Fracture propagation law of temporary plugging and diversion fracturing in shale reservoirs under completion experiments of horizontal well with multi-cluster sand jetting perforation

This study conducted temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system within a laboratory setting that replicated a lab-based horizontal well completion with multi-cluster sand jetting perforation.The effects of temporary plugging agent(TPA)particle size,TPA concentration,single-cluster perforation number and cluster number on plugging pressure,multi-fracture diversion pattern and distribution of TPAs were investigated.A combination of TPAs with small particle sizes within the fracture and large particle sizes within the segment is conducive to increasing the plugging pressure and promoting the diversion of multi-fractures.The addition of fibers can quickly achieve ultra-high pressure,but it may lead to longitudinal fractures extending along the wellbore.The temporary plugging peak pressure increases with an increase in the concentration of the TPA,reaching a peak at a certain concentration,and further increases do not significantly improve the temporary plugging peak pressure.The breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure show a decreasing trend with an increase in single-cluster perforation number.A lower number of single-cluster perforations is beneficial for increasing the breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure,and it has a more significant control on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures.A lower number of clusters is not conducive to increasing the total number and complexity of artificial fractures,while a higher number of clusters makes it difficult to achieve effective plugging.The TPAs within the fracture is mainly concentrated in the complex fracture areas,especially at the intersections of fractures.Meanwhile,the TPAs within the segment are primarily distributed near the perforation cluster apertures which initiated complex fractures.

Dissolvable temporary barrier:a novel paradigm for flexible hydrogel patterning in organ-on-a-chip models

A combination of hydrogels and microfluidics allows the construction of biomimetic three-dimensional(3D)tissue models in vitro,which are also known as organ-on-a-chipmodels.The hydrogel patterningwith awell-controlled spatial distribution is typically achieved by embedding sophisticated microstructures to act as a boundary.However,these physical barriers inevitably expose cells/tissues to a less physiologically relevant microenvironment than in vivo conditions.Herein,we present a novel dissolvable temporary barrier(DTB)strategy that allows robust and flexible hydrogel patterning with great freedom of design and desirable flow stimuli for cellular hydrogels.The key aspect of this approach is the patterning of a water-soluble rigid barrier as a guiding path for the hydrogel using stencil printing technology,followed by a barrier-free medium perfusion after the dissolution of the DTB.Single and multiple tissue compartments with different geometries can be established using either straight or curved DTB structures.The effectiveness of this strategy is further validated by generating a 3D vascular network through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using a vascularized microtumor model.As a new proof-of-concept in vasculature-on-a-chip,DTB enables seamless contact between the hydrogel and the culture medium in closed microdevices,which is an improved protocol for the fabrication ofmultiorgan chips.Therefore,we expect it to serve as a promising paradigm for organ-on-a-chip devices for the development of tumor vascularization and drug evaluation in the future preclinical studies.

HVOF-sprayed HAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings on an AZ31 alloy for potential applications in temporary implants

Bioactive thermal spray coatings produced via high-velocity oxygen fuel spray(HVOF)from hydroxyapatite(HAp)and bioactive glasses(BG)have the potential to be employed on temporary implants due to the ability of both HAp and BG to dissolve and promote osseointegration,considering that both phases have different reaction and dissolution rates under in-vitro conditions.In the present work,75%wt.HAp-25%wt.S53P4 bioactive glass powders were HVOF-sprayed to obtain HAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings on a bioresorbable AZ31 alloy.The study is focused on exploring the effect of the stand-off distance and fuel/oxygen ratio variation as HVOF parameters to obtain stable structural coatings and to establish their effect on the phases and microstructure produced in those coatings.Different characterization techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,were employed to characterize relevant structural and microstructural properties of the composite coatings.The results showed that thermal gradients during coating deposition must be managed to avoid delamination due to the high temperature achieved(max 550℃)and the differences in coefficients of thermal expansion.It was also found that both spraying distance and oxygen/fuel ratio allowed to keep the hydroxyapatite as the main phase in the coatings.In addition,in-vitro electrochemical studies were performed on the obtained HAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings and compared against the uncoated AZ31 alloy.The results showed a significant decrease in hydrogen evolution(at least 98%)when the bioactive coating was applied on the Mg alloy during evaluation in simulated body fluid(SBF).

