The distribution patterns and temporal dynamics of carabid beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)in the forests of Jiaohe,Jilin Province,China

Carabid beetles,predatory insects,are abundant in forests and sensitive to environmental changes.The distribution patterns and diversity of carabid beetles in several natural forests were studied to provide a basis for evaluating the importance of a forest in the protection of carabid beetle diversity.Carabids were captured by pitfall traps during their seasonal activity from 2012 to 2013 in a poplar-birch forest,ash-walnut forest and broad-leaved Korean pine forest.A total of 5252 individuals,representing 21 species,were collected.Carabid abundance was highest in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest and lowest in the ash-walnut forest.Carabus billbergi Mannerheim and Pterostichus pertinax(Tschitscherine)were the dominant beetle species in each stand.Carabus canaliculatus Adams was dominant in the poplar-birch and ash-walnut forests,and Leistus niger Gebler was dominant in the ash-walnut forest.The carabids were affected differently by stand factors.C.billbergi and P.pertinax was positively correlated with mean DBH.C.canaliculatus and L.niger were not positively correlated with any stand factors.The broad-leaved Korean pine forest with greater age,large DBH and thick leaf litter fostered a high diversity of carabid species.The main yearly activity period for most carabids was during July.Different carabid species responded differently to seasonality,and the activity period of several species was relatively late(August)in the year.

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Surface Water in China from the 1980s to 2015 Based on Remote Sensing Monitoring

Climate change and human interference play significant roles on dynamic of water body abundance,and drive related hydrological,biochemical and social/economic processes.Documenting and monitoring surface water area with high resolution multi-temporal satellite imagery provide new perspective to evaluate the dynamics of surface water area,especially in continental and global scale.In this study,based on the Landsat images from 1980 s to 2015,we surveyed the spatial and temporal variation of surface water area,including rivers,lakes and reservoirs,in 10-yr temporal slice across China.Furthermore,the driving forces of the variation has been identified to reveal the interaction of water bodies and the changing environment.The results show that,the water surface area expanded over all three decades with strong spatial and temporal difference,despite the drier and warmer climate background;although lakes comprise the largest portion of the surface water area,the highest contributor of surface water expansion was new constructed reservoir located in the densely populated region;climatic parameters alteration,like precipitation and temperature,resulted in the water surface expansion in the northwestern basin by growing water input linked with rain and glacier melting;in the rest part of China,rise of water surface area was predominately attributed to human relocation of water resource,which yielded more new water storage area than the disappeared water body caused by less precipitation and stronger evapotranspiration.The conclusions highlight the integrative water resource management,especially in water conservation and restoration.

The spatial-temporal dynamic characteristics of the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain

Using the methods of combining landscape ecology with GIS spatial analysis, this paper analyses the dynamics of the marsh landscape structure of the Sanjiang Plain in the past 20 years, furthermore, taking Fujin County, located in the north of the plain, as an example, analyzes the conversion between marsh and other land use types. It is shown that the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain decreased greatly in the past 20 years, but the trend has begun to reverse. The marsh area decreased by 51.33% from 1980 to 1996, whereas it decreased by 4.19% from 1996 to 2000. The fragmentation of the marsh increased; the number of the patches increased by 326 from 1986 to 1996, whereas it only increased by 18 patches from 1996 to 2000. It is obvious that the speed of patches number diminished and the marsh fragmentation decreased, which shows that the reclamation of the marsh converted from the fragmentation to the brim in a large area of the marsh. The reclaimed marsh has mainly converted to paddy field and dry land. Large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain influences its natural environment directly: the climate of the region turns from cold and wet to warm and dry, which makes the marsh both in the low-temperature northern part and in the deeply stagnant eastern part suitable for further agricultural development.

Concordance among indices of intrinsic brain function： Insights from inter-individual variation and temporal dynamics

Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high vs.low concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.

