter,the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source,in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the 'continent bridge',at 80°E and 40°E～50° transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moistrue sinks.In summer,Australian Monsoon region anmd southern Indian Ocean are moistrue sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink.In spring and autumn,ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.