Qualitative exploration of home life experiences and care needs among elderly patients with temporary intestinal stomas

BACKGROUND This study employed a phenomenological research approach within qualitative research to explore the challenges encountered by elderly individuals with temporary colostomies in managing their daily lives and care needs.Protecting the anus surgery combined with temporary colostomy has emerged as a prevalent treatment modality for low rectal cancer.However,the ileostomy is susceptible to peri-stoma skin complications,as well as fluid,electrolyte,and nutritional imbalances,posing challenges to effective management.The successful selfmanagement of patients is intricately linked to their adjustment to temporary colostomy;nonetheless,there remains a dearth of research examining the factors influencing self-care among temporary colostomy patients and the obstacles they confront.AIM To investigate the lived experiences,perceptions,and care requirements of temporary colostomy patients within their home environment,with the ultimate goal of formulating a standardized management protocol.METHODS Over the period of June to August 2023,a purposive sampling technique was utilized to select 12 patients with temporary intestinal stomas from a tertiary hospital in Shanghai,China.Employing a phenomenological research approach,a semi-structured interview guide was developed,and qualitative interviews were conducted using in-depth interview techniques.The acquired data underwent coding,analysis,organization,and summarization following Colaizzi’s seven-step method.RESULTS The findings of this study revealed that the experiences and needs of patients with temporary intestinal stomas can be delineated into four principal themes:Firstly,Temporary colostomy patients bear various burdens and concerns about the uncertainty of disease progression;secondly,patients exhibit limited self-care capabilities and face information deficits,resulting in heightened reliance on healthcare professionals;thirdly,patients demonstrate the potential for internal motivation through proactive self-adjustment;and finally,patients express a significant need for emotional and social support.CONCLUSION Home-living patients with temporary intestinal stomas confront multifaceted challenges encompassing burdens,inadequate self-care abilities,informational deficits,and emotional needs.Identifying factors influencing patients’self-care at home and proposing strategies to mitigate barriers can serve as a foundational framework for developing and implementing nursing interventions tailored to the needs of patients with temporary intestinal stomas.

Laser speckle contrast imaging to predict the effect of temporary spinal cord stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia patients: A prospective observational study

Temporary spinal cord stimulation(tSCS)can effectively reduce the pain and severity of postherpetic neuralgia(PHN).However,there are no effective and objective methods for predicting the effects of tSCS on PHN.Laser speckle contrast imaging(LSCI)is frequently used in neurology to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.To assess the accuracy of LSCI in predicting the impact of tSCS on PHN,14 adult patients receiving tSCS treatments for spinal nerve-innervated(C6-T2)PHN participated in this observational study.Visual analog scale(VAS)assessments and LSCI bloodflow images of the-ngers were recorded after the tSCS procedure.The results showed that the VAS scores of all patients decreased signi-cantly.Moreover,the bloodflow index(BFI)values were signi-cantly higher than they were before the procedure.Increased bloodflow and pain alleviation were positively correlated.The-ndings indicated that spinal nerve PHN(C6-T2)was signi-cantly reduced by tSCS.Pain alleviation by tSCS was positively correlated with increased bloodflow in the hand.The effect of tSCS on PHN may thus be predicted using an independent and consistent indicator such as LSCI.

Clinical Efficacy of GBR Technique Combined with Temporary Bridgework-Guided Gingival Contouring in Treating Upper Anterior Tooth Loss with Labial Bone Defects

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of the guided bone regeneration(GBR)technique combined with temporary bridgework-guided gingival contouring in treating upper anterior tooth loss with labial bone defects.Methods:From July 2023 to April 2024,80 patients with upper anterior tooth loss and labial bone defects were admitted to the hospital and selected as evaluation samples.They were divided into an observation group(n=40)and a control group(n=40)using a numerical table lottery scheme.The control group received treatment with the GBR technique,while the observation group received treatment with the GBR technique combined with temporary bridges to guide gingival contouring.The two groups were compared in terms of clinical red aesthetic scores(PES),labial alveolar bone density,labial bone wall thickness,gingival papillae,gingival margin levels,and patient satisfaction.Results:The PES scores of patients in the observation group were higher than those in the control group after surgery(P<0.05).The bone density of the labial alveolar bone and the thickness of the labial bone wall in the observation group were higher than those in the control group.The levels of gingival papillae and gingival margins were lower in the observation group after surgery(P<0.05).Additionally,patient satisfaction in the observation group was higher than in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The GBR technique combined with temporary bridge-guided gingival contouring for treating upper anterior tooth loss with labial bone defects can improve the aesthetic effect of gingival soft tissue,increase alveolar bone density and the thickness of the labial bone wall,and enhance patient satisfaction.This approach is suitable for widespread application in healthcare institutions.