Temporal Dynamics in Social Trust Prediction

Inferring unknown social trust relations attracts increasing attention in recent years. However, social trust, as a social concept, is intrinsically dynamic, and exploiting temporal dynamics provides challenges and opportunities for social trust prediction. In this paper, we investigate social trust prediction by exploiting temporal dynamics. In particular, we model the dynamics of user preferences in two principled ways. The first one focuses on temporal weight; the second one targets temporal smoothness. By incorporating these two types of temporal dynamics into traditional matrix factorization based social trust prediction model, two extended social trust prediction models are proposed and the cor- responding algorithms to solve the models are designed too. We conduct experiments on a real-world dataset and the results dem- onstrate the effectiveness of our proposed new models. Further experiments are also conducted to understand the importance of temporal dynamics in social trust prediction.

Dynamics of Soil Erosion in Xingguo County, China, Determined Using Remote Sensing and GIS

The spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, China were studied using multi-period remote sensing images and GIS. The results indicated that the soil erosion status of the region has been improving, particularly since the 1980s, with the erosion rate showing an evident decline over the past 30 years. The improvement showed not only in the decline of eroded soil area, but also with the reduction in the extent of erosion. The extent of erosion mainly changed by one level, and the change primarily occurred with the severely or moderately eroded soil types. However, in general, soil erosion was still an overriding problem in the region with some areas becoming more serious, especially those with large quantities of granite.

Longitudinal analysis reveals characteristically high proportions of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and temporal variability of vaginal microbiota in northern pig-tailed macaques （Macaca leonina）

The complex and dynamic vaginal microbial ecosystem is critical to both health and disease of the host. Studies focusing on how vaginal microbiota influences HIV-1 infection may face limitations in selecting proper animal models. Given that northern pig-tailed macaques （Macaca leonina） are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, they may be an optimal animal model for elucidating the mechanisms by which vaginal microbiota contributes to resistance and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. However, little is known about the composition and temporal variability of vaginal microbiota of the northern pig-tailed macaque. Here, we present a comprehensive catalog of the composition and temporal dynamics of vaginal microbiota of two healthy northern pig-tailed macaques over 19 weeks using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. We found remarkably high proportions of a diverse array of anaerobic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. Atopobium and Sneathia were dominant genera, and interestingly, we demonstrated the presence of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota. Moreover, longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota were considerably individualized. Finally, network analysis revealed that vaginal pH may influence the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota, suggesting that inter-subject variability of vaginal bacterial communities could be mirrored in inter-subject variation in correlation profiles of species with each other and with vaginal pH over time. Our results suggest that the northern pig-tailed macaque could be an ideal animal model for prospective investigation of the mechanisms by which vaginal microbiota influence susceptibility and resistance to HIV-1 infection in the context of highly polymicrobial and Lactobacillus-dominated states.

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Organic Matter in the Mixed Plantations of Alder and Cypress in the Hilly Areas of Central Sichuan Basin

The investigation was conducted on the spatial and temporal distributions of soil organic mater （SOM） in the mixed plantations of alder （Aluns crernastogyne） and cypress （Cupressus funebris ） （MPAC）, which distributed in the hilly areas of central Sichuan Basin （HACSB）. The results show that： （1） the spatial distribution of SOM among different sites at the same age are not significant before 15-year-old, but significant at 20-year-old, and not significant again after 25-year-old; （2） the SOM contents in 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm layers increase sharply from 10- to 15-year-old, and decline gradually from 15- to 30- year-old; the SOM contents of the 30-year-old PCP were 80. 38% and 78.42% higher than that of the 10-year-old, but 29.16% and 53.37% lower than that of 15-year-old in the 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm layers, respectively. The decrease of SOM contents would lead to the degradation of soil fertility and the decline of forest productivity.

Two-photon emission in coupled biexciton quantum dot–cavity system: Phonon-assisted model

We theoretically analyze the steady state emission spectrum and transient temporal dynamics in a coupled biexciton quantum dot（QD）–cavity system. For steady state, a phonon-assisted biexciton–exciton cascade model under continuous wave（CW） excitation is presented to explain the asymmetric QD–cavity emission spectrum intensities（intensities of cavity,exciton, and biexciton emission peak） in off-resonance condition. Results demonstrate that the electron–phonon process is crucial to the asymmetry of emission spectrum intensity. Moreover the transient characteristics of the biexciton–exciton cascade system under pulse excitation show abundant nonlinear temporal dynamic behaviors, including complicated oscillations which are caused by the four-level structure of QD model. We also reveal that under off-resonance condition the cavity outputs are slightly reduced due to the electron–phonon interaction.