Plugging behaviors of temporary plugging particles in hydraulic fractures

Using the visualized experimental device of temporary plugging in hydraulic fractures, the plugging behaviors of temporary plugging particles with different sizes and concentrations in hydraulic fractures were experimentally analyzed under the conditions of different carrier fluid displacements and viscosities. The results show that the greater the carrier fluid viscosity and displacement, the more difficult it is to form a plugging layer, and that the larger the size and concentration of the temporary plugging particle, the less difficult it is to form a plugging layer. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.45, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle and the viscosity of the carrier fluid, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 20 kg/m^(3)or the viscosity of the carrier fluid is greater than 3 mPa·s. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.60, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 10 kg/m^(3). When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.75, the formation of the plugging layer is basically not affected by other parameters, and a stable plugging layer can form within the experimental conditions. The formation process of plugging layer includes two stages and four modes. The main controlling factors affecting the formation mode are the ratio of particle size to fracture width, carrier fluid displacement and carrier fluid viscosity.

Complex fracture propagation model and plugging timing optimization for temporary plugging fracturing in naturally fractured shale

In this paper,a viscoelasticity-plastic damage constitutive equation for naturally fractured shale is deduced,coupling nonlinear tensile-shear mixed fracture mode.Dynamic perforation-erosion on fluid re-distribution among multi-clusters are considered as well.DFN-FEM(discrete fracture network combined with finite element method)was developed to simulate the multi-cluster complex fractures propagation within temporary plugging fracturing(TPF).Numerical results are matched with field injection and micro-seismic monitoring data.Based on geomechanical characteristics of Weiyuan deep shale gas reservoir in Sichuan Basin,SW China,a multi-cluster complex fractures propagation model is built for TPF.To study complex fractures propagation and the permeability-enhanced region evolution,intersecting and competition mechanisms between the fractures before and after TPF treatment are revealed.Simulation results show that:fracture from middle cluster is restricted by the fractures from side-clusters,and side-clusters plugging is benefit for multi fractures propagation in uniformity;optimized TPF timing should be delayed within a higher density or strike of natural fractures;Within a reservoir-featured natural fractures distribution,optimized TPF timing for most clustered method is 2/3 of total fluid injection time as the optimal plugging time under different clustering modes.

Emergency internal iliac artery temporary occlusion after massive hemorrhage during surgery of cesarean scar pregnancy:A case report

BACKGROUND Cesarean scar pregnancy(CSP)is rare but may result in uterine rupture during pregnancy or massive hemorrhage during abortion procedures.Awareness of this condition is increasing,and most patients with CSP are now diagnosed early and can be managed safely.However,some atypical patients are misdiagnosed,and their surgical risks are underestimated,increasing the risk of fatal hemorrhage.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old Asian woman visited our institution because of abnormal pregnancy,and she was diagnosed with a hydatidiform mole through transvaginal ultrasound(TVS).Under hysteroscopy,a large amount of placental tissue was found in the scar of the lower uterine segment,and a sudden massive hemorrhage occurred during the removal process.The bilateral internal iliac arteries were temporarily blocked under laparoscopy,and scar resection and repair were rapidly performed.She was discharged in good condition 5 d after the operation.CONCLUSION Although TVS is widely used in the diagnosis of CSP,delays in the diagnosis of atypical CSP remain.Surgical treatment following internal iliac artery temporary occlusion may be an appropriate management method for unanticipated massive hemorrhage during CSP surgery.

维生素C对禁食黄颡鱼抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响

【目的】研究添加不同浓度维生素C对禁食暂养黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响,为提升鲜活黄颡鱼耐运性和肌肉品质提供理论依据。【方法】随机将黄颡鱼分为4组:T0-0(0 mg/L V_(C),暂养0 d)、T0-5(0 mg/L V_(C),暂养5 d)、T10-5(10 mg/L V_(C),暂养5 d)、T30-5(30 mg/L V_(C),暂养5 d),每组40尾鱼,检测血清、肌肉的抗氧化物质以及肌肉品质指标。【结果】T5-0组黄颡鱼血清中GSH-PX、CAT、GSH活性以及MDA浓度,肌肉中CAT、GSH活性和MDA浓度显著低于T1-0组(P<0.05);其纤维结构变得紧密,pH下降,白度增加,持水力增加,肌肉品质指标显著升高(P<0.05)。与T0-5及T30-5组相比,T10-5组血清中SOD、CAT、GSH、GSH-PX活性显著较高(P<0.05),MDA浓度较低;肌肉中SOD、GSH活性与血清中结果变化相同;持水力进一步增加。在质构方面,T10-5组剪切力、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、黏性均高于T0-5组及T30-5组。【结论】添加10 mg/L的V_(C)能进一步显著提高黄颡鱼的抗氧化能力和肌肉品质(P<0.05),但30 mg/L V_(C)添加不利于黄颡鱼肌肉品质的提升,甚至对其产生负面影响。

致密砂岩气藏暂堵压裂裂缝起裂扩展实验模拟

针对鄂尔多斯盆地SD区块盒8段储层低孔低渗、非均质性强、常规压裂裂缝形态单一等问题,基于断裂力学理论,考虑缝内流体压降,结合盒8段储层岩石力学参数,开展暂堵压裂裂缝与初次压裂裂缝在整个接触过程中的相互作用力学研究。计算分析了不同裂缝走向、井斜角、方位角等参数对压裂裂缝参数的影响规律,起裂压力随井斜角和方位角的增加而减小;起裂角随井斜角增加而减小直至为0°,随方位角先增加而后减小。通过制备人工水泥试样,利用大尺寸真三轴物模实验系统模拟了暂堵压裂中新缝起裂及其转向行为,评价了不同井斜角、方位角下新缝起裂、转向及延伸行为和起裂压力及裂缝改造面积等参数。实验结果表明:井斜角增大,初次及二次起裂压力呈减小的趋势,裂缝更易转向且改造面积越大。井斜角相同时,裂缝起裂压力随井筒方位角增加而逐渐减小,裂缝改造面积随方位角增加而增大。方位角90°螺旋射孔相比方位角0°螺旋射孔形成的裂缝更为复杂,定面射孔可调控水平井破裂压力及初始破裂位置,初始破裂产生于射孔井筒界面、孔道中部等不同位置,控制射孔射角介于75°~90°。研究结果为低渗透致密砂岩气藏暂堵压裂设计提供了依据。

一种新型柔性绳结暂堵球的性能评价及现场应用

评价了新型柔性绳结暂堵球的降解性、承压性及封堵性。结果表明,该新型柔性绳结堵球密度为1.0~1.1 g/m^(3),与常规压裂液密度接近,有利于压裂液的携带,50℃以上温度条件下可完全溶解,封堵孔眼后承压能力达60 MPa。应用于长庆油田现场41口井,平均暂堵升压幅度10.3 MPa,暂堵后工作压力提高4.1 MPa,较颗粒暂堵剂升压幅度提高80%以上。

基于坐封受力模型的暂堵球封堵效果影响因素与参数优化

暂堵球在射孔孔眼及压裂裂缝中的坐封状态影响其封堵稳定性,暂堵球封堵效果决定暂堵转向压裂技术的成败。通过建立暂堵球坐封受力计算模型,研究了压裂液排量、密度、暂堵球及孔眼参数对暂堵球坐封受力状态及其封堵效率的影响,实验模拟了不同射孔参数、压裂排量及暂堵球/压裂液性能对封堵效果的影响。结果表明:暂堵球受拖拽力、脱离力及持球力随压裂液排量的增加而增大,暂堵球更易坐封;压裂液及暂堵球密度对暂堵球坐封封堵效率影响不大;暂堵球粒径大于孔眼直径时,暂堵球坐封封堵效率随粒径增加而增大,当暂堵球直径小于孔眼直径时,暂堵球不容易坐封;射孔孔眼数增加影响暂堵球坐封封堵效率。实验评价暂堵球最佳直径为9.0 mm,最佳泵送排量大于4.0 m^(3)/min时,有助于提高暂堵球坐封成功率,增强暂堵压裂设计的可靠性。