Time Highlighted Multi-Interest Network for Sequential Recommendation

Sequential recommendation based on amulti-interest framework aims to analyze different aspects of interest based on historical interactions and generate predictions of a user’s potential interest in a list of items.Most existing methods only focus on what are themultiple interests behind interactions but neglect the evolution of user interests over time.To explore the impact of temporal dynamics on interest extraction,this paper explicitly models the timestamp with amulti-interest network and proposes a time-highlighted network to learn user preferences,which considers not only the interests at different moments but also the possible trends of interest over time.More specifically,the time intervals between historical interactions and prediction moments are first mapped to vectors.Meanwhile,a time-attentive aggregation layer is designed to capture the trends of items in the sequence over time,where the time intervals are seen as additional information to distinguish the importance of different neighbors.Then,the learned items’transition trends are aggregated with the items themselves by a gated unit.Finally,a self-attention network is deployed to capture multiple interests with the obtained temporal information vectors.Extensive experiments are carried out based on three real-world datasets and the results convincingly establish the superiority of the proposed method over other state-of-the-art baselines in terms of model performance.

A Frank-Read Source Model

The temporal dynamics of the edge dislocation (ED) was studied in this work using the inhomogeneous dissipative sine-Gordon (SG) equation. The consideration was carried out for the force action levels both less and more critical. By SG equation numerical calculations it is shown that at the external force value below a critical one the ED takes a shape close to a semicircle. This shape was used as an initial condition for describing the ED temporal dynamics in the FR source operating mode. A particular solution of the SG equation is proposed that describes the temporal dynamics of half the ED in the FR mode, which rests on a stopper at the origin. It is shown that the proposed particular solution corresponds to the left Archimedes spiral displaced at π/2 counterclockwise relative to the azimuth angle equal to zero. It is noted that the temporal dynamics of the second half of the ED segment rested on the second stopper is described by the proposed particular solution, when it is mirrored relative to the problem symmetry axis and the center of the spiral is displaced to a point with a zero azimuthal angle and a radius equal to the distance between the stoppers. The axis of symmetry is a straight line that is perpendicular and halves the distance between the stoppers. A graphical description of the ED temporal dynamics was plotted in the Cartesian coordinate system based on the proposed particular solution and its mirror and displaced image. It is shown that the particular solution of the SG equation in the RF source operation mode involves two Archimedes spirals symmetrical relative to the problem symmetry axis with equal radii increasing linearly with time, which rotate: one (the spiral center coincides with the stopper at the origin) counterclockwise, the second (the spiral center coincides with the second stopper) clockwise.

Temporal assembly patterns of microbial communities in three parallel bioreactors treating low-concentration coking wastewater with differing carbon source concentrations

Carbon source is an important factor of biological treatment systems, the effects of which on their temporal community assembly patterns are not sufficiently understood currently.In this study, the temporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of the communities in three parallel bioreactors for low-concentration coking wastewater(CWW) treatment with differing carbon source concentrations(S0 with no glucose addition, S1 with 200 mg/L glucose addition and S2 with 400 mg/L glucose addition) were comprehensively studied. Highthroughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses including network analysis and Infer Community Assembly Mechanisms by Phylogenetic bin-based null model(iCAMP) were used. The communities of three systems showed turnover rates of 0.0029~0.0034 every 15days. Network analysis results showed that the S0 network showed higher positive correlation proportion(71.43%) and clustering coefficient(0.33), suggesting that carbon source shortage in S0 promoted interactions and cooperation of microbes. The neutral community model analysis showed that the immigration rate increased from 0.5247 in S0 to 0.6478in S2. The iCAMP analysis results showed that drift(45.89%) and homogeneous selection(31.68%) dominated in driving the assembly of all the investigated microbial communities.The contribution of homogeneous selection increased with the increase of carbon source concentrations, from 27.92% in S0 to 36.08% in S2. The OTUs participating in aerobic respiration and tricarboxylic acid(TCA) cycle were abundant among the bins mainly affected by deterministic processes, while those related to the metabolism of refractory organic pollutants in CWW such as alkanes, benzenes and phenols were abundant in the bins dominated by stochastic processes.

Dynamic and Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Ferroptosis-Mediated Antileukemia Activity of S-DimethylarsinoGlutathione:Insights into Novel Therapeutic Strategy

S-dimethylarsino-glutathione(ZIO-101,darinaparsin®)exhibits broader antitumor activity and less toxicity than arsenic trioxide(ATO),a clinically used drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)treatment.However,the mechanisms of action underlying antileukemia activities of ZIO-101 remain largely unknown.Herein,by integrating dynamic transcriptomic analysis and biochemical characterizations,we for the first time delineated that ZIO-101 exerted antiproliferative effects against leukemia cells via activating ferroptosis pathway,a newly discovered iron-dependent programmed cell death,at the early stage,as evidenced by abnormally elevated intracellular iron contents and lipid peroxidation.We further demonstrated that silencing heme oxygenase 1(HMOX1),an important iron homeostasis-related gene,effectively attenuated ferroptosis induced by ZIO-101,with iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation being significantly alleviated.Significantly,we discovered that ZIO-101 and kinase inhibitors(Dasatinib/Dactolisib)could synergistically kill leukemia cells,with a combination index of<1.0 under all the tested drug concentrations.Our findings regarding the ferroptosis-mediated antileukemia activity of ZIO-101,based on the dynamic and temporal transcriptomic analysis,provide promising approaches to combat drug-resistant leukemia by combining ZIO-101 with kinase inhibitors.The methodology may be further exploited for uncovering the modes of action of other drugs.

A longitudinal network analysis of social dynamics in rooks corvus frugilegus： repeated group modifications do not affect social network in captive rooks

Numerous studies have investigated the remarkable variation of social features and the resulting structures across species. Indeed, relationships are dynamic and vary in time according to various factors such as environmental conditions or individuals attributes. However, few studies have investigated the processes that stabilize the structures within a given species, and the behavioral mechanisms that ensure their coherence and continuity across time. Here, we used a dynamic actor-based model, RSiena, to investigate the consistency of the temporal dynamic of relationships of a group of captive rooks facing recurrent modifications in group composition （i.e., the loss and introduction of individuals）. We found that changes in relationships （i.e., formation and removal） followed consistent patterns regardless of group composition and sex-ratio. Rooks preferentially interacted with paired congeners （i.e., unpopular attachment） and were more likely to form rela- tionships with individuals bonded to a current social partner （i.e., ＂friends of friends＂, or triadic closure）. The sex of individuals had no effect on the dynamic of relationships. This robust behav- ioral mechanisms formed the basis of inter-connected networks, composed of sub-structures of in- dividuals emerging from the enmeshment of dyadic and triadic motifs. Overall, the present study reveals crucial aspects of the behavioral mechanisms shaping rooks social structure, suggesting that rooks live in a well-integrated society, going far beyond the unique monogamous pair-bond.

Statistical properties of Er/Yb co-doped random Rayleigh feedback fiber laser

In this Letter, we experimentally investigate fast temporal intensity dynamics and statistical properties of the claddingpumped Er/Yb co-doped random Rayleigh feedback fiber laser(EYRFL) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. By using the optical spectral filtering method, strong and fast intensity fluctuations with the generation of extreme events are revealed at the output of EYRFL. The statistics of the intensity fluctuations strongly depends on the wavelength of the filtered radiation, and the intensity probability density function(PDF) with a heavy tail is observed in the far wings of the spectrum. We also find that the PDF of the intensity in the central part of the spectrum deviates from the exponential distribution and has the dependence on the laser operating regimes, which indicates some correlations among different frequency components exist in the EYRFL radiation and may play an important role in the random lasing spectrum stabilization process.