湖泊深水暂养过程中鳙鱼品质变化研究

为了研究天然水体长成鳙鱼在不同月份暂养过程中鳙鱼体形、肌肉营养、滋味、免疫及抗氧化物质的变化,采集花亭湖5月、8月、11月和次年3月暂养鳙鱼进行系统研究。结果显示,从体形来看,暂养处理对鳙鱼有瘦身效果;不同月份鳙鱼肌肉基本营养成分含量有差别,暂养处理后,鳙鱼肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量降低,水分和灰分含量升高;脂肪酸组成发生变化,主要表现在饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量降低,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量升高;肌肉免疫和抗氧化成分含量随着暂养时间的延长显著降低;游离氨基酸总量随着暂养时间的延长不断提高,呈现甜味氨基酸占比不断提高;呈味核苷酸总量提高。

改性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂研发及其在河南油田的应用

酸溶性暂堵剂对地层伤害较大,解堵较麻烦,油溶性暂堵剂不适合高含水的油层;河南油田低渗透油藏地层温度为50~120℃,注水驱油见水快,常规水溶性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂和聚乳酸暂堵剂水解温度大于80℃,不能完全满足低渗透油藏暂堵压裂的需求。结合颗粒类水溶性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂和聚乳酸暂堵剂的特性和暂堵原理,采用催化剂和抑制剂使聚乙醇酸和聚乳酸发生酯化反应,生成聚乙醇酸和聚乳酸融合物,再加入成核剂及结晶促进剂,可得到改性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂。经测试,改性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂在50~120℃温度下具有常规聚乙醇酸暂堵剂的溶解性能和暂堵强度;当改性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂的总用量占比达到18%、粗粒径与细粒径质量配比接近1:1时,其封堵强度大于40 MPa,暂堵性能良好。现场试验7井次,加入改性聚乙醇酸暂堵剂后,单井施工压力最高增加了6.1 MPa,日增油5.3 t,取得了明显的增油效果。

气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术在困难气管切开患者中的应用

目的:探讨气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术在困难气管切开患者中的应用价值。方法:选取2016年11月至2021年12月在温州医科大学附属第一医院接受气管切开术的困难气管切开患者42例进行回顾性分析,按气管切开方式不同分为暂时性气管切开术组(25例)和气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术组(17例)。分析2组患者的术后首次换管时间、渗血量、术后并发症、决策时间和手术时间等指标。结果:与暂时性气管切开术组相比,气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术组在术后首次换管时间、渗血量方面具有显著优势(P<0.05)。气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术组较暂时性气管切开术组手术决策时间明显缩短(P<0.05);但两组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术组出现1例皮下气肿并发症,暂时性气管切开术组出现2例局部感染,3例意外脱管和1例气囊破裂。结论:气管舌瓣造口改良气管切开术相较暂时性常规气管切开术在术后并发症及结局方面有一定的优势。

球形破片侵彻弹道明胶实验研究

为研究破片对人体的力学损伤机理,采用弹道明胶作为人体软组织替代物,开展了球形破片侵彻明胶实验研究。球形破片驱动装置为57/10二级轻气炮,利用超高速摄像机记录了Φ4 mm、Φ5 mm、Φ6 mm球形钢质破片,以600~1150 m/s速度侵彻明胶过程,并采用图像处理方式获取了明胶瞬时空腔数据。实验结果表明:瞬时空腔直径随着时间推移形成两个膨缩阶段,呈现周期性变化规律;基于实测球形破片速度-位移衰减关系,定量描述了3种直径球形破片侵彻明胶的运动规律;根据球形钢质破片的存速系数比29.90 mm^(-1),可快速预测该类破片侵彻弹道明胶过程中侵彻深度与侵彻速度之间的关系。研究结果可为深入分析生物致伤机理提供参考。

非常规致密油储层压裂增能一体化技术分析

针对试验区非常规致密油储层常规缝网压裂改造体积有限,压后递减快、稳产差,采出程度低的问题,采用压裂增能一体化工艺,从平衡压力、提高缝控体积及保持能量入手,总结出“补、压、闷、控”的技术思路,通过前置补充能量、增大裂缝与储层接触面积、闷井扩散压力、控制返排等方式,达到压裂增能一体化的目的。现场实施效果表明,采用多级暂堵技术改造体积提高1倍以上,闷井扩散25~30d,无效返排率降低近15个百分点,达到了入井液保持地层能量的目的。与以往单井缝网压裂、整体缝网压裂相比,增油强度分别提高0.27t/(d·m)、0.34t/(d·m);压后前3个月平均单井日增油3.0t,是同期甜点压裂和整体压裂的1.2倍和1.8倍,提产效果显著。结合现场实施及效果分析,优化完善参数设计,形成压裂增能一体化设计原则。

多级暂堵诱导分支缝开启规律

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