Engineering upconverting core–shell nano-probe for spectral responsive fluid velocimetry

Particle velocimetry based on the temporal feature of upconversion luminescent nanocrystals is a newly-raising fluid velocimetry.Exploiting the availability to low flow rate fluid and exempting redundance external calibration(achieving once calibration for all)are highly expected and challenging.Herein,an engineered core–shell nano-probe,NaYF4:Yb/Ho/Ce@NaGdF4,was proposed,in which the Ce3+ions were utilized to manipulate the upconversion dynamic of Ho3+.Through optimization,a superior sensitive against low-speed flow is achieved,and the external calibrations before each operation can be avoided.Application demonstrations were conducted on a fluid circulation system with controllable flow rate.The fluid velocity was monitored successfully,no matter it is permanent,or cyclically variating(imitating the in vivo arterial blood).Moreover,this velocimetric route is competent in spatial scanning for handling the spatially inhomogeneous velocity field.Such sensing nanomaterial and fluid velocimetric method exhibit promising application potential in human blood velocimetry,industrial control,or environmental monitoring.

Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China

It is important to quantitatively analyze the effects of protection of important ecological spaces in China to ensure national ecological security.By considering changes in the ecological land,this study examines the effects of protecting three types of important natural ecological spaces in China from 1980 to 2018.Moreover,considering important ecological spaces and their surroundings yields differences in the effects of protection between internal and external spaces,where this can provide a scientific basis for the categorization and zoning of China’s land.The results show the following:(1)In 2018,the ratio of ecological land to important natural ecological spaces accounted for 92.64%.This land had a good ecological background that reflects the developmental orientation of important ecological spaces.(2)From 1980 to 2018,the area of ecological land in important ecological spaces shrank but the rate of reduction was lower than the national average,which shows the positive effect of regulating construction in natural ecological spaces.The restorative effects of ecological projects to convert farmland into forests and grasslands have been prominent.The expanded ecological land is mainly distributed in areas where such projects have been implemented,and the reduced area is concentrated in grain-producing areas of the Northeast China Plain and agricultural oases of Xinjiang.In the future,the government should focus on strengthening the management and control of these areas.(3)The area ratio of ecological land was the highest in national nature reserves.The rate of reduction in its area was the lowest and the trend of reduction was the smallest in national nature reserves,which reflects differences in the status of ecological protection among different spaces.(4)The ratio of ecological land to important ecological spaces was higher than that in the surrounding external space,and the rate of reduction in it was lower.Thus,the effects of internal and external protection had clear differences in terms of gradient.

Recent greening of grasslands in northern China driven by increasing precipitation

Aims Recent warmer and wetter climate in northern China remains a hot topic in recent years,yet its effect on vegetation growth has not been fully understood.This study investigated the temporal change of vegetation cover and its correlations with climatic variables from 1982 to 2018 for grasslands in northern China.Our aim is to clarify whether the warmer and wetter climate in recent years drives the greening of the vegetation in this region.Methods We investigated the temporal dynamic of vegetation normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and its driving forces based on long time-series data.Piecewise regression was used to examine whether there was a turning point of the trend of NDVI and climatic variables.Pearson correlation analyses were conducted to quantify the relationship between NDVI and climatic factors.Stepwise multivariable regression was used to quantify the contributions of climate variables to the temporal variations in NDVI.Important Findings We found a turning point of NDVI trend in 2008,with GIMMS NDVI indicating a slight increase of 0.00022 yr?1 during 1982–2008 to an increase of 0.002 yr?1 for GIMMS NDVI during 2008–2015 and 0.0018 yr?1 for MODIS NDVI during 2008–2018.Precipitation was the predominant driver,and air temperature and vapor pressure deficit exerted a minor impact on the temporal dynamics of NDVI.Overall,our results suggest a turning point of NDVI trend,and that recent warmer and wetter climate has caused vegetation greening,which provides insights for better predicting the vegetation cover in this region under changing climate.

Aprisco Field Station: the spatial structure of a new experimental site focused on agroecology

The Dehesa ecosystem provides important social and economic values across the Iberian Peninsula.Assessing the temporal dynamics of this system under climate change is important for the maintenance and conservation of these highly valuable ecosystems.Here,we present the baseline data of an observational plot network in the Dehesa that will form the foundation for monitoring long-term dynamics and for experimental manipulations testing the mechanisms driving resilience within the Dehesa.The initial surveys indicate that the forest structure is typical for the Dehesa,which suggests it is an exemplary site for examining temporal dynamics of this ecosystem.We present these initial data to encourage collaborations from international scientists via either direct experimental projects or meta-analyses.